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Reconocimiento De Plagas Del Arbolado Urbano Ecología Urbana GUÍA DE CAMPO RECONOCIMIENTO DE PLAGAS DEL ARBOLADO URBANO Carmelo V. Ganci Eduardo Martínez Carretero 2017 AUSPICIOS: Domingo Raúl Tello, Secretario Héctor Bustamante, Director Claudia Cantoni, Andrés Ortega y María C. Peñalva Dirección de Arbolado Público Secretaría de Estado de Ambiente y Desarrollo Sustentable Gobierno de San Juan Facultad de Ciencias Exactas, Físicas y Naturales Geobotánica UNSan Juan Fitogeografía AUSPICIANTE Ecología Urbana GUÍA DE CAMPO RECONOCIMIENTO DE PLAGAS DEL ARBOLADO URBANO Carmelo V. Ganci Eduardo Martínez Carretero 2017 Ecología Urbana GUÍA DE CAMPO RECONOCIMIENTO DE PLAGAS DEL ARBOLADO URBANO Autores: Carmelo V. Ganci y Eduardo Martínez Carretero Diseño y maquetación: Remedios Marín. CONICET Mendoza Fotos tapa: Oscar Estevez. IADIZA CONICET Ninguna parte de esta publicación puede ser reproducida, almacenada o transmitida de manera alguna, ni por ningún medio, ya sea eléctrónico, químico, mecánico, óptico, de grabación o de fotocopia, sin permiso previo de los autores. Martínez Carretero, Eduardo Guía de campo: reconocimiento de plagas del arbolado urbano / Eduardo Martínez Carretero; Carmelo V. Ganci. - 1a ed. - Guaymallén: Eduardo Enrique Martínez Carretero, 2017. 40 p. ; 23 x 16 cm. ISBN 978-987-42-5460-3 1. Biología Agrícola. 2. Agronomía. I. Carmelo V. Ganci II. Título CDD 632 Copyrigh © 2017, Eduardo Enrique Martínez Carretero e-mail: [email protected] 1ª edición: 400 ejemplares Impreso en Argentina Printed in Argentina ISBN: 978-987-42-5460-3 Queda hecho el depósito que marca la Ley 11.729 Publicación de edición argentina, 2017 - Printed in Argentina 3 Introducción En la Ecología Urbana, rama emergente de la ecología que trata el estudio de los componentes y sus interacciones en el ámbito de la ciudad, el arbolado constituye un factor relevante en cuanto a la calidad de vida. El manejo del arbolado: selección de especies, poda de formación y manteni- miento, reemplazo de especies, riegos y fertilizaciones y control sanitario es una actividad trascendente y continua. La presente Guía de Campo se elaboró con la fi nalidad de disponer de infor- mación que permita reconocer a campo las plagas más comunes del arbola- do público de la provincia de San Juan. El escaso o nulo tratamiento fi tosanitario es un factor relevante en el dete- rioro del arbolado urbano. Por otra parte, es dispar el conocimiento de los diferentes organismos que afectan al arbolado así como la disponibilidad de información sobre plagas y enfermedades presentes en nuestro bosque urbano Se tratan los casos fi tosanitarios más notorios que afectan las diferentes espe- cies del arbolado público urbano, por ataque de nematodos, ácaros, insectos y hongos. Se comienza con una visión general de los conceptos comúnmente emplea- dos y de los aparatos bucales, necesaria para una mejor comprensión de los síntomas que presentan los vegetales ante la incidencia de una plaga. Cada especie tratada se ilustra para su mejor reconocimiento. En esta Guía se ha volcado la experiencia de más de 30 años de labor de campo del Ing. Carmelo Ganci en la Dirección de Espacios Públicos de la Municipalidad de la Capital de Mendoza y en el Departamento de Arbolado de la Dirección de Recursos Naturales de Mendoza. 4 Guía de Campo: Plagas del arbolado urbano Conceptos básicos Plaga: Deriva del latín plague: yaga, lesión; concepto empleado hasta el Siglo III. En la actualidad, irrupción súbita y multitudinaria de insectos, animales u otros organismos de una misma especie que provoca diversos tipos de perjuicios. Fitopatológicamente: Todo agente patógeno, capaz de ocasionar daño eco- nómico. Agronómicamente: Cuando la afectación pasa de un cierto nivel de daño económico. Plaga clave: Son especies de insectos que representan daños económicos para los cultivos, ya que están presentes en poblaciones altas todos los años (ej. Cydia pomonella –Gusano de la pera y la manzana–). Plaga potencial: Son aquellas poblaciones de insectos que no afectan la canti- dad ni la calidad de la cosecha. En general son la mayoría de insectos presen- tes en los cultivos que se encuentran en pocas cantidades (ej. ácaros, cuando no posee enemigos naturales pasa a ser plaga clave; Naupactus –mulitas–; Xanthogalerucella luteola –cascarudo del olmo–, entre otras). Plaga migratoria: Son poblaciones de insectos que no son residentes en los cultivos pero que pueden llegar a afectarlos debido a sus hábitos migrato- rios. No se encuentran en la región. Legalmente: Todo organismo animal o vegetal que pase el nivel económico y del cual se conoce control posible. Es decir, sólo cuando hay posibilidades de controlar se puede declarar “plaga nacional”. Por consiguiente, Plaga se considera: todo agente que actúa sobre otro cau- sándole un daño, y siempre que se disponga de medios económicamente viables para combatirlos. 5 Regímenes alimentarios Los insectos pueden ser: Atrófi cos: carecen de aparato bucal por atrofi a (machos de cochinillas). Zoófagos: se alimentan de otros organismos animales (parasitoides, depredadores). Saprófagos: se alimentan de materia orgánica en descomposición. Omnívoros: se alimentan de diversos sustratos. Fitófagos / Hervíboros: se alimentan de tejidos vegetales. Monofi tófagos: se alimentan de una sola especie vegetal (oruga de la hoja del algodonero). Oligofi tófagos: se alimentan de un grupo de especies vegetales (isoca de la alfalfa). Polifi tófagos: se alimentan de gran diversidad de especies vegetales (chinche verde, langostas…). Según la parte del vegetal afectada, se denominan: Defoliadores (hojas) Caulífagos (tallos) Carpófagos (frutos) Rizófagos (raíz) Xilófagos (madera) Ovulífagos (semillas) 6 Guía de Campo: Plagas del arbolado urbano Aparatos bucales Conocer los aparatos bucales permite estimar el tipo de daño a producir por la plaga y la sintomatología con que se expresará el vegetal. En general dominan dos grandes tipos: los de masticación y los de succión. To- dos los tipos presentan las mismas piezas: labro-epifaringe, mandíbulas, maxi- las, labio e hipofaringe; aun los intermedios con importantes modifi caciones. En el Masticador (propio de los escarabajos, langostas, mantis) se encuentran ocho piezas: labro, epifaringe, dos mandíbulas, dos maxilas, estípite y labio. En el Sucso picador (de las chinches, pulgones, chicharritas) las mandíbulas se han transformado en el estilete exterior y las maxilas en el estilete interior, formando dos canales: el salivario (inyecta saliva) y el cibario (toma el alimen- to). Si se alimentan de jugos vegetales son insectos fi lófagos, de sangre son hematófagos y de hemolinfa son zoófagos. En el Chupador se distinguen dos tipos: en esponja y en sifón. En el tipo esponja, se forma el prosbocide en cuyo extremo está la labela (forma de es- ponja) por donde segrega saliva que deshace el sustrato y absorbe el alimento, propio de las moscas. En el tipo espiritrompa, las maxilas están transformadas en cilindros adosados formando un tubo chupador, propio de las mariposas. En el Masticador lamedor (de abejas, avispas, hormigas) las maxilas están alargadas y poseen cardos como bastones. En el Raspador suctor (típico de los trips) la mandíbula derecha está atrofi ada y la izquierda transformada en un estilete esclerosado con el que rae los teji- dos y mediante una bomba alimentaria absorbe los jugos. Insectos Labio Labio inferior Masticador Picador Comedor Chupador Estiletes Sucso-picador 7 Masticador Quelíceros Sucso picador Masticador lamedor Raspador sucsor Chupador Nematodos Estilete 8 Guía de Campo: Plagas del arbolado urbano NEMÁTODOS (Heteroderidae) Gusanos como hilos 1: abertura bucal; 2: intestino; 3: abertura cloacal; 4: órgano excretor; 5: testículo; 6: anillo nervioso perifaríngeo; 7: cordón nervioso dorsal; 8: cordón nervioso ventral; 9: poro excretor Meloidogyne es un género de nematodos inductores de agallas que habitan en todas las regiones templadas y cálidas. En morera produce: entrenudos cortos, dimorfi smo foliar, escoba de bruja, planta achaparrada. M. incognita (Kofoid& White) Chitwood se mueve según gradientes de tem- peratura (0,001ºC/cm) (Lamberti y Taylor, 1979). 9 ÁCAROS Requieren temperatura elevada y ambiente seco Bryobia rubrioculus Koch Sin. B. praetiosa (Tetranychidae) Arañuela parda Es característico su primer par de patas tan lar- go como el cuerpo y dirigido hacia adelante, y el margen anterior de su proterosoma subdivi- dido en cuatro lóbulos. Transcurre el invierno como huevos. Tetranichus telarius Koch Sin. T. urticae (Tetranychidae) Arañuela roja común Tiene una coloración marrón verdosa con dos manchas más oscuras en los laterales, pero cuando se aproxima el invierno, su coloración se aproxima al rojo intenso. Produce abundante tela. Panonychus ulmi Koch (Tetranychidae) Arañuela roja europea Los huevos son depositados preferentemente en la cara superior de las hojas, y a partir de la cuarta generación se observan varias hembras que también depositan sus huevos en el cáliz de los frutos. Se estima que una hembra fecundada produce progenies en que un 26-28% son ma- chos (González, 1971). 10 Guía de Campo: Plagas del arbolado urbano INSECTOS Xilófagos Megaplatypus mutatus Chapuis (Platypodidae) Taladrillo del plátano, pinos, etc. Hacen su vivienda en sección perpendicular al eje de la planta, atacan el xilema, produ- ciendo la caída del forestal. Los machos ini- cian las galerías. Tienen una sola generación por año. El ataque se circunscribe hasta 5 m de alto del tronco (Debandi y Roig, 1995). Pasan el invierno como pupas y adultos recién transformados. Los machos
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