Paleopedology of the Late Triassic Middle Passaic Formation, Newark Supergroup, Pottstown, Pa

Total Page:16

File Type:pdf, Size:1020Kb

Paleopedology of the Late Triassic Middle Passaic Formation, Newark Supergroup, Pottstown, Pa PALEOPEDOLOGY OF THE LATE TRIASSIC MIDDLE PASSAIC FORMATION, NEWARK SUPERGROUP, POTTSTOWN, PA A Thesis Submitted to the Temple University Graduate Board In Partial Fulfillment Of the Requirements for the Degree Master of Science By Steven Booty August 2013 ___________________________ Dr. Dennis O. Terry, Jr., Advisor ___________________________ Dr. Allison R. Tumarkin-Deratzian ___________________________ Dr. David E. Grandstaff ABSTRACT Cyclic stratigraphy has been recognized in the Newark Basin for many years. Each package, referred to as a Van Houten Cycle (VHC), generally has three divisions: shallow lake, deep lake, and subaerial exposure. Van Houten (1964) first proposed that Milankovitch orbital forcing was responsible for the manifestation of these ~21 kyr cycles. Although root traces have been observed in VHCs by others, no detailed paleopedological analysis has been performed that examines the relationship between individual VHCs, orbital forcing, and paleosol development. The Middle Passaic Formation of Late Triassic age is continuously exposed for over 30 meters along a railroad cut that follows Manatawny Creek near Pottstown, PA. Six VHCs were identified at this location and the upper most three were selected for detailed study due to their strong development. Three Van Houten Groups (VHGs), consisting of VHC Division 3, Division 1, and Division 2 respectively, were formed in order to group paleosol profiles (Division 3) with stratigraphically adjacent lacustrine units (Divisions 1 and 2) since the lakes directly affect the paleosurface through inundation and erosion. Petrographic analysis suggests that soils in this section only developed to the degree of Entisols or Protosols. Voids are lined with chalcedony and cored with calcite indicating diagenetic alteration. Molecular weathering ratio calculations proved unreliable due to diagenetic alteration of the strata. Magnetic susceptibility was measured on two intervals of the section, but is not well-suited to fractured, massive rock due to signal attenuation. ii Paleosol development is greater in instances where the overlying lake is poorly developed. Paleosols that are associated with a shallow lake or no lake likely have more time to develop than paleosols associated with deep lakes as the precipitation filling the lake would saturate the soil, hindering pedogenesis. The VHCs’ ~21 kyr interval forces time to be the limiting factor for pedogenesis in this section, ending in either sedimentation or inundation. However, time is also tied to climate as it modulates from relatively moist to relatively drier within a VHC. Orbital forcing is the ultimate controlling factor in soil formation since time, climate, insolation, and precipitation are all interrelated and influenced by it. Relief is independent of orbital forcing and a possible control on soil formation within the Basin. Soils that formed distal from the bounding fault may not have been subject to inundation due to their higher elevation. Further research is needed to establish paleocatenary relationships of soil within the Newark Basin. iii ACKNOWLEDGMENTS There are a lot of thanks to give regarding this project. Some people may require their own page, but I’ll try to paraphrase. Thanks to the Colebrookedale Railroad, especially Beanie, for allowing us on their land. I would like to thank all the professors for pushing me to make observations, not interpretations. DT, thank you for showing me the wonderful world of paleopedology and getting me started with fieldwork… and this project. It was puns of fun being your advisee. May the peanut butter joke forever live in infamy. G, when you weren’t making fun of New Jersey I suppose you may have taught me a thing or two about isotopes. Your straightforward advice was always worth the “Well, no…” that surely followed whatever question I had. But I got there! Allison… kitty! Also thank you for providing me background information for this project and helping me (and the rest of us) teach fossils to the evolutions kids. And sarcasm is cool or whatever. To my fellow graduate students: I literally could not have done this without you. Andrew, Joe, and Justin, you were all there from day one, dealing with herp, derp, kee, and other things I say that make no sense. Good on you guys, good on you. Thanks to Logan, your curiosity is surpassed by no one else I know. Keep on Logan-ing! Thanks to the chemistry kids: especially Mongo and Kate – always making sure I’m not hearing colors. Thanks to Nick for being a dog. Here is where I would thank Oest. Thank you Jesse for making this awkward and thanks to Stevie Pee and Dr. Myer for all the XRD help. Bill, thank you for being my ped-head mentor over these past two years. You’ve helped me with my thesis more than these three sentences could possibly cover. Prrrrrrrttttttttt... iv I must give an extra special thanks to Shelah for making sure everything went as smooth as CST administrative malarkey would allow, and for always keeping the coffee pot full. Also thanks to Jim and Donald for keeping the department together. Thanks to the undergraduates that helped me with this project, either directly or indirectly. Danni, thanks for making thin sections like a boss. Leslee, tank you for keeping me from freaking out, and helping out when you could. Supreme thanks to Matt Enos for helping me with my field work, even when it was on weekends or got boring. Last, but not least, I want to thank my family for understanding/putting up with my decision to further my education and for their support. v TABLE OF CONTENTS Page ABSTRACT ………………………………………………………………………. ii ACKNOWLEDGMENTS ...……………………………………………………….. iv LIST OF FIGURES ………………………………………………………………... viii LIST OF TABLES …………....…………………………………………………… x CHAPTER 1. INTRODUCTION …………………………………………………………….. 1 2. BACKGROUND ……………………………………………………………… 8 2.1 Field Site ………………………………………………………………. 8 2.2 Background Geology ………………………………………………….. 8 2.3 Previous Work ………………………………………………………… 14 2.3.1 Newark Basin ……………………………………………….. 14 2.3.2 Paleosols …………………………………………………………….. 19 3. METHODS ……………………………………………………………………. 22 3.1 Field Work ……………………………………………………………. 22 3.1.1 Paleopedological Analysis ………………………………….. 22 3.1.2 Magnetic Susceptibility …………………………………….. 23 3.2 Laboratory Analysis …………………………………………………... 23 3.2.1 Depth Ranks ………………………………………………… 23 3.2.2 Soil Micromorphology ……………………………………… 23 3.2.3 Clay Mineralogy …………………………………………….. 24 3.2.4 X-Ray Fluorescence ………………………………………… 24 4. RESULTS ……………………………………………………………………... 26 4.1 Lower Van Houten Group …………………………………………….. 26 4.2 Middle Van Houten Group ……………………………………………. 31 4.3 Upper Van Houten Group …………………………………………….. 34 4.4 Clay Mineralogy ………………………………………………………. 35 4.5 Molecular Weathering Ratios …………………………………………. 38 5. DISCUSSION …………………………………………………………………. 47 5.1 Agents of Soil Formation ……………………………………………... 47 5.1.1 Climate ……………………………………………………… 47 5.1.2 Organisms …………………………………………………… 48 5.1.3 Parent Material ……………………………………………… 50 5.1.4 Relief ………………………………………………………... 51 5.1.5 Time …………………………………………………………. 53 vi 5.2 Molecular Weathering Ratios …………………………………………. 54 5.3 Magnetic Susceptibility ……………………………………………….. 54 5.4 Diagenesis ……………………………………………………………... 55 5.5 Lake Facies and Marl Units ……………………………………………. 57 5.6 Orbital Forcing ………………………………………………………... 61 5.7 Modern-Day Comparisons ……………………………………………. 64 5.8 Implications …………………………………………………………… 65 6. CONCLUSIONS ……………………………………………………………… 67 REFERENCES CITED ……………………………………………………............ 69 APPENDICES Appendix A. X-Ray Fluorescence Instrument Error Based On Bhvo Analyses …………………………………………………………………... 76 Appendix B. Composition Of Samples From Paleosols And Lacustrine Sediments In Weight Percent Of Oxides And Minor Elements (ppm)……. 77 Appendix C Magnetic Susceptibility Data ………………………………… 79 vii LIST OF FIGURES Page Fig. 1 – Geologic map of the Newark Basin……………………………………….. 2 Fig. 2 – Comparison of Triassic and modern day rift basins in Eastern Africa……. 3 Fig. 3 – The Van Houten Cycle model……………………………………………... 5 Fig. 4 – Exposures of various Triassic facies in the Newark Basin………………... 6 Fig. 5 – Aerial view of Pottstown, PA……………………………………………… 9 Fig. 6 – The Newark Basin as it was in the Late Triassic and today……………….. 11 Fig. 7 – Drill core data from the Newark Basin Coring Project……………………. 12 Fig. 8 – Cartoon representation of the three basic Milankovitch cycles…………… 17 Fig. 9 – Graphical representation of the hierarchy of sedimentary cycles…………. 18 Fig. 10 – Cross section of the Newark Basin Coring Project………………………. 20 Fig. 11 – Measured section of the exposure at Pottstown, PA…………………….. 27 Fig. 12 – Van Houten Cycle-scale measured section of the exposure at Pottstown.. 28 Fig. 13 – Photomicrographs of Unit 16…………………………………………….. 32 Fig. 14 – Photomicrographs of Unit 17…………………………………………….. 33 Fig. 15 – Photograph of Unit 19 and photomicrograph of clay fabric…………… 36 Fig. 16 – Photomicrographs of features within Unit 19……………………………. 37 Fig. 17 – Photomicrographs of Unit 20 and polished slabs from Units 29 and 30… 39 Fig. 18 – Photographs of various units within the middle Van Houten Cycle……... 40 Fig. 19 –.Photographs and photomicrographs of Unit 28………………………….. 41 Fig. 20 – Photomicrographs of Unit 30…………………………………………….. 42 Fig. 21 – X-Ray diffractogram of profiles………………………………………….. 43 viii Fig. 22 – Molecular weathering ratios of each of the selected paleosols…………... 44 Fig. 23 – Bioturbation features within the study section…………………………… 49 Fig. 24 – Schematic drawings of the various basin types…………………………..
Recommended publications
  • The Retention of Organic Matter in Soils
    Biogeochemistry 5: 35-70 (1988) © Martinus Nijhoff/Dr W. Junk Publishers, Dordrecht Printed in the Netherlands The retention of organic matter in soils J.M. OADES Department of Soil Science, Waite Agricultural Research Institute, The University of Adelaide, Glen Osmond, South Australia 5064 Key words: organic matter, turnover, organomineral interactions, clay, base status, cation bridges, oxide surfaces Abstract. The turnover of C in soils is controlled mainly by water regimes and temperature, but is modified by factors such as size and physicochemical properties of C additions in litter or root systems, distribution of C throughout the soil as root systems, or addition as litter, distribution of C within the soil matrix and its interaction with clay surfaces. Soil factors which retard mineralization of C in soils are identified from correlations of C contents of soils with other properties such as clay content and base status. The rate and extent of C mineralization depends on the chemistry of the added organic matter and interaction with clays of the microbial biomass and metabolites. The organomineral interactions are shown to depend on cation bridges involving mainly Ca in neutral to alkaline soils, Al in acid soils and adsorption of organic materials on iron oxide surfaces. The various organomineral interactions lead to aggregations of clay particles and organic materials, which stabilizes both soil structure and the carbon compounds within the aggregates. Introduction Soils represent a major pool (172 x 10'°t) in the cycling of C from the atmosphere to the biosphere and are the habitat for terrestrial photosynthet- ic organisms which fix some 11 x 1 0"°tCy-1, about one half of which eventually finds it way into soils.
    [Show full text]
  • Soil As a Huge Laboratory for Microorganisms
    Research Article Agri Res & Tech: Open Access J Volume 22 Issue 4 - September 2019 Copyright © All rights are reserved by Mishra BB DOI: 10.19080/ARTOAJ.2019.22.556205 Soil as a Huge Laboratory for Microorganisms Sachidanand B1, Mitra NG1, Vinod Kumar1, Richa Roy2 and Mishra BB3* 1Department of Soil Science and Agricultural Chemistry, Jawaharlal Nehru Krishi Vishwa Vidyalaya, India 2Department of Biotechnology, TNB College, India 3Haramaya University, Ethiopia Submission: June 24, 2019; Published: September 17, 2019 *Corresponding author: Mishra BB, Haramaya University, Ethiopia Abstract Biodiversity consisting of living organisms both plants and animals, constitute an important component of soil. Soil organisms are important elements for preserved ecosystem biodiversity and services thus assess functional and structural biodiversity in arable soils is interest. One of the main threats to soil biodiversity occurred by soil environmental impacts and agricultural management. This review focuses on interactions relating how soil ecology (soil physical, chemical and biological properties) and soil management regime affect the microbial diversity in soil. We propose that the fact that in some situations the soil is the key factor determining soil microbial diversity is related to the complexity of the microbial interactions in soil, including interactions between microorganisms (MOs) and soil. A conceptual framework, based on the relative strengths of the shaping forces exerted by soil versus the ecological behavior of MOs, is proposed. Plant-bacterial interactions in the rhizosphere are the determinants of plant health and soil fertility. Symbiotic nitrogen (N2)-fixing bacteria include the cyanobacteria of the genera Rhizobium, Free-livingBradyrhizobium, soil bacteria Azorhizobium, play a vital Allorhizobium, role in plant Sinorhizobium growth, usually and referred Mesorhizobium.
    [Show full text]
  • Biomechanical and Biochemical Effects Recorded in the Tree Root Zone – Soil Memory, Historical Contingency and Soil Evolution Under Trees
    Plant Soil (2018) 426:109–134 https://doi.org/10.1007/s11104-018-3622-9 REGULAR ARTICLE Biomechanical and biochemical effects recorded in the tree root zone – soil memory, historical contingency and soil evolution under trees Łukasz Pawlik & Pavel Šamonil Received: 17 September 2017 /Accepted: 1 March 2018 /Published online: 15 March 2018 # The Author(s) 2018 Abstract increase in soil spatial complexity. We hypothesized that Background and aims The changing soils is a never- trees can be a strong local factor intensifying, blocking ending process moderated by numerous biotic and abi- or modifying pedogenetic processes, leading to local otic factors. Among these factors, trees may play a changes in soil complexity (convergence, divergence, critical role in forested landscapes by having a large or polygenesis). These changes are hypothetically con- imprint on soil texture and chemical properties. During trolled by regionally predominating soil formation their evolution, soils can follow convergent or divergent processes. development pathways, leading to a decrease or an Methods To test the main hypothesis, we described the pedomorphological features of soils under tree stumps of fir, beech and hemlock in three soil regions: Haplic Highlights Cambisols (Turbacz Reserve, Poland), Entic Podzols 1) The architecture of tree root systems controls soil physical and (Žofínský Prales Reserve, Czech Republic) and Albic chemical properties. Podzols (Upper Peninsula, Michigan, USA). Soil pro- 2) The predominating pedogenetic process significantly modifies files under the stumps, as well as control profiles on sites the effect of trees on soil. 3) Trees are a factor in polygenesis in Haplic Cambisols at the currently not occupied by trees, were analyzed in the pedon scale.
    [Show full text]
  • Dynamics of Carbon 14 in Soils: a Review C
    Radioprotection, Suppl. 1, vol. 40 (2005) S465-S470 © EDP Sciences, 2005 DOI: 10.1051/radiopro:2005s1-068 Dynamics of Carbon 14 in soils: A review C. Tamponnet Institute of Radioprotection and Nuclear Safety, DEI/SECRE, CADARACHE, BP. 1, 13108 Saint-Paul-lez-Durance Cedex, France, e-mail: [email protected] Abstract. In terrestrial ecosystems, soil is the main interface between atmosphere, hydrosphere, lithosphere and biosphere. Its interactions with carbon cycle are primordial. Information about carbon 14 dynamics in soils is quite dispersed and an up-to-date status is therefore presented in this paper. Carbon 14 dynamics in soils are governed by physical processes (soil structure, soil aggregation, soil erosion) chemical processes (sequestration by soil components either mineral or organic), and soil biological processes (soil microbes, soil fauna, soil biochemistry). The relative importance of such processes varied remarkably among the various biomes (tropical forest, temperate forest, boreal forest, tropical savannah, temperate pastures, deserts, tundra, marshlands, agro ecosystems) encountered in the terrestrial ecosphere. Moreover, application for a simplified modelling of carbon 14 dynamics in soils is proposed. 1. INTRODUCTION The importance of carbon 14 of anthropic origin in the environment has been quite early a matter of concern for the authorities [1]. When the behaviour of carbon 14 in the environment is to be modelled, it is an absolute necessity to understand the biogeochemical cycles of carbon. One can distinguish indeed, a global cycle of carbon from different local cycles. As far as the biosphere is concerned, pedosphere is considered as a primordial exchange zone. Pedosphere, which will be named from now on as soils, is mainly located at the interface between atmosphere and lithosphere.
    [Show full text]
  • Sustaining the Pedosphere: Establishing a Framework for Management, Utilzation and Restoration of Soils in Cultured Systems
    Sustaining the Pedosphere: Establishing A Framework for Management, Utilzation and Restoration of Soils in Cultured Systems Eugene F. Kelly Colorado State University Outline •Introduction - Its our Problems – Life in the Fastlane - Ecological Nexus of Food-Water-Energy - Defining the Pedosphere •Framework for Management, Utilization & Restoration - Pedology and Critical Zone Science - Pedology Research Establishing the Range & Variability in Soils - Models for assessing human dimensions in ecosystems •Studies of Regional Importance Systems Approach - System Models for Agricultural Research - Soil Water - The Master Variable - Water Quality, Soil Management and Conservation Strategies •Concluding Remarks and Questions Living in a Sustainable Age or Life in the Fast Lane What do we know ? • There are key drivers across the planet that are forcing us to think and live differently. • The drivers are influencing our supplies of food, energy and water. • Science has helped us identify these drivers and our challenge is to come up with solutions Change has been most rapid over the last 50 years ! • In last 50 years we doubled population • World economy saw 7x increase • Food consumption increased 3x • Water consumption increased 3x • Fuel utilization increased 4x • More change over this period then all human history combined – we are at the inflection point in human history. • Planetary scale resources going away What are the major changes that we might be able to adjust ? • Land Use Change - the world is smaller • Food footprint is larger (40% of land used for Agriculture) • Water Use – 70% for food • Running out of atmosphere – used as as disposal for fossil fuels and other contaminants The Perfect Storm Increased Demand 50% by 2030 Energy Climate Change Demand up Demand up 50% by 2030 30% by 2030 Food Water 2D View of Pedosphere Hierarchal scales involving soil solid-phase components that combine to form horizons, profiles, local and regional landscapes, and the global pedosphere.
    [Show full text]
  • Impact of Plant Roots and Soil Organisms on Soil Micromorphology and Hydraulic Properties
    CMYK Biologia, Bratislava, 61/Suppl. 19: S339—S343, 2006 S339 Impact of plant roots and soil organisms on soil micromorphology and hydraulic properties Radka Kodešová1,VítKodeš2, Anna Žigová3 &JiříŠimůnek4 1Czech University of Agriculture in Prague, Department of Soil Science and Geology, Kamýcka 129,CZ–16521 Prague, Czech Republic; e-mail: [email protected] 2Czech Hydrometeorological Institute, Department of Water Quality, Na Šabatce 17,CZ–14306 Prague, Czech Republic 3Academy of Sciences of the Czech Republic, Institute of Geology, Rozvojová 269,CZ–16502 Prague, Czech Republic 4University of California Riverside, Department of Environmental Sciences, Riverside, CA 92521,USA Abstract: A soil micromorphological study was performed to demonstrate the impact of soil organisms on soil pore structure. Two examples are shown here. First, the influence of earthworms, enchytraeids and moles on the pore structure of a Greyic Phaeozem is demonstrated by comparing two soil samples taken from the same depth of the soil profile that either were affected or not affected by these organisms. The detected image porosity of the organism-affected soil sample was 5 times larger then the porosity of the not-affected sample. The second example shows macropores created by roots and soil microorganisms in a Haplic Luvisol and subsequently affected by clay coatings. Their presence was reflected in the soil water retention curve, which displayed multiple S-shaped features as obtained from the water balance carried out for the multi-step outflow experiment. The dual permeability models implemented in HYDRUS-1D was applied to obtain parameters characterizing multimodal soil hydraulic properties using the numerical inversion of the multi-step outflow experiment.
    [Show full text]
  • Zinc Redistribution in a Soil Developed from Limestone During Pedogenesis C
    Zinc Redistribution in a Soil Developed from Limestone During Pedogenesis C. Laveuf, Sophie Cornu, Denis Baize, Michel Hardy, Olivier Josière, Sylvain Drouin, Ary Bruand, F. Juillot To cite this version: C. Laveuf, Sophie Cornu, Denis Baize, Michel Hardy, Olivier Josière, et al.. Zinc Redistribution in a Soil Developed from Limestone During Pedogenesis. Pedosphere, Elsevier, 2009, 19 (3), pp.292-304. 10.1016/S1002-0160(09)60120-X. insu-00403877 HAL Id: insu-00403877 https://hal-insu.archives-ouvertes.fr/insu-00403877 Submitted on 21 Nov 2016 HAL is a multi-disciplinary open access L’archive ouverte pluridisciplinaire HAL, est archive for the deposit and dissemination of sci- destinée au dépôt et à la diffusion de documents entific research documents, whether they are pub- scientifiques de niveau recherche, publiés ou non, lished or not. The documents may come from émanant des établissements d’enseignement et de teaching and research institutions in France or recherche français ou étrangers, des laboratoires abroad, or from public or private research centers. publics ou privés. Zinc Redistribution in a Soil Developed from Limestone During Pedogenesis∗1 C. LAVEUF1,∗2,S.CORNU1, D. BAIZE1, M. HARDY1, O. JOSIERE1, S. DROUIN2, A. BRUAND2 and F. JUILLOT3 1INRA, UR0272 Science du Sol, Centre de recherche d’Orl´eans, 45075 Orl´eans cedex 2 (France) 2ISTO, UMR 6113, CNRS, Universit´ed’Orl´eans, 45071 Orl´eans cedex 2 (France) 3IMPMC, UMR CNRS 7590, Universit´e Paris 6 et 7, IPGC, 75252 Paris cedex 05 (France) (Received November 20, 2008; revised March 23, 2009) ABSTRACT The long-term redistribution of Zn in a naturally Zn-enriched soil during pedogenesis was quantified based on mass balance calculations.
    [Show full text]
  • Sustainable Soil Management
    Top of Form ATTRAv2 page skip navigation 500 500 500 500 500 0 Search Bottom of Form 800-346-9140 Home | Site Map | Who We Are | Contact (English) Us | Calendar | Español | Text Only 800-411-3222 (Español) Home > Master Publication List > Sustainable Soil Management What Is Sustainable Soil Management Sustainable Agriculture? The printable PDF version of the Horticultural By Preston Sullivan entire document is available at: Crops NCAT Agriculture Specialist http://attra.ncat.org/attra- © NCAT 2004 pub/PDF/soilmgmt.pdf Field Crops ATTRA Publication #IP027/133 31 pages — 1.5 mb Download Acrobat Reader Soils & Compost Water Management Pest Management Organic Farming Livestock Marketing, Business & Risk Abstract Soybeans no-till planted into Management wheat stubble. This publication covers basic soil Photo by: Preston Sullivan Farm Energy properties and management steps toward building and maintaining healthy soils. Part I deals with basic Education soil principles and provides an understanding of living soils and how they work. In this section you will find answers to why soil organisms Other Resources and organic matter are important. Part II covers management steps to build soil quality on your farm. The last section looks at farmers who Master have successfully built up their soil. The publication concludes with a Publication List large resource section of other available information. Table of Contents Top of Form Part I. Characteristics of Sustainable Soils o Introduction o The Living Soil: Texture and Structure o The Living Soil: The Importance of Soil Organisms 1011223551022 o Organic Matter, Humus, and the Soil Foodweb o Soil Tilth and Organic Matter oi o Tillage, Organic Matter, and Plant Productivity o Fertilizer Amendments and Biologically Active Soils Go o Conventional Fertilizers Enter your o Top$oil—Your Farm'$ Capital email above o Summary of Part I and click Go.
    [Show full text]
  • Soil Organic Carbon in a Changing World
    Pedosphere 27(5): 789{791, 2017 doi:10.1016/S1002-0160(17)60489-2 ISSN 1002-0160/CN 32-1315/P ⃝c 2017 Soil Science Society of China Published by Elsevier B.V. and Science Press Preface Soil Organic Carbon in a Changing World JIA Zhongjun1, Yakov KUZYAKOV2;3, David MYROLD4 and James TIEDJE5 1State Key Laboratory of Soil and Sustainable Agriculture, Institute of Soil Science, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Nanjing 210008 (China). E-mail: [email protected] 2Agro-Technology Institute, RUDN University, Moscow 115419 (Russia). E-mail: [email protected] 3Institute of Physicochemical and Biological Problems in Soil Science, RAS, Pushchino 142290 (Russia) 4Department of Crop and Soil Science, Oregon State University, Corvallis OR 97331 (USA). E-mail: [email protected] 5Center for Microbial Ecology, Michigan State University, East Lansing MI 48824-1325 (USA). E-mail: [email protected] Soil contains more than three times as much carbon like compounds. By characterizing soil organic matter (C) as either the atmosphere or terrestrial vegetation. species using solid-state 13C cross polarization magic Soil organic C (SOC) is essentially derived from in- angle spinning (CPMAS) nuclear magnetic resonance puts of plant and animal residues, which are processed (NMR) (13C CPMAS-NMR) spectroscopy of humic by the microbiota (bacteria, archaea, protists, fungi substances and density-based fractions in a forest eco- and viruses) that dominates SOC transformation and system, Ranatunga et al. observed greater fractions of turnover in complex terrestrial environments. A tiny alkyl C, O-alkyl C, and carbohydrate functional gro- change in the SOC pool would have profound impacts ups in response to burning.
    [Show full text]
  • The Soil Story Curricular Guide
    THE SOIL STORY CURRICULUM Rebuilding Healthy Soil for Carbon Cycle Balance Earth’s Systems Photosynthesis Healthy Soil Lead Authors: Whitney Cohen | Education Director, Life Lab Food & Farming Carrie Strohl, PhD | Educational Consultant Taking Action Contributors: Annie Martin | Business Program, Kiss the Ground Arlae Castellanos | Sustainability Tracking Program Manager, Green Schools Alliance Craig Macmillan, PhD | Technical Program Manager, Vinyard Team Didi Pershouse | Director, Learning Resources Don Smith | Storytelling Team, Kiss the Ground Emily Harris, PhD | Research Scientist, BSCS Science Learning Finian Makepeace | Co-Founder, Kiss the Ground Ilana Lowe | 5th Grade Lead Science Teacher, Main Street Elementary Jessica Handy, RDN | Education Program, Kiss the Ground Karen Rodriguez | Former Operations Manager, Kiss the Ground A Middle School Lauren Tucker | Executive Director, Kiss the Ground Curriculum by Leslie Rogers | Director of Education, Atlas Organics Liz Henry | Senior Consultant, Crecer Strategies Markos Major | Director, Climate Action Now Paul Hawken | Author and Environmentalist Designer: Michelle Uyeda | Graphic Designer, Kiss the Ground + Thank you to our sponsors: About 1 THE SOIL STORY CURRICULAR GUIDE The Soil Story Curricular Guide was created through a collaborative partnership between Kiss the Ground and Life Lab. It serves as a supplemental material for teaching middle schoolers Next Generation Science Standards. Kiss the Ground (KTG) is a nonprofit with a mission to inspire participation in the regeneration of the planet, beginning with soil. The organization creates educational curriculum, campaigns, and media to raise awareness and empower individuals to purchase food that supports health soils and a balanced climate. KTG also works with farmers, educators, non government organizations, scientists, students, and policymakers to advocate for regenerative agriculture, raise funds to train farmers, and help brands and businesses to invest in healthy soils.
    [Show full text]
  • A Treatise of Indian and Tropical Soils
    springer.com Environment : Natural Resources Pal, D.K. A Treatise of Indian and Tropical Soils Applies the basic principles of pedology to the soils of the tropical environments of the Indian subcontinent, with an emphasis on ways to enhance crop productivity Documents the significance of minerals in soils and their overall influence in terms of pedology, paleopedology, polygenesis, and edaphology Highlights methodologies for enhancing the productivity of tropical soils in the context of climate change in India This book discusses how to apply the basic principles of pedology to the tropical soils of the Indian subcontinent, with an emphasis on ways to enhance crop productivity. The book showcases the research contributions on pedology, geomorphology, mineralogy, Springer micromorphology and climate change collected from the literature on three major soil types: 1st ed. 2017, XIV, 180 p. 44 1st shrink-swell soils, red ferruginous (RF) soils and the soils that occur in the tropical illus., 18 illus. in color. edition environments of the Indo-Gangetic Plains (IGP).It also provides insights into several aspects of five pedogenetically important soil orders like Alfisols, Mollisols, Ultisols, Vertisols and Inceptisols found in tropical Indian environments. Documenting the significance of minerals in soils and their overall influence in soil science in terms of pedology, paleopedology, Printed book polygenesis and edaphology, it provides a knowledge base that is critical when attempting to Hardcover bridge the gap between food production and
    [Show full text]
  • Soil Classification Following the US Taxonomy: an Indian Commentary
    See discussions, stats, and author profiles for this publication at: http://www.researchgate.net/publication/280114947 Soil Classification Following the US Taxonomy: An Indian Commentary ARTICLE · JULY 2015 DOI: 10.2136/sh14-08-0011 DOWNLOADS VIEWS 21 27 1 AUTHOR: Tapas Bhattacharyya International Crops Research Institute for Se… 110 PUBLICATIONS 848 CITATIONS SEE PROFILE Available from: Tapas Bhattacharyya Retrieved on: 19 August 2015 provided by ICRISAT Open Access Repository View metadata, citation and similar papers at core.ac.uk CORE brought to you by Published July 17, 2015 Review Soil Classification Following the US Taxonomy: An Indian Commentary T. Bhattacharyya,* P. Chandran, S.K. Ray, and D.K. Pal More than 50 yr ago US soil taxonomy was adopted in India. Since then many researchers have contributed their thoughts to enrich the soil taxonomy. The National Bureau of Soil Survey and Land Use Planning (NBSS & LUP) (Indian Council of Agricultural Research) as a premier soil survey institute has been consistently using benchmark soil series to understand the rationale of the soil taxonomy, keeping in view the soil genesis from different rock systems under various physiographic locations in tropical India. The present review is a humble effort to present this information. ne of the fundamental requirements of any natural science minerals, higher categories of soil classification were conceptu- Ois to classify the proposed bodies or the objects stud- alized (Duchaufour, 1968). The concept of genetic profiles was ied (Joel, 1926). Soils do not exist as discrete objects like plants used in early and current Russian soil classification schemes and animals but occur in nature as a complex and dynamic (Gerasimov, 1975; Gorajichkin et al., 2003).
    [Show full text]