Zinc Redistribution in a Soil Developed from Limestone During Pedogenesis C
Total Page:16
File Type:pdf, Size:1020Kb
Load more
Recommended publications
-
Soils Section
Soils Section 2003 Florida Envirothon Study Sections Soil Key Points SOIL KEY POINTS • Recognize soil as an important dynamic resource. • Describe basic soil properties and soil formation factors. • Understand soil drainage classes and know how wetlands are defined. • Determine basic soil properties and limitations, such as mottling and permeability by observing a soil pit or soil profile. • Identify types of soil erosion and discuss methods for reducing erosion. • Use soil information, including a soil survey, in land use planning discussions. • Discuss how soil is a factor in, or is impacted by, nonpoint and point source pollution. Florida’s State Soil Florida has the largest total acreage of sandy, siliceous, hyperthermic Aeric Haplaquods in the nation. This is commonly called Myakka fine sand. It does not occur anywhere else in the United States. There are more than 1.5 million acres of Myakka fine sand in Florida. On May 22, 1989, Governor Bob Martinez signed Senate Bill 525 into law making Myakka fine sand Florida’s official state soil. iii Florida Envirothon Study Packet — Soils Section iv Contents CONTENTS INTRODUCTION .........................................................................................................................1 WHAT IS SOIL AND HOW IS SOIL FORMED? .....................................................................3 SOIL CHARACTERISTICS..........................................................................................................7 Texture......................................................................................................................................7 -
Soil As a Huge Laboratory for Microorganisms
Research Article Agri Res & Tech: Open Access J Volume 22 Issue 4 - September 2019 Copyright © All rights are reserved by Mishra BB DOI: 10.19080/ARTOAJ.2019.22.556205 Soil as a Huge Laboratory for Microorganisms Sachidanand B1, Mitra NG1, Vinod Kumar1, Richa Roy2 and Mishra BB3* 1Department of Soil Science and Agricultural Chemistry, Jawaharlal Nehru Krishi Vishwa Vidyalaya, India 2Department of Biotechnology, TNB College, India 3Haramaya University, Ethiopia Submission: June 24, 2019; Published: September 17, 2019 *Corresponding author: Mishra BB, Haramaya University, Ethiopia Abstract Biodiversity consisting of living organisms both plants and animals, constitute an important component of soil. Soil organisms are important elements for preserved ecosystem biodiversity and services thus assess functional and structural biodiversity in arable soils is interest. One of the main threats to soil biodiversity occurred by soil environmental impacts and agricultural management. This review focuses on interactions relating how soil ecology (soil physical, chemical and biological properties) and soil management regime affect the microbial diversity in soil. We propose that the fact that in some situations the soil is the key factor determining soil microbial diversity is related to the complexity of the microbial interactions in soil, including interactions between microorganisms (MOs) and soil. A conceptual framework, based on the relative strengths of the shaping forces exerted by soil versus the ecological behavior of MOs, is proposed. Plant-bacterial interactions in the rhizosphere are the determinants of plant health and soil fertility. Symbiotic nitrogen (N2)-fixing bacteria include the cyanobacteria of the genera Rhizobium, Free-livingBradyrhizobium, soil bacteria Azorhizobium, play a vital Allorhizobium, role in plant Sinorhizobium growth, usually and referred Mesorhizobium. -
Dynamics of Carbon 14 in Soils: a Review C
Radioprotection, Suppl. 1, vol. 40 (2005) S465-S470 © EDP Sciences, 2005 DOI: 10.1051/radiopro:2005s1-068 Dynamics of Carbon 14 in soils: A review C. Tamponnet Institute of Radioprotection and Nuclear Safety, DEI/SECRE, CADARACHE, BP. 1, 13108 Saint-Paul-lez-Durance Cedex, France, e-mail: [email protected] Abstract. In terrestrial ecosystems, soil is the main interface between atmosphere, hydrosphere, lithosphere and biosphere. Its interactions with carbon cycle are primordial. Information about carbon 14 dynamics in soils is quite dispersed and an up-to-date status is therefore presented in this paper. Carbon 14 dynamics in soils are governed by physical processes (soil structure, soil aggregation, soil erosion) chemical processes (sequestration by soil components either mineral or organic), and soil biological processes (soil microbes, soil fauna, soil biochemistry). The relative importance of such processes varied remarkably among the various biomes (tropical forest, temperate forest, boreal forest, tropical savannah, temperate pastures, deserts, tundra, marshlands, agro ecosystems) encountered in the terrestrial ecosphere. Moreover, application for a simplified modelling of carbon 14 dynamics in soils is proposed. 1. INTRODUCTION The importance of carbon 14 of anthropic origin in the environment has been quite early a matter of concern for the authorities [1]. When the behaviour of carbon 14 in the environment is to be modelled, it is an absolute necessity to understand the biogeochemical cycles of carbon. One can distinguish indeed, a global cycle of carbon from different local cycles. As far as the biosphere is concerned, pedosphere is considered as a primordial exchange zone. Pedosphere, which will be named from now on as soils, is mainly located at the interface between atmosphere and lithosphere. -
World Reference Base for Soil Resources 2014 International Soil Classification System for Naming Soils and Creating Legends for Soil Maps
ISSN 0532-0488 WORLD SOIL RESOURCES REPORTS 106 World reference base for soil resources 2014 International soil classification system for naming soils and creating legends for soil maps Update 2015 Cover photographs (left to right): Ekranic Technosol – Austria (©Erika Michéli) Reductaquic Cryosol – Russia (©Maria Gerasimova) Ferralic Nitisol – Australia (©Ben Harms) Pellic Vertisol – Bulgaria (©Erika Michéli) Albic Podzol – Czech Republic (©Erika Michéli) Hypercalcic Kastanozem – Mexico (©Carlos Cruz Gaistardo) Stagnic Luvisol – South Africa (©Márta Fuchs) Copies of FAO publications can be requested from: SALES AND MARKETING GROUP Information Division Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations Viale delle Terme di Caracalla 00100 Rome, Italy E-mail: [email protected] Fax: (+39) 06 57053360 Web site: http://www.fao.org WORLD SOIL World reference base RESOURCES REPORTS for soil resources 2014 106 International soil classification system for naming soils and creating legends for soil maps Update 2015 FOOD AND AGRICULTURE ORGANIZATION OF THE UNITED NATIONS Rome, 2015 The designations employed and the presentation of material in this information product do not imply the expression of any opinion whatsoever on the part of the Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations (FAO) concerning the legal or development status of any country, territory, city or area or of its authorities, or concerning the delimitation of its frontiers or boundaries. The mention of specific companies or products of manufacturers, whether or not these have been patented, does not imply that these have been endorsed or recommended by FAO in preference to others of a similar nature that are not mentioned. The views expressed in this information product are those of the author(s) and do not necessarily reflect the views or policies of FAO. -
Progressive and Regressive Soil Evolution Phases in the Anthropocene
Progressive and regressive soil evolution phases in the Anthropocene Manon Bajard, Jérôme Poulenard, Pierre Sabatier, Anne-Lise Develle, Charline Giguet- Covex, Jeremy Jacob, Christian Crouzet, Fernand David, Cécile Pignol, Fabien Arnaud Highlights • Lake sediment archives are used to reconstruct past soil evolution. • Erosion is quantified and the sediment geochemistry is compared to current soils. • We observed phases of greater erosion rates than soil formation rates. • These negative soil balance phases are defined as regressive pedogenesis phases. • During the Middle Ages, the erosion of increasingly deep horizons rejuvenated pedogenesis. Abstract Soils have a substantial role in the environment because they provide several ecosystem services such as food supply or carbon storage. Agricultural practices can modify soil properties and soil evolution processes, hence threatening these services. These modifications are poorly studied, and the resilience/adaptation times of soils to disruptions are unknown. Here, we study the evolution of pedogenetic processes and soil evolution phases (progressive or regressive) in response to human-induced erosion from a 4000-year lake sediment sequence (Lake La Thuile, French Alps). Erosion in this small lake catchment in the montane area is quantified from the terrigenous sediments that were trapped in the lake and compared to the soil formation rate. To access this quantification, soil processes evolution are deciphered from soil and sediment geochemistry comparison. Over the last 4000 years, first impacts on soils are recorded at approximately 1600 yr cal. BP, with the erosion of surface horizons exceeding 10 t·km− 2·yr− 1. Increasingly deep horizons were eroded with erosion accentuation during the Higher Middle Ages (1400–850 yr cal. -
Soils and Soil-Forming Material Technical Information Note 04 /2017 30Th November 2017
Soils and Soil-forming Material Technical Information Note 04 /2017 30th November 2017 Contents 1. Introduction to Soils ........................................................................................................................ 2 2. Components and Properties of Soil ................................................................................................ 7 3. Describing and Categorising soils .................................................................................................. 29 4. Policy, Regulation and Roles ......................................................................................................... 34 5. Soil Surveys, Handling and Management ..................................................................................... 40 6. Recommended Soil Specifications ................................................................................................ 42 7. References .................................................................................................................................... 52 “Upon this handful of soil our survival depends. Husband it and it will grow our food, our fuel, and our shelter and surround us with beauty. Abuse it and the soil will collapse and die, taking humanity with it.” From Vedas Sanskrit Scripture – circa 1500 BC The aim of this Technical Information Note is to assist Landscape Professionals (primarily landscape architects) when considering matters in relation to soils and soil-forming material. Soil is an essential requirement for providing -
Sustaining the Pedosphere: Establishing a Framework for Management, Utilzation and Restoration of Soils in Cultured Systems
Sustaining the Pedosphere: Establishing A Framework for Management, Utilzation and Restoration of Soils in Cultured Systems Eugene F. Kelly Colorado State University Outline •Introduction - Its our Problems – Life in the Fastlane - Ecological Nexus of Food-Water-Energy - Defining the Pedosphere •Framework for Management, Utilization & Restoration - Pedology and Critical Zone Science - Pedology Research Establishing the Range & Variability in Soils - Models for assessing human dimensions in ecosystems •Studies of Regional Importance Systems Approach - System Models for Agricultural Research - Soil Water - The Master Variable - Water Quality, Soil Management and Conservation Strategies •Concluding Remarks and Questions Living in a Sustainable Age or Life in the Fast Lane What do we know ? • There are key drivers across the planet that are forcing us to think and live differently. • The drivers are influencing our supplies of food, energy and water. • Science has helped us identify these drivers and our challenge is to come up with solutions Change has been most rapid over the last 50 years ! • In last 50 years we doubled population • World economy saw 7x increase • Food consumption increased 3x • Water consumption increased 3x • Fuel utilization increased 4x • More change over this period then all human history combined – we are at the inflection point in human history. • Planetary scale resources going away What are the major changes that we might be able to adjust ? • Land Use Change - the world is smaller • Food footprint is larger (40% of land used for Agriculture) • Water Use – 70% for food • Running out of atmosphere – used as as disposal for fossil fuels and other contaminants The Perfect Storm Increased Demand 50% by 2030 Energy Climate Change Demand up Demand up 50% by 2030 30% by 2030 Food Water 2D View of Pedosphere Hierarchal scales involving soil solid-phase components that combine to form horizons, profiles, local and regional landscapes, and the global pedosphere. -
Effects of Climatic Change on Soil Hydraulic Properties During
water Article Effects of Climatic Change on Soil Hydraulic Properties during the Last Interglacial Period: Two Case Studies of the Southern Chinese Loess Plateau Tieniu Wu 1,2 , Henry Lin 2, Hailin Zhang 1,*, Fei Ye 1, Yongwu Wang 1, Muxing Liu 1, Jun Yi 1 and Pei Tian 1 1 Key Laboratory for Geographical Process Analysis & Simulation, Hubei Province, Central China Normal University, Wuhan 430079, China; [email protected] (T.W.); [email protected] (F.Y.); [email protected] (Y.W.); [email protected] (M.L.); [email protected] (J.Y.); [email protected] (P.T.) 2 Department of Ecosystem Science and Management, The Pennsylvania State University, University Park, PA 16802, USA; [email protected] * Correspondence: [email protected]; Tel.: +86-27-6786-7503 Received: 16 January 2020; Accepted: 10 February 2020; Published: 12 February 2020 Abstract: The hydraulic properties of paleosols on the Chinese Loess Plateau (CLP) are closely related to agricultural production and are indicative of the environmental evolution during geological and pedogenic periods. In this study, two typical intact sequences of the first paleosol layer (S1) on the southern CLP were selected, and soil hydraulic parameters together with basic physical and chemical properties were investigated to reveal the response of soil hydraulic properties to the warm and wet climate conditions. The results show that: (1) the paleoclimate in the southern CLP during the last interglacial period showed a pattern of three warm and -
Soil Life in Reconstructed Ecosystems: Initial Soil Food Web Responses After Rebuilding a Forest Soil Profile for a Climate Change Experiment
Soil life in reconstructed ecosystems: Initial soil food web responses after rebuilding a forest soil profile for a climate change experiment Paul T. Rygiewicza,*, Vicente J. Monleonb, Elaine R. Inghamc, Kendall J. Martind, Mark G. Johnsona ABSTRACT Disrupting ecosystem components. while transferring and reconstructing them for experiments can produce myriad responses. Establishing the extent of these biological responses as the system approaches a new equilibrium allows us more reliably to emulate comparable native systems. That is, the sensitivity of analyzing ecosystem processes in a reconstructed system is improved by excluding the period when observed phenomena are primarily responses caused by establishing the experiment rather than effects of imposed treatments; achieved by determining the extent of any pulse of activity caused by preparatory procedures. A native forest soil was physically disrupted when it was collected. sieved. and then rebuilt in lysimeters in a controlled-environment study evaluating the influence of elevated atmospheric CO2 concentration and elevated atmospheric temperature on the reconstructed soil that was planted with Douglas-fir (Pseudotsugo menziesii Mirb. Franco) seedlings. Generally. soil food web populations responded in two phases during the exposure as indicated by preliminary evaluation of the 4.5-year dataset. Also. previous work indicated that relatively elevated soil CO2 effluxes occurred during the first phase. suggesting that food web populations may have responded to carbon sources made available when the soil was harvested and its profile reconstructed in the lysimeters, Results are presented for bacterial and fungal biomass. numbers of protozoa and nematodes to gain insight on whether the first phase responses are attributable to the acute stress of physically disrupting the soil. -
Sustainable Soil Management
Top of Form ATTRAv2 page skip navigation 500 500 500 500 500 0 Search Bottom of Form 800-346-9140 Home | Site Map | Who We Are | Contact (English) Us | Calendar | Español | Text Only 800-411-3222 (Español) Home > Master Publication List > Sustainable Soil Management What Is Sustainable Soil Management Sustainable Agriculture? The printable PDF version of the Horticultural By Preston Sullivan entire document is available at: Crops NCAT Agriculture Specialist http://attra.ncat.org/attra- © NCAT 2004 pub/PDF/soilmgmt.pdf Field Crops ATTRA Publication #IP027/133 31 pages — 1.5 mb Download Acrobat Reader Soils & Compost Water Management Pest Management Organic Farming Livestock Marketing, Business & Risk Abstract Soybeans no-till planted into Management wheat stubble. This publication covers basic soil Photo by: Preston Sullivan Farm Energy properties and management steps toward building and maintaining healthy soils. Part I deals with basic Education soil principles and provides an understanding of living soils and how they work. In this section you will find answers to why soil organisms Other Resources and organic matter are important. Part II covers management steps to build soil quality on your farm. The last section looks at farmers who Master have successfully built up their soil. The publication concludes with a Publication List large resource section of other available information. Table of Contents Top of Form Part I. Characteristics of Sustainable Soils o Introduction o The Living Soil: Texture and Structure o The Living Soil: The Importance of Soil Organisms 1011223551022 o Organic Matter, Humus, and the Soil Foodweb o Soil Tilth and Organic Matter oi o Tillage, Organic Matter, and Plant Productivity o Fertilizer Amendments and Biologically Active Soils Go o Conventional Fertilizers Enter your o Top$oil—Your Farm'$ Capital email above o Summary of Part I and click Go. -
Basic Soil Science: Soil Horizons Notes
Basic Soil Science: Soil Horizons Notes Date _______________Topic___________________________________ -----------------------------------------Notes-------------------------------------- -- Soil Horizons: ---------------------------------------------- ------------ Formulas Points, Key Ideas, Main ------------------------------------------- Why advocate? ----------------------------------------------------Summary of Main Ideas------------------------------------------------------- ------- Basic Soil Science BSS4 Soil Horizons Basic Soil Science: Soil Horizons Notes -----------------------------------------Notes-------------------------------------- Subordinate Divisions: ---------- -------------------------------------- ------------ Horizon Boundary: Main Ideas, Key Points, Formulas Points, Key Ideas, Main ------------------------------------------- ----------------------------------------------------Summary of Main Ideas------------------------------------------------------- ------- Basic Soil Science BSS4 Soil Horizons Basic Soil Science: Soil Horizons BSS4.1 Horizon Matching Cards • “Organic” Horizon O • Does not have to be 100% organic matter material • thin O horizons • Do not occur in cultivated areas • Destroyed by plowing • Mineral soil • Dark color formed by Horizon A additional humus • Granular or fine blocky structure • Can be easily crushed • Thickness ranges from a few inches to more than 30 inches • Every cultivated agricultural soil has an A horizon • Important in maintaining soil fertility and favorable environment for -
Soil Organic Carbon in a Changing World
Pedosphere 27(5): 789{791, 2017 doi:10.1016/S1002-0160(17)60489-2 ISSN 1002-0160/CN 32-1315/P ⃝c 2017 Soil Science Society of China Published by Elsevier B.V. and Science Press Preface Soil Organic Carbon in a Changing World JIA Zhongjun1, Yakov KUZYAKOV2;3, David MYROLD4 and James TIEDJE5 1State Key Laboratory of Soil and Sustainable Agriculture, Institute of Soil Science, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Nanjing 210008 (China). E-mail: [email protected] 2Agro-Technology Institute, RUDN University, Moscow 115419 (Russia). E-mail: [email protected] 3Institute of Physicochemical and Biological Problems in Soil Science, RAS, Pushchino 142290 (Russia) 4Department of Crop and Soil Science, Oregon State University, Corvallis OR 97331 (USA). E-mail: [email protected] 5Center for Microbial Ecology, Michigan State University, East Lansing MI 48824-1325 (USA). E-mail: [email protected] Soil contains more than three times as much carbon like compounds. By characterizing soil organic matter (C) as either the atmosphere or terrestrial vegetation. species using solid-state 13C cross polarization magic Soil organic C (SOC) is essentially derived from in- angle spinning (CPMAS) nuclear magnetic resonance puts of plant and animal residues, which are processed (NMR) (13C CPMAS-NMR) spectroscopy of humic by the microbiota (bacteria, archaea, protists, fungi substances and density-based fractions in a forest eco- and viruses) that dominates SOC transformation and system, Ranatunga et al. observed greater fractions of turnover in complex terrestrial environments. A tiny alkyl C, O-alkyl C, and carbohydrate functional gro- change in the SOC pool would have profound impacts ups in response to burning.