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Aves Acuáticas Parque Nacional Lauca

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Aves Acuáticas Parque Nacional Lauca 81 80 Aves Acuáticas del Parque Nacional Lauca 1 2 Aves Acuáticas del Parque Nacional Lauca Aquatic Birds of Uma Jamach’inaka Lauca National Park Parki Nasiwnal Lawka Uthiripan Hernán Rojas Reyes Jorge Herreros de Lartundo 2006 UNIDAD DE GESTIÓN PATRIMONIO SILVESTRE CORPORACIÓN NACIONAL FORESTAL REGIÓN DE TARAPACÁ - CHILE 3 Aves Acuáticas del Parque Nacional Lauca Autores Hernán Rojas Reyes Guardaparque de Reserva Nacional Pampa del Tamarugal Dedica este libro a Cristina y Alonso Jorge Herreros de Lartundo Encargado Regional de Fauna, CONAF Unidad de Gestión Patrimonio Silvestre Corporación Nacional Forestal Región de Tarapacá - Chile Primera edición, 2.000 ejemplares, Noviembre de 2006 Traducción al inglés Jerry Laker Agradecemos el generoso auspicio, Traducción al aymará que hizo posible la producción e impresión de este libro, Elsa Flores de Revisión: Teodoro Marka Fotografía Jorge Herrreros de Lartundo Juan Aguirre Diseño y Producción Gráfica Guillermo Feuerhake Compañía Minera Impresión Cerro Colorado Ltda. Imprenta Salesianos 4 A manera de presentación Generalmente, las publicaciones especializadas Esta contextualización posibilita el reconoci- parecieran tener una vinculación acotada en miento “escalar” de los territorios (la casa, el exclusiva al círculo de interesados, de manera barrio, la población, la ciudad, y un sucesivo directa, respecto al tema abordado. etcétera), asumiendo la importancia que, para la cultura en general y para las personas en par- Este trabajo de la Corporación Nacional ticular, reviste el reconocerse, el reencontrarse y Forestal (CONAF), Región de Tarapacá, podría el religarse con lo propio. considerarse entre las ediciones mencionadas si no diera cuenta de un territorio determinado Entonces, Rojas y Herreros de Lartundo, con su –entendiendo como territorio el espacio destacado trabajo que nos permitimos presen- apropiado y transformado por la acción tar, nos ofrecen –en lo formal– un importante humana–, particular, específicamente singular. estudio de veintidós especies de aves acuáticas –residentes y visitantes– del Parque Nacional Como la dualidad y la reciprocidad con las Lauca. Pero, en el fondo, subyace el “don” an- que se ha estructurado la cosmovisión de los dino (dar, recibir, devolver), estructura indivisi- hombres y las mujeres que habitan lo que ble que permite, en definitiva, la preservación, llamamos “Parque Nacional Lauca”, este estudio la mantención y la permanencia de los ecosis- nos ofrece, también, una doble posibilidad de temas, asumiéndolos como consustanciales a la acercamiento: cultura. Por un lado, el objeto de estudio (y objetivo Al fin de cuentas, como decía el escritor y primigenio) –las aves acuáticas del Parque, filósofo español del siglo XVII, Baltasar Gracián, Área Silvestre Protegida por el Estado chileno y “no todos los que ven han abierto los ojos, ni Reserva Mundial de la Biosfera– con una prolija todos los que miran ven”. observación y posterior descripción, que viene a enriquecer el conocimiento de la avifauna Jorge Torres Caballero acuática mundial, nacional y regional, al tiempo Director Regional CONAF Tarapacá que posiciona el territorio abordado como un importante “observatorio” natural en un ecosistema de características especiales. Por otro, la contextualización que permitirá aproximarse a la comprensión holística del desarrollo de las culturas –en particular la desarrollada en la región centro sur andina–, toda vez su interrelación permanente entre todos y cada uno de los componentes de los ambientes naturales. 5 6 Preservación del ecosistema de la Primera Región Chile, larga y angosta faja de tierra de intere- No debemos olvidar que el Parque Nacional santes contrastes, riqueza cultural y gratas sor- Lauca fue declarado por la UNESCO como presas… Reserva de la Biosfera, con lo cual se reconoce la importancia de la riqueza natural que guarda en Conocer el altiplano de la provincia de Parinacota su territorio. Y esta condición queda demostrada es, sin duda, una experiencia inolvidable. La con las cien especies de aves observadas en el magnificencia de su paisaje sobrecoge desde el Lago Chungará, de las cuales 22 son presentadas primer momento y llama a la reflexión. ¿Cómo en este libro. equilibrar el necesario desarrollo económico con la preservación de riquezas naturales? Como compañía nos sentimos orgullos de ser parte de este proyecto. La alianza estratégica con Éste ha sido, desde siempre, un tema relevante la Corporación Nacional Forestal, CONAF, nos para nuestra compañía. El compromiso con la ha permitido también contribuir a la formación seguridad, el medioambiente y el desarrollo de una cultura medioambiental en la Provincia sostenible es parte de los valores de Compañía de Iquique, específicamente en la comuna de Minera Cerro Colorado, que como empresa de Pozo Almonte. BHP Billiton, plasma en todo su quehacer la Política de Desarrollo Sostenible que rige su gestión y que Experiencias como el Programa Guardianes se compromete a largo plazo con su entorno. del Medio Ambiente, que desarrollamos en conjunto con CONAF y la Ilustre Municipalidad Con más de una década de operaciones en la de Pozo Almonte, es una apuesta al futuro, Primera Región, nos preocupamos de contribuir donde nuestros niños y niñas liderarán el a la protección de la biodiversidad, invirtiendo cambio necesario para que el respeto por las directamente en mejores procedimientos para áreas protegidas y el entorno natural sea una minimizar al máximo el impacto ambiental que realidad. el desarrollo de nuestro negocio pudiese oca- sionar. Además, apoyamos permanentemente El Parque Nacional Lauca es una de esas áreas iniciativas orientadas al fomento de las riquezas protegidas que nos ofrece una riqueza vegetal del particular ecosistema regional. y animal extraordinaria. Estamos seguros de que este texto será una importante guía para la “Aves Acuáticas del Parque Nacional Lauca”, de comunidad regional. Conocer el medio ambiente los autores Hernán Rojas Reyes y Jorge Herreros de nuestro norte es un deber y también un de Lartundo, es un aporte a la comunidad de Pa- privilegio, el cual les invito a disfrutar. rinacota y la Primera Región de Chile. Un pueblo debe conocer y valorar las riquezas naturales de Kevin O´Kane su entorno. Esto contribuirá a alcanzar un mejor Gerente General entendimiento de su esencia como cultura y, de Compañía Minera Cerro Colorado paso, permitirá asumir responsabilidades en la preservación de estos espacios, hoy no carentes de amenazas de extinción. 7 8 Indice de Contenidos Contents Kawkinqilqata uka yatiñataki Prólogo 11 Preface 12 Pä waranqa mayani 13 Introducción 15 Introduction 16 Aka uñt’aña 17 El Parque Nacional Lauca 19 The Lauca National Park 19 Parki Nasiwnal Lawka 19 El Parque Nacional Lauca 20 Lauca National Park 20 Parki Nasiwnal Lawka 20 ¿Qué son las Reservas de Biosfera? 22 What is a Biosphere Reserve? 22 ¿Kunas aka uywiri uthasiñataki? 22 Ambientes acuáticos del Parque 24 The aquatic environments of the Park 23 Kunxamasa uywa uma utjiripa 23 Aves Acuáticas del Parque 31 Aquatic Birds of the Park 31 Uma Jamach`inaka Parki Nasiwnal Lawka Uthiripan 31 Familias presentes en el Parque 33 Families present in the Park 33 Uthiri jamach’inaka 33 Pimpollo 34 White tutfed grebe 34 Chhullumpi 34 Blanquillo 36 Silvery grebe 36 Chiliq Chiliq 36 Yeco 38 Olivaceous cormorant 38 Waq’anu 38 Huairavo 40 Black-crowned night heron 40 Wayrawu 40 Cuervo del pantano de la Puna 42 Puna ibis 42 Yarakaka 42 Flamenco chileno 44 Chilean flamingo 44 Parina, Paraiwana 44 Piuquén (Guallata, Ganso andino) 46 Andean goose 46 Wallata 46 Pato Juarjual 48 Crested duck 48 Unkhalla, Unkhalli 48 Pato Jergón Chico 50 Chilean teal 50 Jisk’a unkhalli 50 Pato Jergón Grande 52 Brown Pintail 52 Jach’a unkhalli 52 Pato Puna 54 Puna teal 54 Suni unkhalli 54 Pato Cortacorrientes 56 Torrent duck 56 Paris qanqata 56 Pato Rana de pico ancho 58 Ruddy duck 58 Chhullumpi 58 Tagüita del Norte 60 Common moorhen 60 K’ara k’ara 60 Tagüa andina 62 Slate-colored coot 62 Tawa tawa 62 Tagüa gigante 64 Giant coot 64 Jach’a tawa 64 Queltehue de la Puna 66 Andean lapwing 66 Liqi liqi 66 Chorlo de la Puna 68 Puna plover 68 Thanxkala 68 Caití 70 Andean avocet 70 Picaytuytu 70 Playero de Baird 72 Baird’s sandpiper 72 Phich’iphich’i 72 Pollito de mar tricolor 74 Wilson’s phalarope 74 Khakhakawallu 74 Gaviota andina 76 Andean gull 76 Qiwlla 76 Literatura consultada 78 Bibliography 78 Yatirinyatiña qilqatanakapa 78 9 10 Prólogo El norte de Chile es conocido ampliamente como los patos jergones y algunas taguas, que porque forma parte del desierto más árido del habitan desde el nivel del mar a los Andes. Hay, mundo. Sin embargo, pocas personas (aunque lamentablemente, especies amenazadas de cada vez son más) conocen el particular am- extinción como los flamencos, la guayata y la biente que se encuentra en su zona andina. tagua gigante, cuya conservación depende de Pese a la gran altura de los Andes y gracias a la la mantención inalterada de los ambientes en configuración de las montañas y a la humedad que habitan, como los que aquí se mencionan proveniente de la amazonía tropical, se desa- en el Parque Nacional Lauca. Este libro es tam- rrolla aquí un frágil y complejo ecosistema, el bién un fruto fecundo del trabajo y del interés altiplano, que es compartido por Argentina, que Hernán Rojas y Jorge Herreros han puesto Bolivia, Chile y Perú. En las extensas planicies en este ambiente, ambos dedicados por años a rodeadas por cerros y volcanes, ubicadas por observar y estudiar nuestras aves. sobre los 4.000 m de altitud, se desarrollan pas- tizales (aquí llamados coironales), matorrales Conocer y conservar nuestro altiplano es el de- (llamados tolares) y cuerpos de agua (lagos, ríos safío de autoridades, científicos, técnicos y de y bofedales); en los roqueríos además crecen los todos los chilenos en general y este libro es un duros cojines de la llareta. La vegetación y los primer paso en este camino.
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