19Th World Congress of Soil Science Symposium 2.1.1 Optimizing Water

Total Page:16

File Type:pdf, Size:1020Kb

19Th World Congress of Soil Science Symposium 2.1.1 Optimizing Water 19th World Congress of Soil Science Symposium 2.1.1 Optimizing water use with soil physics Soil Solutions for a Changing World, Brisbane, Australia 1 – 6 August 2010 Table of Contents Page Table of Contents ii 1 A variation of the Field Capacity (FC) definition and a FC 1 database for Brazilian soils 2 An evaluation of plant available water during reclamation of 5 saline soils: Laboratory and field approaches 3 Analytical Solution for Drainage from a Uniformly Wetted Deep 9 Soil Profile 4 Application of GPR ground wave for mapping of spatiotemporal 13 variations in the surface moisture content at a natural field site 5 Assessment of Soil-Amendment Mixtures for Subsurface Drip 17 Irrigation Systems 6 Calculation of Canopy Resistance with a Recursive 20 Evapotranspiration Model 7 Contribution of stony phase in hydric properties of soils 24 8 Deep drainage in a Vertosol under irrigated cotton 27 9 Determination of irrigation depths using a numerical model and 31 quantitative weather forecast 10 Development of preferential flow below a soil moisture 35 threshold 11 Differences in topsoil properties of a sandy loam soil under 38 different tillage treatments 12 Drip irrigation as a sustainable practice under saline shallow 42 ground water condtions 13 Effect of land use on the soil physical properties and water 46 budget in a small water shed in NE Thailand 14 Effect of leaching on hydrophobicity and infiltration into a 50 texture contrast soil 15 Electrical conductivity and nitrate concentrations in an Andisol 54 field using time domain reflectometry 16 Estimating hysteretic soil-water retention curves in hydrophobic 58 soil by a mini tensiometer-TDR coil probe 17 Estimating unsaturated hydraulic conductivity from air 62 permeability 18 Estimation of crop losses associated with soil water repellency in 66 horticultural crops ii Table of Contents (Cont.) Page 19 Evaluating the scale dependency of measured hydraulic 69 conductivity using double-ring infiltrometers and numerical simulation 20 Evaluation of conservation tillage by means of physical soil 73 quality indicators 21 Field-scale bromide transport as a function of rainfall amount, 77 intensity and application time delay 22 Green, blue and grey waters: Minimising the footprint using soil 81 physics 23 Hydrological and erosional responses in woody plant 85 encroachment areas of semi-arid south–eastern Australia 24 Hydro-pedotransfer functions for predicting the effective annual 89 capillary rise 25 Impact of conservation agriculture on runoff, soil loss and crop 93 yield on a Vertisol in the northern Ethiopian highlands 26 Impacts of sodic soil amelioration on deep drainage 97 27 In situ soil water repellency is affected by soil water potential 101 rather than by water content as revealed by periodic field observations on a hill slope in a Japanese humid-temperate forest 28 Increases in available water content of soils by applying 105 bagasse-charcoals 29 Late season sugarcane performance as affected by soil water 109 regime at the yield formation stage on commercial farms in northern Ivory Coast 30 Modeling of coupled water and heat fluxes in both unfrozen and 113 frozen soils 31 Multi-TDR probe designed for measuring soil moisture 117 distribution near the soil surface 32 Numerical Analysis of Coupled Liquid Water, Water Vapor, and 121 Heat Transport in a Sandy Loam Soil 33 Numerical evaluation of inverse modelling methods for 1D and 125 3D water infiltration experiments in homogeneous soils 34 Optimizing Water Use with High-Transpiration-Efficiency 129 Plants 35 Plant available water capacity of dryland cropping soils in the 133 south-eastern Australia iii Table of Contents (Cont.) Page 36 Raised beds in South West Victoria: Pore structure dynamics 137 deliver increased plant available water in sub-optimal rainfall years 37 Rapid estimation of soil water retention functions 141 38 Seasonal variability of soil structure and soil hydraulic 145 properties 39 Short-term effects of conservation tillage on soil (Vertisol) and 149 crop (teff, Eragrostis tef) attributes in the northern Ethiopian highlands 40 Siberian Wildrye Grass Yield and Water Use Response to Single 153 Irrigation Time in Semiarid Agropastoral Ecotone of North China 41 Influence of Soil Profile Characteristics on the Efficiency of 157 Water Management Practice in Northeast Florida 42 Soil resistance to penetration under the dynamic and predictive 161 perspective of restriction to crop yield 43 Subsoil manuring with different organic manures increased 165 canola yield in a dry spring 44 The effect of drip emitter rate on bromide movement in a drip 169 irrigated vineyard 45 The effect of tillage and nitrogen application on soil water 173 retention, hydraulic conductivity and bulk density at Loskop, KwaZulu-Natal, South Africa 46 The matric flux potential as a measure of plant-available water 177 in soils restricted by hydraulic properties alone 47 The relationship between field soil water content variability and 179 soil moisture deficit prediction from meteorological data 48 Toward improving estimates of field soil water capacity from 182 laboratory-measured soil properties 49 Use of simulation modeling and pedotransfer functions to 186 evaluate different irrigation scheduling scenarios in a heterogeneous field 50 Visualising and quantifying rhizosphere processes: root-soil 190 contact and water uptake 51 Water exchange between the fine earth and pebbles in 194 remoulded soil samples iv Table of Contents (Cont.) Page 52 Water retention estimation and plant availability for subtropical 197 Brazilian soils 53 What are the chances of successfully replacing buffel grass with 201 native plant communities in central Queensland’s coal mine rehabilitation sites? v A variation of the Field Capacity (FC) definition and a FC database for Brazilian soils Theophilo B. Ottoni Filho A and Marta V. Ottoni B ADepartamento de Recursos Hídricos e Meio Ambiente, Universidade Federal do Rio de Janeiro, Rio de Janeiro, RJ, Brazil, Email [email protected] BCompanhia de Pesquisa de Recursos Minerais - CPRM, Rio de Janeiro, RJ, Brazil, Email [email protected] . Abstract Field capacity (FC) is a widely applied parameter in Soil Science. It is related to frequent sequential infiltration and drainage in soils. This paper proposes a variation of the FC definition, based on 48-h drainage time, aiming not only at minimizing the inadequacies of its concept and determination, but also at maintaining its original, practical meaning. Data of 22 Brazilian soils showed that FC determined from standardized field procedures can primarily depend on basic soil data, especially volumetric water content data, such as θ(6 kPa) or θ(33 kPa). Key Words Drainage, pedotransfer function, Brazilian soils Introduction Field capacity (FC) is a soil parameter that is widely used in soil and water engineering. The original definition of FC by Veihmeyer and Hendrickson (1949) was slightly modified in the Glossary of Soil Science Terms (SSSA 1984) as: “FC is the amount of water remaining in soil two or three days after having been wetted and after free drainage is negligible”. Despite the broad application of FC, its concept bears substantial uncertainty (Cassel and Nielsen 1986; Hillel 1998, chap. 16; Nachabe et al ., 2003). Indeed, what a negligible free drainage rate is must be better stated. In addition, evapotranspiration is not specifically mentioned, profile wetting and initial soil moisture before water application are not precisely described, which may be relevant, particularly when hysteresis in soil water redistribution after infiltration (Hillel 1998, chap. 6) is significant. The presence of impeding or highly permeable layers and phreatic levels, as well as the influence of lateral flow in sloping landscapes, are also overlooked, especially if it is considered that the ‘free drainage’ in the above definition implies absence of these conditions. Indeed, all of these factors must be clarified before FC can be considered a reproducible, consistent, and intrinsic soil water variable. The best standardized procedure to evaluate FC is by flooding a square or rectangular plot on a bare field (Cassel and Nielsen 1986); after irrigation, it is covered with a plastic sheet to avoid evaporation. The distribution of moisture in the upper part of the soil profile, which was fully moistened at the end of infiltration (quasi-saturated), measured 2 or 3 days after water application, defines the FC profile. This FC profile usually depends on the texture and structure of the individual soil layers (Salter and Williams 1965). Based on this dependence and on the operational difficulties of a field test, FC is commonly evaluated in a laboratory setting as the moisture of undisturbed soil samples at a specific matric potential. Cassel and Nielsen (1986) reported that a wide range of matric potentials (from -2.5 kPa to -50 kPa) has been used for this purpose, although suctions of 5 kPa, 6 kPa, 10 kPa, and 33 kPa are more common choices; however, there is no satisfactory general criterion for selection of the suction values for the determination of FC (Hillel 1998, chap. 16). Taking into account the dynamic nature of drainage, some authors (Nachabe et al ., 2003) argue that the definition of FC must be based on an arbitrary choice for the “negligible” downward flux, instead of the drainage time of 2 or 3 days, or the suction at FC. Meyer and Gee (1999) considered that such selected small fluxes could be between 0.01 mm/d and 1.0 mm/d depending on the type of application. When FC is evaluated by the flux-based method, the drainage times may vary by an enormous range, even for an individual soil, from tens of hours to tens of days, depending on the flow rate chosen, as clearly demonstrated in Hillel (1998, chap. 16). Overall, despite being a widely applied soil parameter, the understanding of FC is neither unique nor exact. In this paper, a variation of the definition of FC is proposed and empirically tested by the development and analysis of a FC database.
Recommended publications
  • The Retention of Organic Matter in Soils
    Biogeochemistry 5: 35-70 (1988) © Martinus Nijhoff/Dr W. Junk Publishers, Dordrecht Printed in the Netherlands The retention of organic matter in soils J.M. OADES Department of Soil Science, Waite Agricultural Research Institute, The University of Adelaide, Glen Osmond, South Australia 5064 Key words: organic matter, turnover, organomineral interactions, clay, base status, cation bridges, oxide surfaces Abstract. The turnover of C in soils is controlled mainly by water regimes and temperature, but is modified by factors such as size and physicochemical properties of C additions in litter or root systems, distribution of C throughout the soil as root systems, or addition as litter, distribution of C within the soil matrix and its interaction with clay surfaces. Soil factors which retard mineralization of C in soils are identified from correlations of C contents of soils with other properties such as clay content and base status. The rate and extent of C mineralization depends on the chemistry of the added organic matter and interaction with clays of the microbial biomass and metabolites. The organomineral interactions are shown to depend on cation bridges involving mainly Ca in neutral to alkaline soils, Al in acid soils and adsorption of organic materials on iron oxide surfaces. The various organomineral interactions lead to aggregations of clay particles and organic materials, which stabilizes both soil structure and the carbon compounds within the aggregates. Introduction Soils represent a major pool (172 x 10'°t) in the cycling of C from the atmosphere to the biosphere and are the habitat for terrestrial photosynthet- ic organisms which fix some 11 x 1 0"°tCy-1, about one half of which eventually finds it way into soils.
    [Show full text]
  • Biomechanical and Biochemical Effects Recorded in the Tree Root Zone – Soil Memory, Historical Contingency and Soil Evolution Under Trees
    Plant Soil (2018) 426:109–134 https://doi.org/10.1007/s11104-018-3622-9 REGULAR ARTICLE Biomechanical and biochemical effects recorded in the tree root zone – soil memory, historical contingency and soil evolution under trees Łukasz Pawlik & Pavel Šamonil Received: 17 September 2017 /Accepted: 1 March 2018 /Published online: 15 March 2018 # The Author(s) 2018 Abstract increase in soil spatial complexity. We hypothesized that Background and aims The changing soils is a never- trees can be a strong local factor intensifying, blocking ending process moderated by numerous biotic and abi- or modifying pedogenetic processes, leading to local otic factors. Among these factors, trees may play a changes in soil complexity (convergence, divergence, critical role in forested landscapes by having a large or polygenesis). These changes are hypothetically con- imprint on soil texture and chemical properties. During trolled by regionally predominating soil formation their evolution, soils can follow convergent or divergent processes. development pathways, leading to a decrease or an Methods To test the main hypothesis, we described the pedomorphological features of soils under tree stumps of fir, beech and hemlock in three soil regions: Haplic Highlights Cambisols (Turbacz Reserve, Poland), Entic Podzols 1) The architecture of tree root systems controls soil physical and (Žofínský Prales Reserve, Czech Republic) and Albic chemical properties. Podzols (Upper Peninsula, Michigan, USA). Soil pro- 2) The predominating pedogenetic process significantly modifies files under the stumps, as well as control profiles on sites the effect of trees on soil. 3) Trees are a factor in polygenesis in Haplic Cambisols at the currently not occupied by trees, were analyzed in the pedon scale.
    [Show full text]
  • Impact of Plant Roots and Soil Organisms on Soil Micromorphology and Hydraulic Properties
    CMYK Biologia, Bratislava, 61/Suppl. 19: S339—S343, 2006 S339 Impact of plant roots and soil organisms on soil micromorphology and hydraulic properties Radka Kodešová1,VítKodeš2, Anna Žigová3 &JiříŠimůnek4 1Czech University of Agriculture in Prague, Department of Soil Science and Geology, Kamýcka 129,CZ–16521 Prague, Czech Republic; e-mail: [email protected] 2Czech Hydrometeorological Institute, Department of Water Quality, Na Šabatce 17,CZ–14306 Prague, Czech Republic 3Academy of Sciences of the Czech Republic, Institute of Geology, Rozvojová 269,CZ–16502 Prague, Czech Republic 4University of California Riverside, Department of Environmental Sciences, Riverside, CA 92521,USA Abstract: A soil micromorphological study was performed to demonstrate the impact of soil organisms on soil pore structure. Two examples are shown here. First, the influence of earthworms, enchytraeids and moles on the pore structure of a Greyic Phaeozem is demonstrated by comparing two soil samples taken from the same depth of the soil profile that either were affected or not affected by these organisms. The detected image porosity of the organism-affected soil sample was 5 times larger then the porosity of the not-affected sample. The second example shows macropores created by roots and soil microorganisms in a Haplic Luvisol and subsequently affected by clay coatings. Their presence was reflected in the soil water retention curve, which displayed multiple S-shaped features as obtained from the water balance carried out for the multi-step outflow experiment. The dual permeability models implemented in HYDRUS-1D was applied to obtain parameters characterizing multimodal soil hydraulic properties using the numerical inversion of the multi-step outflow experiment.
    [Show full text]
  • A Treatise of Indian and Tropical Soils
    springer.com Environment : Natural Resources Pal, D.K. A Treatise of Indian and Tropical Soils Applies the basic principles of pedology to the soils of the tropical environments of the Indian subcontinent, with an emphasis on ways to enhance crop productivity Documents the significance of minerals in soils and their overall influence in terms of pedology, paleopedology, polygenesis, and edaphology Highlights methodologies for enhancing the productivity of tropical soils in the context of climate change in India This book discusses how to apply the basic principles of pedology to the tropical soils of the Indian subcontinent, with an emphasis on ways to enhance crop productivity. The book showcases the research contributions on pedology, geomorphology, mineralogy, Springer micromorphology and climate change collected from the literature on three major soil types: 1st ed. 2017, XIV, 180 p. 44 1st shrink-swell soils, red ferruginous (RF) soils and the soils that occur in the tropical illus., 18 illus. in color. edition environments of the Indo-Gangetic Plains (IGP).It also provides insights into several aspects of five pedogenetically important soil orders like Alfisols, Mollisols, Ultisols, Vertisols and Inceptisols found in tropical Indian environments. Documenting the significance of minerals in soils and their overall influence in soil science in terms of pedology, paleopedology, Printed book polygenesis and edaphology, it provides a knowledge base that is critical when attempting to Hardcover bridge the gap between food production and
    [Show full text]
  • Soil Classification Following the US Taxonomy: an Indian Commentary
    See discussions, stats, and author profiles for this publication at: http://www.researchgate.net/publication/280114947 Soil Classification Following the US Taxonomy: An Indian Commentary ARTICLE · JULY 2015 DOI: 10.2136/sh14-08-0011 DOWNLOADS VIEWS 21 27 1 AUTHOR: Tapas Bhattacharyya International Crops Research Institute for Se… 110 PUBLICATIONS 848 CITATIONS SEE PROFILE Available from: Tapas Bhattacharyya Retrieved on: 19 August 2015 provided by ICRISAT Open Access Repository View metadata, citation and similar papers at core.ac.uk CORE brought to you by Published July 17, 2015 Review Soil Classification Following the US Taxonomy: An Indian Commentary T. Bhattacharyya,* P. Chandran, S.K. Ray, and D.K. Pal More than 50 yr ago US soil taxonomy was adopted in India. Since then many researchers have contributed their thoughts to enrich the soil taxonomy. The National Bureau of Soil Survey and Land Use Planning (NBSS & LUP) (Indian Council of Agricultural Research) as a premier soil survey institute has been consistently using benchmark soil series to understand the rationale of the soil taxonomy, keeping in view the soil genesis from different rock systems under various physiographic locations in tropical India. The present review is a humble effort to present this information. ne of the fundamental requirements of any natural science minerals, higher categories of soil classification were conceptu- Ois to classify the proposed bodies or the objects stud- alized (Duchaufour, 1968). The concept of genetic profiles was ied (Joel, 1926). Soils do not exist as discrete objects like plants used in early and current Russian soil classification schemes and animals but occur in nature as a complex and dynamic (Gerasimov, 1975; Gorajichkin et al., 2003).
    [Show full text]
  • A Short History and Long Future for Paleopedology
    A SHORT HISTORY AND LONG FUTURE FOR PALEOPEDOLOGY GREGORY J. RETALLACK Department of Geological Sciences, University of Oregon, Eugene, Oregon 97302, USA e-mail: [email protected] ABSTRACT: The concept of paleosols dates back to the eighteenth century discovery of buried soils, geological unconformities, and fossil forests, but the term paleopedology was first coined by Boris B. Polynov in 1927. During the mid-twentieth century in the United States, paleopedology became mired in debates about recognition of Quaternary paleosols, and in controversy over the red-bed problem. By the 1980s, a new generation of researchers envisaged red beds as sequences of paleosols and as important archives of paleoenvironmental change. At about the same time, Precambrian geochemists began sophisticated analyses of paleosols at major unconformities as a guide to the long history of atmospheric oxidation. It is now widely acknowledged that evidence from paleosols can inform studies of stratigraphy, sedimentology, paleoclimate, paleoecology, global change, and astrobiology. For the future, there is much additional potential for what is here termed ‘‘nomopedology,’’ using pedotransfer functions derived from past behavior of soils to predict global and local change in the future. Past greenhouse crises have been of varied magnitude, and paleosols reveal both levels of atmospheric CO2 and degree of concomitant paleoclimatic change. Another future development is ‘‘astropedology’’, completing a history of soils on early Earth, on other planetary bodies such as the Moon and Mars, and within meteorites formed on planetismals during the origin of the solar system. KEY WORDS: paleosol, history, Precambrian, soil, Mars INTRODUCTION eat (Kramer 1944). An ancient Egyptian bas-relief from the Luxor birth room (King and Hall 1906), dating to about 1400 BC, depicts the On the opening page of his famous novel Lolita, Vladmir Nabokov future pharaoh fashioned from clay by Khnum, a ram-headed god of (1955) mentions paleopedology as an obscure scientific interest of his Nile River waters (Fig.
    [Show full text]
  • Paleopedology of the Late Triassic Middle Passaic Formation, Newark Supergroup, Pottstown, Pa
    PALEOPEDOLOGY OF THE LATE TRIASSIC MIDDLE PASSAIC FORMATION, NEWARK SUPERGROUP, POTTSTOWN, PA A Thesis Submitted to the Temple University Graduate Board In Partial Fulfillment Of the Requirements for the Degree Master of Science By Steven Booty August 2013 ___________________________ Dr. Dennis O. Terry, Jr., Advisor ___________________________ Dr. Allison R. Tumarkin-Deratzian ___________________________ Dr. David E. Grandstaff ABSTRACT Cyclic stratigraphy has been recognized in the Newark Basin for many years. Each package, referred to as a Van Houten Cycle (VHC), generally has three divisions: shallow lake, deep lake, and subaerial exposure. Van Houten (1964) first proposed that Milankovitch orbital forcing was responsible for the manifestation of these ~21 kyr cycles. Although root traces have been observed in VHCs by others, no detailed paleopedological analysis has been performed that examines the relationship between individual VHCs, orbital forcing, and paleosol development. The Middle Passaic Formation of Late Triassic age is continuously exposed for over 30 meters along a railroad cut that follows Manatawny Creek near Pottstown, PA. Six VHCs were identified at this location and the upper most three were selected for detailed study due to their strong development. Three Van Houten Groups (VHGs), consisting of VHC Division 3, Division 1, and Division 2 respectively, were formed in order to group paleosol profiles (Division 3) with stratigraphically adjacent lacustrine units (Divisions 1 and 2) since the lakes directly affect the paleosurface through inundation and erosion. Petrographic analysis suggests that soils in this section only developed to the degree of Entisols or Protosols. Voids are lined with chalcedony and cored with calcite indicating diagenetic alteration.
    [Show full text]
  • Rates of Soil-Forming Processes in Three Main Models of Pedogenesis
    Revista Mexicana de Ciencias Geológicas,Rates of soil-forming v. 24, núm. processes2, 2007, p. in 283-292 three main models of pedogenesis 283 Rates of soil-forming processes in three main models of pedogenesis Alexander L. Alexandrovskiy Institute of Geography, Russian Academy of Sciences, Staromonetny 29, Moscow 119017, Russia. [email protected] ABSTRACT Rates of soil-forming processes were evaluated for the three major models of pedogenesis: (1) normal “top-down” soil development (pedogenesis transforms the parent material under a geomorphically stable surface), (2) soil development accompanied by pedoturbation (turbational model), and (3) soil development accompanied by or alternating with sediment deposition on the soil surface (sedimentational model). According to the normal model, the rates of pedogenic processes exponentially decrease with time, so that in 2–3 ka after the beginning of pedogenesis, temporal changes in the soil properties become negligibly small, which is typical of soils in the steady state. Under humid climate conditions, the rates of many processes (accumulation and mineralization of humus, leaching of bases, migration of sesquioxides, textural differentiation, and so forth) are much higher than under arid climate conditions. For example, the rate of textural differentiation in soils of humid climates is one to two orders of magnitude higher than that in soils of arid climates, and the rate of humus accumulation and rejuvenation is several times higher. The rate of the zoogenic turbation of soil material with the input of fi ne earth onto the soil surface and gradual burial of archaeological artifacts into the soil is maximal in Chernozems, where it is two times higher than in Kastanozems and gray forest soils (Humic Luvisols) and fi ve times higher than that in Albeluvisols and Podzols.
    [Show full text]
  • Geos 656 - Paleopedology (3 Credits)
    Geos 656 - Paleopedology (3 Credits) Lectures: Tues., Thurs. 9:45-11 : 15 a.m. - REIC 237 Prerequisites: Graduate standing or pennission of instructor Instructor: Dr. Paul McCarthy Office: R£IC 336 Telephooe: 474-6894 E-mail: mccarthy@g1 .aiaska.edu Office Hours: Monday & Friday 9:00-10:30 a.m., or by appoi ntment Recommended supplementary reading: There is no required text for this course. Students may fmd infonnation in some ofthe following references helpful. This is NOT a required reading list. Retallack, GJ., 2001. Soi Is ofthe Past: an introducti on to paleopedology. Blackwell Science, London. Martini , l.P. and Chesworth, W.o 1992. Weathering, Soils and Paleosols. Elsevier, Amsterdam. Schaetzl, R. and Anderson, S., 2005. Soils: genesis and geomorphology. Cambridge University Press, Cambridge. Buol, S. W., Southard, R.1., Graham, R.C. and McDaniel, P.A., 2003. Soil Genesis and Classification. Iowa State Press, Ames. Birkeland, P.W., 1999. Soi ls and Geomorphology. Oxford University Press, London. Fanning, D.S . and Fanning, M.C.S., 1989. Soil morphology genesis and classification. John Wiley & Sons, New York. Duchaufour, P., 1982. Pedology. George, All en & Unwin, London. Course description: A survey course focusing on the recognition and use ofpaleosols (fossi l soils) as paleoenvironmenlal indicators, stratigraphic markers, and in paleogeographic reconstructions from Precambrian to Holocene. Examination o f theori es of soil fom13tion, major soil processes and approaches lo soi I classification. Review of geochemical, mineralogical, morphological and mi cromorphologicallechniques. Use of paleosols for paleolandscape evolution and basin analysis. Geological, tectonic, archaeological and environmental applications of paleosols are discussed. Course goals: This is a lecture course designed to provide students with basic pedological and geological tools so that they can interpret the fossil soil record.
    [Show full text]
  • Redalyc.Physical, Chemical, and Mineralogical Characterization Of
    Interciencia ISSN: 0378-1844 [email protected] Asociación Interciencia Venezuela Sotelo Ruiz, Erasto Domingo; Gutiérrez Castorena, María del Carmen; Ortiz Solorio, Carlos Alberto Physical, chemical, and mineralogical characterization of vertisols to determine their parent material Interciencia, vol. 38, núm. 7, julio, 2013, pp. 488-495 Asociación Interciencia Caracas, Venezuela Available in: http://www.redalyc.org/articulo.oa?id=33928556003 How to cite Complete issue Scientific Information System More information about this article Network of Scientific Journals from Latin America, the Caribbean, Spain and Portugal Journal's homepage in redalyc.org Non-profit academic project, developed under the open access initiative PHYSICAL, CHEMICAL, AND MINERALOGICAL CHARACTERIZATION OF VERTISOLS TO DETERMINE THEIR PARENT MATERIAL Erasto D. Sotelo-RUiz, MarÍA del C. GUtiÉrrez-Castorena, GUstavo M. CRUZ-Bello and Carlos A. Ortiz-Solorio SUMMARY The response of soils to weathering processes depends upon mentary origin soils were classified as Chromic Calciusterts their parent material. Proper identification of the primary and and Typic Calciustolls. Dominant mineralogy of the soils of secondary minerals in Vertisols provides information about the igneous origin in the sand fraction was comprised of volcanic parent material that gives origin to these soils. Thus, the objec- glass (47%), quartz (31%), and feldspars (22%). Amorphous ma- tives of this study were 1) to determine the physical and chemi- terials, smectites, vermiculites, illites, and cristobalites domi- cal properties of Vertisols in order to characterize and classify nated the clay fraction. In contrast, in the soils of sedimentary them; 2) to identify their primary and secondary minerals to origin the sand fraction was composed of calcite (64%), quartz ascertain the type of parent material that gave origin to these (34%), and feldspars (2%).
    [Show full text]
  • Redalyc.Paleopedology of Soils in Thick Holocene Loess, Nebraska
    Revista Mexicana de Ciencias Geológicas ISSN: 1026-8774 [email protected] Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México México Jacobs, Peter M.; Mason, Joseph A. Paleopedology of soils in thick Holocene loess, Nebraska, USA Revista Mexicana de Ciencias Geológicas, vol. 21, núm. 1, 2004, pp. 54-70 Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México Querétaro, México Available in: http://www.redalyc.org/articulo.oa?id=57221107 How to cite Complete issue Scientific Information System More information about this article Network of Scientific Journals from Latin America, the Caribbean, Spain and Portugal Journal's homepage in redalyc.org Non-profit academic project, developed under the open access initiative 54 JacobsRevista and MasonMexicana de Ciencias Geológicas, v. 21, núm. 1, 2004, p. 54-70 Paleopedology of soils in thick Holocene loess, Nebraska, USA Peter M. Jacobs1,* and Joseph A. Mason2 1 Department of Geography and Geology, University of Wisconsin–Whitewater, 800 W. Main St., Whitewater, WI 53190, USA. 2 Conservation and Survey Division and Department of Geosciences, University of Nebraska-Lincoln, 113 Nebraska Hall, Lincoln, NE 68588-0517, USA; now at Department of Geography, University of Wisconsin-Madison, 384 Science Hall, 550 N. Park St. Madison, WI 53706, USA. * [email protected] ABSTRACT Bignell Loess is a Holocene loess unit that has accumulated in the central Great Plains since 9,000 14C yr BP. The Brady Soil separates Bignell Loess from last glacial Peoria Loess and thick sections, which can reach 6 m thickness, may contain four buried soils beneath the modern surface soil. The Brady Soil has A/B/C horizonation, including a thick dark A and a blocky or prismatic structured B horizon.
    [Show full text]
  • ABSTRACT Paleopedology of Paleo-Wetland and Barite-Bearing
    ABSTRACT Paleopedology of Paleo-wetland and Barite-bearing, Hydric Paleosols in the Morrison Formation (Upper Jurassic-Lower Cretaceous), North Central Wyoming, USA: A Multianalytical Approach Debra S. Jennings, Ph.D. Supervisor: Steven G. Driese, Ph.D. Whereas lakes and wetlands are very sensitive to changes in climate, high- resolution data in these archives are lost unless it is possible to differentiate these deposits from other “floodplain” deposits. Synthesis of micromorphological and geochemical data with facies relationships is critical to accurate interpretations of ancient wetland- lacustrine deposits. A proposed hydrogeomorphological classification and appropriate genetic terminology that is useful in the rock record is presented. Eight Morrison Formation subenvironments, including barite-bearing paleosols, within lacustrine depositional successions from north central Wyoming were delineated using micromorphology and geochemistry, combined with facies relationships. The distribution of wetland pedotypes indicates that evapotranspiration remained high, suggesting that a stable, semi-arid to arid climate dominated in this area throughout Morrison time. This study also characterizes the micromorphology, elemental trends, and stable isotope geochemistry of sulfates in a barite-bearing Morrison paleosols and a modern analog soil (Lufkin Series) using optical microscopy, XRD, ICP-MS, and stable S and O isotope data. Data indicate that barium-rich parent material provides adequate barium for barite precipitation. Barium is mobilized and concentrated in Btg horizons ~100-160 cm below the surface. The presence of humic acids in profiles lower on the landscape prevents barite precipitation and drives the precipitation of gypsum between saturated, anoxic conditions and drier, more oxic conditions. Barite precipitation is a slow, punctuated process that begins first along evacuated macropores and then in the adjacent matrix.
    [Show full text]