164 39 / 2013 Settlement pattern Landscape use in medieval ()

c s i l l a z a t y k ó

The archaeological, historical, geomorphological and geoarchaeological study of the Berzence regi- on in the Middle Valley (, Hungary) was initiated with a dual purpose. On the one hand our study seeks to answer the question how did communities adjust their settlement patterns, farming methods and landscape uses to the benefits and challenges of their environment. On the other hand, as a problem of methodology, the project also intends to examine in what ways the historical, archaeological, and scientific sources and methods available in Hungary can contri- bute to a better understanding of medieval human-landscape interaction and past exploitation.1*

* VICZIÁN, István; ZATYKÓ, Csilla: Geomorphology and Environmental History in the Drava Valley, near Berzence. // Hungarian Geographical Bulletin 60 (2011), 4, Sopron, 2011., 357-377; ZATYKÓ, Csilla: Fire, water, earth: archaeological and historical data on complex landscape utilisation in the Drava Valley. // Hungarian Archaeology, winter 2012. Available on: http://www.hungarianarchaeology.hu/?page_id=279#post-3261 (30. 5. 2013.).

Keywords: archaeology, settlement, medieval, Berzence, Hungary

1. Introduction 1) two fourteenth-century charters, 2) data of archaeological field surveys, 3) a geomor- Since the study area is located on the phological survey, and 4) the pollen and border of two regions and it has excellent malacological analyses of geoarcheological source availability, moreover being exempt samples.1 The present paper demonstrates from modern constructions, the territory of mainly the results of historical and archae- the medieval estate of Berzence castle pro- ological investigations and the possibilities vides a good opportunity for a comparative of their integration. analysis of different geographical contexts. In the north, one finds the Inner Somogy Hills covered with drifting sand, which are 1 The study was prepared with the support of the separated by an 8-10 m high flood-free bank Hungarian Scientific Research Fund and is part of the from the southern part of the sample area lo- Programme “Researches on Settlement Archaeology and cated on the floodplain of the Drava Valley. Environmental History in ” carried out by The research is based on the results of the Archaeological Institute of Research Center for the four disciplines. It relies on the analysis of: Humanities, Hungarian Academy of Sciences. / Obrasci naselja Korištenje krajolika u srednjovjekovnom Berzencu (Mađarska)

c s i l l a z a t y k ó

Arheološko, povijesno, geomorfološko i geoarheološko istraživanje regije Berzence u središnjoj doli- ni Drave (županija Somogy, Mađarska) pokrenuto je s dvostrukom namjerom. S jedne strane, naše istraživanje traži odgovor na pitanje kako su zajednice prilagodile svoje obrasce naselja, metode uzgoja i korištenja krajolika prednostima i izazovima njihovog okoliša. S druge strane, kao pro- blem metodologije, projekt također namjerava ispitati na koje načine povijesni, arheološki i znan- stveni izvori i metode dostupni u Mađarskoj mogu doprinijeti boljem razumijevanju srednjovje- kovne interakacije čovjek-krajolik i prošlom iskorištavanju.*1

* VICZIÁN, István; ZATYKÓ, Csilla: Geomorphology and Environmental History in the Drava Valley, near Berzence. // Hungarian Geographical Bulletin 60 (2011), 4, Sopron, 2011., 357-377; ZATYKÓ, Csilla: Fire, water, earth: archaeological and historical data on complex landscape utilisation in the Drava Valley. // Hungarian Archaeology, winter 2012. Dostupno na: http://www.hungarianarchaeology.hu/?page_id=279#post-3261 (30. 5. 2013.).

Ključne riječi: arheologija, naseljavanje, srednji vijek, Berzence, Mađarska

1. Uvod je darovnice iz četrnaestog stoljeća, 2) po- dataka arheoloških terenskih istraživanja, 3) Obzirom da je područje istraživanja geomorfološkog istraživanja i 4) peludne i smješteno na granici dvije regije i ima izvr- malakološke analize geoarheoloških uzora- snu dostupnost izvora, a uz to je i izuzeto od ka.1 Ovaj rad uglavnom prikazuje rezultate moderne izgradnje, teritorij srednjovjekov- povijesnih i arheoloških istraživanja i mo- nog posjeda utvrde Berzence daje dobru mo- gućnost njihove integracije. gućnost za komparativnu analizu različitih geografskih konteksta. Na sjeveru se nalazi unutarnje gorje Somogy prekriveno natalo- ženim pijeskom koje je 8 do 10 m odvojeno visokom i neplavnom obalom rijeke od juž- 1 Studija je omogućena uz potporu Mađarske zaklade nog dijela oglednog područja smještenog na za znanstvena istraživanja i dio je programa „Istraživanja poplavnoj ravnici doline Drave. arheoloških naselja i ekološka povijest Transdanubije“ Istraživanje se temelji na rezultatima če- Arheološkog instituta istraživačkog centra za humanističke tiriju disciplina. Oslanja se na analizu: 1) dvi- znanosti, Mađarska akademija znanosti.

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Fig.1. / Sl.1. The territories of the Berzence region (Somogy County, Hungary) subjected to archaeological field surveys with the identified sites. / Područja oko Berzenca (županija Somogy, Mađarska) podvrgnuta arheološkim terenskim istraživanjima s prepoznatim lokalitetima (created by / izradila: C. Zatykó).

2. Documentary evidence deserted or destroyed by Ottoman troops already in the years 1536 to 1598, and by Berzence appears in the written sources the year 1696 beyond Berzence all the set- as early as in 1230, when it was mentioned tlements of the estate became uninhabited.4 in the document about the lawsuit regard- The most telling written records of the ing the tithes due to the abbot of Benedic- medieval times referring to the study area tine monastery in Pannonhalma.2 The vil- are two charters of land division from 1377.5 lage also emerges in the papal tithe list of the As most of the division charters from the pe- years 1332 to 1337,3 which means a church riod, the source distributes certain fields of existed in the settlement at that time. During the larger estate between the new owners the Ottoman occupation between 1530 and and describes the border of the properties, 1664 the castle and its estate became an al- most permanent battlefield and its authority was constantly changing during the period. 4 HENSZLMANN, Lilla (ed.): Urbaria et Conscriptiones. According to the census, most of the villag- // Művészettörténeti adatok 2. füzet. Laák-Zsámbók. A Művészettörténeti Dokumentációs Központ es in the broader vicinity of Berzence were forráskiadványai IV. Budapest, 1967., 7:41a. 5 Hungarian National Archive DL 6418, DL 6419. They 2 WENZEL, Gusztáv: Árpád-kori Új Okmánytár - Codex are published as regestas: BORSA, Iván: A Somogyi Konvent Diplomaticus Arpadianus Continuatus I-XII. Pest-Budapest, oklevelei az Országos Levéltárban (Forrásközlés) (Ötödik 1860-1874., I., 166. közlemény) 1371-1380 (The Records of the Somogy County 3 REISZIG, Ede: Somogy vármegye községei (Settlements Convent in the National Archives /Source Publication / /Fifth of Somogy County). // Somogy vármegye. Magyarország Publication/ 1371-1380). // Somogy megye múltjából 30, vármegyéi és városai (ed. Dezső Csánki), Budapest, 1914. Kaposvár, 1999., 7-54. Fig.2. / Sl.2. Medieval sites in the region of Berzence. / Srednjovjekovni lokaliteti u okolici Berzenca (created by / izradila: C. Zatykó).

2. Pisani dokazi vanje određenog komada zemlje. Jedan od dokumenata dijeli zemljišne posjede koji pri- Berzence se u pisanim izvorima pojav- padaju Berzencu na neplavnoj riječnoj obali ljuje već 1230. godine kada se spominje u između Loranda iz roda Pécz i njegove bra- dokumentu o parnici koja se ticala desetine će, a drugi dokument opisuje podjelu kasni- opata benediktinskog samostana u Pannon- jih naselja posjeda Berzence, odnosno sela halmi.2 Posjed se također pojavljuje u papin- koja su nekad bila smještena na južnoj po- skom popisu desetine 1332. i 1337 godine,3 plavnoj ravnici. što znači da je crkva u to vrijeme postojala. Na sjevernim brdovitim područjima Tijekom turske okupacije, između 1530. i postoje pisani dokazi o poljima poput liva- 1664. godine, utvrda i njegov posjed posta- da koja leže uz rijeke te, vjerojatno plodnim, li su gotovo trajno bojište i njegova se upra- zemljama mjerenim užetom (lat. funis), ve- va neprestano mijenjala tijekom tog perioda. ćinom smještenim bliže naseljenim područ- Prema popisu stanovništva većina posjeda/ jima. naselja u široj okolici Berzenca napuštena je Katastar južnih poplavnih područja vrlo ili uništena od turske vojske između 1536. i detaljno dijeli polja koja pripadaju posjedima 1598. godine, a do 1696. godine napuštena Szenterzsébet, Kucsila, Simonfalva, Szani- su sva naselja izvan Berzenca.4 szló, Geszte i Ónetecs.6 Izvor spominje ba- Najvažniji pisani izvori srednjovjekovlja rem dvadeset ribnjaka i mjesta za ribarenje koji se odnose na područje ovog istraživanja te često upućuje na livade. Međutim, posto- su dvije darovnice o podjele zemlje iz 1377. ji tek nekoliko napomena o poljima koje bi godine.5 Kao i većina darovnica podjele ze- mogle upućivati na uzgoj usjeva. mljišta iz tog razdoblja, izvor dijeli određe- Na temelju opisa danog u tom izvoru na polja većeg posjeda između novih vlasni- može se dobiti uvid u područje koje je rela- ka i opisuje granicu imanja, njihovu položaj tivno gusto prekriveno malim i raštrkanim u krajoliku, susjedne vlasnike zemlje i sve in- naseljima. Kucsila, Geszte, Szaniszló i Óne- formacije koje mogu biti važne za prepozna- tecs mogli su biti podignuti na poplavnom području pokraj rijeke Ždale. Oni su na peri- 2 Vidi bilješku 2. (eng.) feriji Berzenca ili na području „otoka“ Repaš 3 Vidi bilješku 3. (eng.) između rijeka Ždale i Drave. Prema pisanim 4 Vidi bilješku 4. (eng.) 5 Vidi bilješku 5. (eng.) 6 Vidi bilješku 6. (eng.)

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their situation in the landscape, the neigh- piscina) by the charter. Nevertheless, strug bouring landowners and all the information and geregye, - terms are used in connection that can be relevant for recognising a certain with fishing using basket traps in slow-mov- piece of land. One of the two documents di- ing, shallow waters, - also appear.8 Although, vides the landed properties belonging to Ber- the techniques, management and organisa- zence found on the flood-free bank between tion of fishing near the Drava is not known Lorand from the Pécz kindred and his broth- in details, the reference from the charter is- ers. The other document describes the divi- sued in 1377 says: „when the water overflows sion of late settlements of the Berzence es- the meadow called Banyamezeye, serfs are not tate, villages that were once located on the allowed to set up fish traps or other devices” and southern floodplain. „in the forests the serfs are needed to set up fish In the northern, hilly territories there is traps at the same time”. According to the de- written evidence to fields cultivated as mead- scription, it can be asserted that entire fields ows lying next to streams and presumably ar- or meadows were put under water during able lands measured by rope (lat. funis) and floods where fishing was in some way an -or in most of the time, situated closer to the in- ganised activity of the community and fish- habited area of the village. traps were set-up in a way not to be harmful The division terrier of the southern to the interests of the neighbor’s. During di- floodplain areas divides the fields belong- vision of fishponds the certain parts of the ing to the villages Szenterzsébet, Kucsila, lake were divided by trees, serving as bound- Simonfalva, Szaniszló, Geszte and Ónetecs ary marks, which practice refers to ponds pe- in an exceptionally detailed manner.6 The riodically drying up or structured by lands source mentions at least twenty fishponds not covered with water. Not only ponds, but and fishing places and often refers to mead- streams are often divided among new own- ows. However, there are only a few refer- er, and two of the streams (Blathafark and ences to plough-lands, which would suggest Bookwyze) are belonging to peasant tofts. crop cultivation. We can find examples of jointly owned lakes Based on the description provided by as well, when in Blatha, Patou, Nadasd and the document, one can have an insight into a Polyaalya ponds the taking must had been di- territory that is covered relatively densely by vided in three equal parts. The watercours- small, scattered settlements. Kucsila, Geszte, es of Blatafark and Polyafork were presum- Szaniszló and Ónetecs could be found on the ably canals leading out of Blata and Polyaalya floodplain area, near Stream Zsdala. They are Lakes and could help in regulation of water- either on the outskirt of Berzence, or on the level of the ponds. territory of Repas Island between the Stream There are two characteristic features re- Zsdala and the River Drava. According to the garding weirs turning up in 1377 that are written evidence Kucsila was situated in the worth mentioning. The words geregye and vicinity of Lankóc7 (today Lankóc field is on strugh often appear as part of phrases con- the outskirts of Berzence) and near Szenter- taining personal names, like strugh Lauren- zsébet, while Geszte and Szaniszló laid on tii dicti Santa or gerege Pauli, suggesting that waterlogged areas next to Kucsila along the these refer to privately owned or used plac- Stream Zsdala. es. It is similar to forest clearances, that indi- The ponds and fishing places, which are vidually named places indicate the presence characteristic for the landscape uses of the of the typical form of tenure found in Hun- floodplain, are normally called fishponds (lat. gary during the 10-13th centuries; namely, the „right of first occupation“. The person

6 Hungarian National Archive DL 6419. 8 BELÉNYESY, Márta: A halászat a XIV. században 7 ENGEL, Pál: Magyarország a középkor végén. (Fishing in the fourteenth century). // Ethnographia 64, 1-4, Digitális térkép és adatbázis a középkori Magyar Királyság 1953., 148-165; SZILÁGYI, Miklós: Halászat (Fishing) // településeirol (Hungary in the late middle ages: digital map and Magyar Néprajz II (ed. Attila Paládi-Kovács), Budapest: database). Budapest, 2001. Akadémiai Kiadó, 2001., 104-146. izvorima, Kucsila je bila smještena u blizini i 13. stoljeća, kao „pravo prvog odabira ze- Lankóca7 (danas se položaj Lankóc nalazi na mljišta“. Osoba koja je prva podijelila zemlji- periferiji Berzenca) i pokraj Szenterzsébeta šte na neobrađenim mjestima seoske općine (Pepelara), dok su se Geszte i Szaniszló nala- ili osoba koja je napravila novu zamku za ribe zili na natopljenim područjima pokraj Kucsi- ili baru, mogla je koristiti ovu imovinu kao le uz rijeku Ždala. svoje privatno vlasništvo tako dugo dok ih Bare i ribnjaci, karakteristični u krajolici- je obrađivala. Također, u mnogim primjeri- ma poplavnih ravnica, u darovnici se obično ma zamke za ribe bile su pričvršćene za liva- zovu ribnjacima (lat. piscina). Ipak, strug i ge- de, a to odražava postojanje raznovrsnog in- regye - termini korišteni u vezi ribarenja, upo- tegriranog sustava upravljanja močvarama. trebom zamki s košarom u sporim i plitkim vodama - također se pojavljuju.8 Međutim, 3. Arheološki dokazi tehnike, gospodarenje i organizacija ribare- nja uz Dravu nisu dovoljno poznate, a na- Rezultat sustavnog arheološkog teren- pomena u darovnici iz 1377. godine donosi: skog pregleda provedenog na području od „kad voda poplavi livadu nazvanu Banyamezeye, 2940 hektara jesu ukupno 152 lokaliteta. Na kmetovima nije dopušteno postavljanje zamki za temelju prilično velikog broja (118) lokalite- ribe ili drugih naprava“ i „u šumama su kmetovi ta koji pripadaju srednjovjekovlju, regija Ber- potrebni da postave zamke za ribe u isto vrijeme“. zence bila je gusto naseljeno područje u to Prema opisu može se ustvrditi kako su cijela vrijeme, čak i kada naselja nisu istovreme- polja ili livade bila pod vodom tijekom popla- no postojala. Uspoređujući područja sjever- va, kad je ribarenje, na neki način, bilo orga- ne neplavne obale rijeke i južnog poplavnog nizirana aktivnost zajednice i zamke za ribe područja na karti srednjovjekovnih lokalite- su postavljane tako da ne štete interesima ta, vidljivo je kako na poplavnoj ravnici pre- susjeda. Tijekom podjele ribnjaka, pojedini krivenoj mrežom meandara i jezera postoji dijelovi jezera bili su odijeljeni drvećem koje mnogo manjih lokaliteta, vjerojatno privre- je služilo kao oznaka granice, a ta se praksa menih naselja okruženih s nekoliko većih na- odnosi na bare koje su povremeno presušile selja/selišta. Suprotno, na sjevernom, bre- ili neplavna područja. Osim bara, i rijeke se žuljkastom području postoje područja bez često dijele među novim vlasnicima, a dvije lokaliteta među dvama većim naseljima. Lo- rijeke (Blathafark and Bookwyze) pripadaju kaliteti 62 i 65 predstavljaju srednjovjekov- seljačkim posjedima. Pronalaze se i primjeri no selo Lippahars (lokaliteti 62/65, 116) po- jezera u zajedničkom vlasništvu, kada je vje- znato iz pisanih izvora (1193. godine: Libanz, rojatno područje bara Blatha, Patou, Nadasd 1453. godine: Lippahars, 1472. godine: Lippa- i Polyaalya bilo podijeljeno na tri jednaka di- hars, 1477. godine: Lippahars, 1486. godine: jela. Vodeni tokovi Blatafarka i Polyaforka Lyppohars, 1696. godine: Lippahaz) i bilo je vjerojatno su bili kanali koji su vodili iz jeze- značajno naselje posjeda Berzence. Lokalitet ra Blata i Polyaalya te su mogli pomoći u re- 116 može se identificirati sa srednjovjekov- gulaciji vodostaja. nim Országom koji se spominje u dokumen- Postoje dvije karakteristične značajke tima 15. stoljeća (1453. godine: Orsal, 1472. brana vrijedne spomena koje se pojavljuju godine: Orzal, 1486. godine: Orzak, 1696. go- 1377. godine. Riječi geregye i strugh često se dine: Orzod). Na oba položaja pronađena je pojavljuju kao dio fraza koje sadrže osobna kasnosrednjovjekovna keramika od 15. do imena, kao strugh Laurentii dicti Santa ili gere- 17. stoljeća. ge Pauli, sugerirajući da se odnose na privat- Na sjevernim, brežuljkastim područ- na zemljišta. Slično je u krčenju šuma kada jima, manji lokaliteti smješteni su grupno, pojedinačno imenovana mjesta ukazuju na istočno od lokaliteta 62 identificiranih sa prisutnost tipičnog oblika zemljišnog zaku- srednjovjekovnim Lippaharsom. Izvan njih, pa koji se pronalazi u Mađarskoj između 10. područja između većih naselja sjevernog po- dručja gotovo su nenaseljena. 7 Vidi bilješku 7. (eng.) Veća naselja južnog područja (lokalite- 8 Vidi bilješku 8. (eng.) ti 3, 8 i 72, 38) nanizana su duž rijeke Žda-

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who first broke the soil on the uncultivated forked off from the Drava. Since our sur- places of the village township, or the person vey has not covered the territory of , who created a new fishtrap or pond, could there is a possibility that the four sites ex- use these assets as their private property so panded on both of the banks of the Stream long as they kept them in cultivation. It is Zsdala. Among the larger sites, the site 3 can also the case that in many instances the fish- be connected to medieval Lankóc appearing traps were attached to meadows, and this re- from 1263 until 1696 in the written sourc- flects the multifariously integrated system of es. The site is represented by archaeologi- wetland management that existed. cal finds from the Arpadian Era to the late Middle Ages. The other three sites (8, 72, 38) 3. Archaeological evidence signify two larger villages and contain finds mainly from the 15-17th centuries. Accord- As a result of systematic archaeological ing to their situations, they can presumably field surveys conducted in an area of 2.940 be identified with any of the neighbouring hectares, a total of 152 sites have been re- villages of Szenterzsébet and Lankóc, either corded. Based on the relatively large number Kucsila, Szaniszló or Geszte. (118) of sites that yielded medieval finds, the It is characteristic for the location of the region of Berzence was a densely settled area smaller sites situated between the larger set- in the Middle Ages, even if settlements did tlements, that at the western, higher part not exist simultaneously. Comparing the ar- (118 - 120 m) they show a more even distri- eas of the northern flood-free bank and the bution than in the eastern, lower (115 - 117 southern inundation area on the site map m), and thus more waterlogged part, where representing medieval sites, it is striking that they are strung up along the former mean- on the floodplain covered with a network of ders and dead channels. On the basis of writ- meanders and oxbow lakes there are lots of ten evidence, the differences observed in the small, low-intensity sites, presumably tem- settlement patterns of the two territories porary settlements, surrounded by some few can presumably be explained by different larger, village-like settlements. In contrast, farming methods. In the northern territo- at the northern, hilly area there are territo- ries with sandy soil suitable for crop grow- ries free from sites between two larger settle- ing, there were villages with greater bound- ments. Sites 62 and 65 represent the medie- aries dependent mainly on arable farming. val village Lippahars (sites 62/65, 116) that In contrast, in the waterlogged southern ter- is known from written sources (1193: Libanz, ritories meadow management, grazing, and 1453: Lippahars, 1472: Lippahars, 1477: Lip- fishing prevailed, which also entailed the ex- pahars, 1486: Lyppohars, 1696: Lippahaz) and istence of smaller, temporary sites. The re- was a significant settlement of the Berzence sults of archaeological field surveys high- estate. The site 116 can be identified with lighted another important aspect of farming medieval Ország that is mentioned in the and land utilization. Particularly at the east- documents from the 15th century (1453: Or- ern, low-lying sites often located along the sal, 1472: Orzal, 1486: Orzak, 1696: Orzod). meanders, a large amount of finds, suggest- In both of the sites relatively late, 15-17th ing iron production were uncovered. Those century pottery were uncovered. finds included iron slags, iron blooms, and In the northern, hilly areas, the smaller fragments of blowpipes used at iron smelt- sites are situated in group lying east of the ing furnaces with iron slags melted on them. site 62 identified with medieval Lippahars. The small amount of find material uncov- Beyond these sites, territories between the ered at the sites was generally not suitable larger settlements of the northern study for determining a close chronology. With- area are almost completely free of sites. in the medieval material, eight sites yielding The larger settlements of the south- signs of iron production could be dated to the ern area (sites 3, 8 and 72, 38) were lined Arpadian Period, the others were late medi- up along the Stream Zsdala, which once eval ones. At two sites no pottery material Fig.3. / Sl.3. The ORTO photo of the investigated area with sites related to iron production. / ORTO-fotografija istraženog područja s lokalitetima povezanim uz proizvodnju željeza (created by / izradila: C. Zatykó). le. Obzirom da naše istraživanje nije pokrilo sto smještenim duž meandara, otkrivena je područje Republike Hrvatske, postoji mo- velika količina arheoloških nalaza koja suge- gućnost da se četiri lokaliteta nalaze na obje rira proizvodnju željeza. Ti su nalazi uključi- obale rijeke Ždale. Među većim naseljima, lo- vali željeznu šljaku (zguru) i keramičke sa- kalitet 3 može se povezati sa srednjovjekov- pnice sa zgurom. Mala količina pronađenog nim Lankócom koji se u pisanim izvorima materijala otkrivenog na lokalitetima, opće- pojavljuje od 1263. do 1696. godine. Loka- nito nije bila prikladna za određivanje uže litet posjeduje arheološke nalaze datirane od kronologije. Unutar srednjovjekovnog ma- doba Arpadovića pa do kasnog srednjeg vije- terijala, osam lokaliteta otkrilo je prisutnost ka. Druga tri lokaliteta (8, 72, 38) označavaju proizvodnje željeza koja se može datirati u dva veća sela i posjeduju nalaze uglavnom od vrijeme Arpadovića, a ostali su vjerojatno iz 15. do 17. stoljeća. Prema tome, vjerojatno razdoblja kasnog srednjeg vijeka. Na dva je se mogu povezati s bilo kojim od susjednih lokaliteta pronađen i keramički materijal. Iz sela Szenterzsébet (Sv. Elizabeta / položaj Pe- toga se može donijeti zaključak o lokalnoj pelara), Lankóc, Kucsila, Szaniszló ili Geszte. obradi željezne rude koja se razvila u močvar- Za položaj manjih lokaliteta, smješte- nim plavnim područjima s visokom razinom nih među većim naseljima, karakteristično podzemnih voda. je da na zapadnom, višem dijelu (118 - 120 m) pokazuju ravnomjerniju raspodjelu ne- 4. Zaključak goli na istočnom, nižem (115 - 117 m), a i prema tome plavnijem dijelu gdje su nani- Istraženo područje smješteno na granici zani duž bivših meandara i mrtvih kanala. dvaju malih regija prilagođeno je različitim Na temelju pisanih dokaza, razlika u pro- geografskim uvjetima te je pokazalo razlike u matranim obrascima naselja dvaju područ- pogledu strukture naselja, uzgoju i metoda- ja vjerojatno se može objasniti različitim me- ma iskorištavanja krajolika. Obzirom na uz- todama uzgoja. Na sjevernim područjima, s goj, na sjevernom visokoobalnom području pješčanim tlom pogodnim za uzgoj usjeval pojavila se dominacija proizvodnje usjeva i bila su sela s većim granicama, ovisna veći- obradivog uzgoja, dok su na jugu, u bivšem nom o obradivom uzgoju. Suprotno tome, plavnom području rijeke Drave, istraživa- u plavljenim južnim područjima prevlada- nja pokazala prisutnost raspolaganja liva- lo je korištenje livada i pašnjaka te ribarenje, dom, ribarenje i proizvodnju željeza iz pri- koje je također zahtijevalo postojanje manjih, rodne željezne rude nastale u močvarnom privremenih lokaliteta. Rezultati arheološ- području. Na dva područja mogle bi se re- kih terenskih istraživanja istaknuli su još je- konstruirati različite strukture naselja, koje dan važan dio uzgoja i iskorištavanja tla. Na slijede strategije naselja jednako prilagođe- istočnijim, niže položenim, lokalitetima če- ne načinima uzgoja i geografskom okolišu.

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was uncovered, besides the finds suggesting ·· SZILÁGYI, Miklós: Halászat (Fishing) // Magyar iron production. From these one can infer to Néprajz II (ed. Attila Paládi-Kovács), Budapest: the local processing of bog iron ores that de- Akadémiai Kiadó, 2001., 104-146. veloped in swampy, marshy areas with high ·· VICZIÁN, István; ZATYKÓ, Csilla: Geomorphology water table. and Environmental History in the Drava Valley, near Berzence. // Hungarian Geographical Bulletin 60 4. Conclusion (2011), 4, Sopron, 2011., 357-377. ·· ZATYKÓ, Csilla: Fire, water, earth: archaeological and The investigated area situated on the historical data on complex landscape utilisation in the border of two small regions was adapted to Drava Valley. // Hungarian Archaeology, winter different geographic conditions and there- 2012. Available on: http://www.hungarianarchae- fore showed differences in terms of settle- ology.hu/?page_id=279#post-3261 (30. 5. 2013.). ment structure, farming, and the methods of landscape utilization. Considering farming, Source / Izvori in the northern, high-bank area emerged the dominance of crop production and ar- ·· Hungarian National Archive DL 6418, DL 6419. able farming, whereas in the south, in the ·· WENZEL, Gusztáv: Árpád-kori Új Okmánytár - Co- former inundation area of the River Drava, dex Diplomaticus Arpadianus Continuatus I-XII. Pest- the investigations demonstrated the pres- Budapest, 1860-1874., I. ence of meadow management, fishing in ox- bow lakes, as well as iron production based Recommended reading / Preporučena on the bog iron ores that developed in the literatura waterlogged area. In the two areas different settlement structures could also be recon- ·· Lóczy, Dénes: The Changing Geomorphology of Da- structed, which followed settlement strate- nubian Floodplains in Hungary. // Hrvatski geograf- gies adapted equally to the modes of farm- ski glasnik 69, 2007., 2, 5-20. ing and geographical environment. ·· Takács, Károly: Medieval hydraulic systems in Hun- gary. // People and Nature in Historical Perspecti- Literature / Literatura ve (eds. Laszlovszky, J.; Szabó, P.), Budapest: CEU Press, 2003., 289-311. ·· BELÉNYESY, Márta: A halászat a XIV. században ·· Zatykó, Csilla: Aspects of fishing in medieval Hun- (Fishing in the fourteenth century). // Ethnographia gary. // Ruralia VIII: Processing, Storage, Distri- 64, 1-4, 1953., 148-165. bution of Food - Food in the Medieval Rural Envi- ·· BORSA, Iván: A Somogyi Konvent oklevelei az ronment (eds: Klapste, J.; Sommer, P.), Brepols, Országos Levéltárban (Forrásközlés) (Ötödik 2011., 399-408. közlemény) 1371-1380 (The Records of the Somogy ·· Zatykó, Csilla; Juhász, Imola; Sümegi, Pál (eds.): County Convent in the National Archives /Source Pu- Environmental Archaeology in Transdanubia. VAH 20. blication / /Fifth Publication/ 1371-1380). // Somo- Budapest, 2007. gy megye múltjából 30, Kaposvár, 1999., 7-54. ·· ENGEL, Pál: Magyarország a középkor végén. Digitális térkép és adatbázis a középkori Magyar Királyság te- lepüléseirol (Hungary in the late middle ages: digital map and database). Budapest, 2001. ·· HENSZLMANN, Lilla (ed.): Urbaria et Conscripti- ones. // Művészettörténeti adatok 2. füzet. Laák- Zsámbók. A Művészettörténeti Dokumentációs Központ forráskiadványai IV. Budapest, 1967. ·· REISZIG, Ede: Somogy vármegye községei (Settle- ments of Somogy County). // Somogy vármegye. Magyarország vármegyéi és városai (ed. Dezső Csánki), Budapest, 1914.