KIIS Japan, Summer 2022 ARC 401/RELS 399: Topics: Japan

Professor: Dr. J. L. Richey Email: [email protected] Office hours: on site & by appointment Syllabus subject to change

For information about disability accommodation and discrimination/harassment, see p. 7

COURSE DESCRIPTION & OBJECTIVES This course explores the art, history, literature, politics, and religion of Japan during the Nara 奈良 period (710-784 CE). During this time, Japan experienced sudden, intense, and lasting artistic, political, religious, and social changes. Through the examination of images, sites, structures, and texts of this period in the city of Nara and elsewhere in Japan, as well as the reading and discussion of a classic graphic novel, students will develop informed understanding of this formative era and its cultural legacies in Japan.

COURSE LEARNING OUTCOMES Students who complete this course successfully should be able to demonstrate (1) familiarity with major historical developments and cultural artifacts of the Nara period, (2) ability in written and oral communication about Japanese cultural history, and (3) critical appreciation of cultural history as a way to understand Japan.

KIIS Study Abroad Mission Statement: KIIS provides high-quality education abroad programs for students from all diverse backgrounds that promote deep international learning, are integrated into the curriculum, and encourage critical and creative thinking. Our goal is to help students understand the wider world and develop personal and professional skills for lifelong enrichment. We strive to go beyond generalizations and cultural stereotypes to help foster a nuanced appreciation of the world in which we live.

Students participating on KIIS study abroad programs aim to: 1) Understand contemporary issues of their host country/countries (i.e. KIIS program location). 2) Develop skills to interact comfortably in a global setting. 3) Understand other cultures.

Prior to your KIIS study abroad program, and again at the conclusion of your program, KIIS will ask each student to a) answer a few multiple-choice questions, and b) write a short reflective essay (two paragraphs in length) related to the elements detailed above. There is no right or wrong answer, and your responses will not affect your grade in any way. The purpose of the exercise is to help KIIS measure the effectiveness of its study abroad programs.

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COURSE ASSESSMENT

REFLECTIONS (4) = 40% of grade SITE VISIT REPORTS (2) = 40% of grade PRESENTATION (1) = 20% of grade Each reflection should be no fewer Each reflection should be no fewer than Each in-class presentation will be oral and than 250 words of error-free English 500 words of error-free English prose consisting 15-20 minutes in duration. Each should offer prose consisting of comments and of analysis of a site visited during the program a detailed analysis of a specific artifact, questions (not summaries) about using relevant terminology and primary-source event, person, or site from the Nara period assigned material, with sources cited texts (at least 2) introduced in the course. (e.g., ítems from Nara or Tōkyō National completely and correctly according Sources must be cited completely and Museums or at various sites visited by the to a recognized documentation style correctly according to a recognized group) using relevant terminology, primary (e.g., APA, Chicago, MLA). (See documentation style (e.g., APA, Chicago, source texts (at least 4), and secondary COURSE BIBLIOGRAPHY below for MLA). ). (See COURSE BIBLIOGRAPHY below sources (at least 2) introduced in the course. Chicago-style citations of sources.) for Chicago-style citations of sources.) Due by The use of visual aids is encouraged, and a Due by start of class as indicated in COURSEstart of class as indicated in COURSE correctly-cited bibliography of all sources is CALENDAR below (email or print). CALENDAR below (email or print). required. Due in class as assigned by instructor.

COURSE MATERIALS

1. Ishii, Ayako. Buddhist Statuary [BS]. Tōkyō: Shō̄gakukan, 2017. ISBN: 9784093884600 2. Tezuka, Osamu. Phoenix, Vol. 4: Karma. Trans. Dadakai. San Francisco: VIZ, 2004. ISBN: 9781591163008 3. Richey, J. L., ed. Nara Period Japan [NPJ]. [Course reader -- provided by instructor as PDF] 4. Access to Nara National Museum Collection Database [https://www.narahaku.go.jp/english/collection/] and E-Kokuhō 国宝 [http://www.emuseum.jp/] websites

COURSE CALENDAR

KIIS program participants are expected to be punctual to and in attendance at all classes, presentations, meetings and required excursions, and to remain with the program for the full academic period. Unexcused absences from classes and/or mandatory meetings will result in a lowering of the student’s final grade, as will excessive tardiness. Multiple unexcused absences could result in expulsion from the program. Any absence from an academic class session must be excused for medical reasons.

# DATE (DAY) TO READ/DO TO VISIT TO TURN IN 1 6月5日 (火) Early Japan in Context Nara National Museum 1. “Top 3 Things to Remember Bring BS with you! About Early Japan” (NPJ 3-4) 2. Benn, “Tang Chang’an” and “Cities and Urban Life” (10-27) 3. Okazaki, “Japan and the Continent” (29-77) 4. Aoki, “Jitō Tennō: The Female Sovereign” (79-97)

2 6月6日 (水) The Founding of Nara 1. Piggott, “Mokkan” (99-120) 2. Naoki, “Nara and Tōdai-ji” REFLECTION 1 (122-138) 3. “The Earliest Japanese Chronicles” and “Early ” (139-148) 4. R. Bender on Shintō (196-197) 5. “The Merger of Buddhist and Shinto Deities” (156)

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# DATE (DAY) TO READ/DO TO VISIT TO TURN IN

3 6月7日(木) State and Sōni 僧尼 Tōdai-ji 東大寺 1. “Nara Buddhism” (149-152) Kasuga Taisha 春日大社 2. “The Bodhisattva Gyōgi” Bring BS with you! (153-154) 3. Yiengpruksawan, “The Legacy of Buddhist Art at Nara” (161-194)

4 6月8日(金) Emperor Shōmu 聖武 1. Shoku Nihongi 続日本紀 entry REFLECTION 2 for April 21, 749 (198-202) 2. “Proclamation of the Emperor Shōmu” (153) 3. Holcombe, “The Confucian Monarchy of Nara Japan” (208-213) 5 6月9日(土) Empress Kōken 孝謙 1. Shoku Nihongi entries for July 29 & August 1, 752 and June 30 SITE VISIT REPORT 1 & July 12, 753 (203-206) 2. Bender, “Auspicious Omens in the Reign of the Last Empress of Nara Japan” (215-246) 3. Farris, “Trade, Money, and Merchants in Nara Japan” (248-279) EXCURSION TO BYŌDŌ-IN 平等院 (Bring BS with you!)

6 6月12日(火) Rebellion and Reform 1. Shoku Nihongi entries for REFLECTION 3 February 17 & October 1, 758, and September 23, October 11, & October 14, 763 (281-287) 2. Shoku Nihongi entries for October 17, November 6, November 8, & December 17, 764 (289-295) 3. Kornicki, “Empress Shōtoku as a Sponsor of Printing” (309-314) 7 6月13日(水) The “Nun” and the “King” 1. “Edicts of the Empress Shōtoku Concerning Dōkyō” (155-156) 2. “Empress Shōtoku: Edict on the Great Thanksgiving Festival” (157-158) 3. Shoku Nihongi entries for November 26, 27, & 29, 766 (304-307)

# DATE (DAY) TO READ/DO TO VISIT TO TURN IN 3

8 6月14日(木) Witchcraft and Treachery 1. Shoku Nihongi entries for REFLECTION 4 January 16, July 7, & October 28, 769, and March 24 & August 10, 770 (323-334) 2. Bender, “The Hachiman Cult & the Dōkyō Incident” (345-373) 3. Yano, “The Tale of Emperor Shōtoku and the Monk Dōkyō” (374-377) 9 6月25日(月) Tezuka, Phoenix, Vol. 4: Karma

(entire graphic novel)

EXCURSIONS TO NIKKŌ日光, TŌKYŌ NATIONAL MUSEUM, & MIYAJIMA 宮島 (Bring BS with you!)

10 6月26日 (火) PRESENTATIONS Kiyomizu-dera 清水寺 As scheduled by instructor 11 6月27日 (水) PRESENTATIONS Kinkaku-ji 金閣寺 As scheduled by instructor Ryōan-ji 龍安寺 月 日 木 Fushimi Inari Taisha 12 6 28 ( ) WRAP-UP & EVALUATIONS 伏見稲荷大社

COURSE BIBLIOGRAPHY

Aoki, Michiko Y. “Jitō Tennō: The Female Sovereign.” In Chieko Irie Mulhern, ed., Heroic with Grace: Legendary Women of Japan (Armonk, NY: M. E. Sharpe, 1991), 40-76.

Aston, W. G., trans. “The Birth of the Land.” In Wm. Th. De Bary, et al, eds., Sources of Japanese Tradition, Volume 1: From Earliest Times to 1600 (New York: Columbia University Press, 2001), 13-15.

_____, trans. “Birth of the Sun Goddess.” In Wm. Th. De Bary, et al, eds., Sources of Japanese Tradition, Volume 1: From Earliest Times to 1600 (New York: Columbia University Press, 2001), 20-21.

_____, trans. “Descent of the Divine Grandson with the Three Imperial Regalia.” In Wm. Th. De Bary, et al, eds., Sources of Japanese Tradition, Volume 1: From Earliest Times to 1600 (New York: Columbia University Press, 2001), 27-28.

_____, trans. “Enshrinement of .” In Wm. Th. De Bary, et al, eds., Sources of Japanese Tradition, Volume 1: From Earliest Times to 1600 (New York: Columbia University Press, 2001), 30-31.

Bender, Ross. “The Hachiman Cult and the Dōkyō Incident.” Monumenta Nipponica 34/2 (Summer, 1979): 125- 153.

_____. “Auspicious Omens in the Reign of the Last Empress of Nara Japan, 749-770.” Japanese Journal of Religious Studies 40/1 (2013): 45-76.

_____, trans. Nara Japan, 749-757: A Study and Translation of Shoku nihongi, tenpyō shōhō 1- tenpyō hōji 1. Middletown, DE: CreateSpace Independent Publishing Platform, 2015.

_____, trans. Nara Japan, 758-763: A Study and Translation of Shoku nihongi, tenpyō hōji 2- tenpyō hōji 7. Middletown, DE: CreateSpace Independent Publishing Platform, 2016.

_____, trans. Nara Japan, 764-766: A Study and Translation of Shoku nihongi, tenpyō hōji 8 - tenpyō jingo 2. Middletown, DE: CreateSpace Independent Publishing Platform, 2016.

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_____, trans. Nara Japan, 767-770: A Study and Translation of Shoku nihongi, jingo keiun 1-hōji 1. Middletown, DE: CreateSpace Independent Publishing Platform, 2016.

Benn, Charles. "Tang Chang'an.” In Benn, Daily Life in Traditional China: The Tang Dynasty (Westport, CT: Greenwood Press 2002), xiii-xix.

_____. "Cities and Urban Life." In Benn, Daily Life in Traditional China: The Tang Dynasty (Westport, CT: Greenwood Press 2002), 45-70.

Chamberlain, Basil, trans. “Preface to Records of Ancient Matters ().” In Wm. Th. De Bary, et al, eds., Sources of Japanese Tradition, Volume 1: From Earliest Times to 1600 (New York: Columbia University Press, 2001), 15-16.

_____, trans. “The Divine Creation of the Imperial Ancestors.” In Wm. Th. De Bary, et al, eds., Sources of Japanese Tradition, Volume 1: From Earliest Times to 1600 (New York: Columbia University Press, 2001), 21-23.

Cunningham, Michael, ed. Buddhist Treasures from Nara. Cleveland: Cleveland Museum of Art, 1998.

Dykstra, Yoshiko, trans. “The Bodhisattva Gyōgi.” In Wm. Th. De Bary, et al, eds., Sources of Japanese Tradition, Volume 1: From Earliest Times to 1600 (New York: Columbia University Press, 2001), 115-117.

“Edicts of the Empress Shōtoku Concerning Dōkyō.” In Wm. Th. De Bary, et al, eds., Sources of Japanese Tradition, Volume 1: From Earliest Times to 1600 (New York: Columbia University Press, 2001), 119-120.

“Empress Shōtoku: Edict on the Great Thanksgiving Festival.” In Wm. Th. De Bary, et al, eds., Sources of Japanese Tradition, Volume 1: From Earliest Times to 1600 (New York: Columbia University Press, 2001), 341-342.

Farris, William Wayne. “Trade, Money, and Merchants in Nara Japan.” Monumenta Nipponica 53/3 (Autumn 1998): 303-334.

Holcombe, Charles. “The Confucian Monarchy of Nara Japan.” In George J. Tanabe, ed., Religions of Japan in Practice (Princeton: Princeton University Press, 1999), 293-298.

Ishii, Ayako. Buddhist Statuary. Tōkyō: Shō̄gakukan, 2017.

Kornicki, Peter. “Empress Shōtoku as a Sponsor of Printing.” In Hildegard Diemberger, Franz-Karl Ehrhard, and Peter Kornicki, eds., Tibetan Printing: Comparison, Continuities, and Change (Leiden: Brill, 2016), 45-50.

Naoki, Kōjirō. “Nara and Tōdai-ji.” Trans. Felicia Bock, in John Whitney Hall, et al, eds., The Cambridge , Vol. I: Ancient Japan (Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1993), 241-257.

Okazaki, Takashi. "Japan and the Continent." Trans. Janet Goodwin. In John Whitney Hall, et al, eds., The Cambridge History of Japan, Vol. I: Ancient Japan (Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1993), 268-316.

Orzech, Charles D., trans. “The Humane King as Protector of Buddhism.” In Wm. Th. De Bary, et al, eds., Sources of Japanese Traditon, Volume 1: From Earliest Times to 1600 (New York: Columbia University Press, 2001), 111-114.

Philippi, Donald L., trans. “The Great Exorcism of the Last Day of the Sixth Month.” In Wm. Th. De Bary, et al, eds., Sources of Japanese Tradition, Volume 1: From Earliest Times to 1600 (New York: Columbia University Press, 2001), 34-36.

Piggott, Joan R. “Mokkan: Wooden Documents from the Nara Period.” Monumenta Nipponica 45/4 (Winter 1990): 449-470.

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_____. “The Last Classical Female Sovereign: Kōken-Shōtoku Tennō.” In Dorothy Ko, JaHyun Kim Haboush, and Joan R. Piggott, eds., Women and Confucian Cultures in Premodern China, Korea, and Japan (Berkeley: University of California Press, 2003), 47-74.

“Proclamation of the Emperor Shōmu on the Erection of the Great Buddha Image.” In Wm. Th. De Bary, et al, eds., Sources of Japanese Tradition, Volume 1: From Earliest Times to 1600 (New York: Columbia University Press, 2001), 114-115.

“The Sūtra of the Golden Light.” In Wm. Th. De Bary, et al, eds., Sources of Japanese Tradition, Volume 1: From Earliest Times to 1600 (New York: Columbia University Press, 2001),106-108.

Tanabe, George, trans. “The Flower Garland Sūtra.” In Wm. Th. De Bary, et al, eds., Sources of Japanese Tradition, Volume 1: From Earliest Times to 1600 (New York: Columbia University Press, 2001), 108-111.

_____, trans. “The Merger of Buddhist and Shinto Deities.” In Wm. Th. De Bary, et al, eds., Sources of Japanese Tradition, Volume 1: From Earliest Times to 1600 (New York: Columbia University Press, 2001), 120-121.

Tezuka, Osamu. Phoenix, Vol. 4: Karma. Trans. Dadakai. San Francisco: VIZ, 2004.

Toby, Ronald P. “Why Leave Nara? Kammu and the Transfer of the Capital.” Monumenta Nipponica 40/3 (Autumn 1985): 331-347.

Yano, Akiko. “The Tale of Emperor Shōtoku and the Monk Dōkyō.” In Yano, “Historiography of the ‘Phallic Contest’ Handscroll in Japanese Art,” Japan Review 26 (2013): 59-82.

Yiengpruksawan, Mimi Hall. “The Legacy of Buddhist Art at Nara.” In Michael Cunningham, ed., Buddhist Treasures from Nara (Cleveland: Cleveland Museum of Art, 1998), 1-34.

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DISABILITY ACCOMMODATION KIIS will make every reasonable effort to provide accommodations for program participants with special needs or disabilities, but we cannot guarantee that we will be able to do so. Be aware that many foreign countries do not have comprehensive legislation comparable to the Americans with Disabilities Act (ADA). As a result, businesses and other establishments operating in foreign countries may not be able to provide accommodations.

If you have a disability accommodation need, we recommend you contact your KIIS Campus Representative, https://www.kiis.org/about-kiis/contact-us/campus-representatives/ early in your program selection process so that s/he has time to discuss any specific needs, including which KIIS programs may be best suited. You also are welcome to contact KIIS Assistant Director, Maria Canning, [email protected], to discuss your disability accommodation needs (e.g. housing, transportation, excursions, class schedule, etc.).

Immediately after acceptance, notify KIIS Assistant Director, Maria Canning, or KIIS Admissions and Enrollment Specialist, Haley McTaggart, [email protected], if you have a special need or disability that might require any form of accommodation abroad. Failure to notify KIIS may prevent you from participating on your KIIS program.

If you require any accommodations abroad, you must provide KIIS Assistant Director, Maria Canning, or KIIS Admissions and Enrollment Specialist, Haley McTaggart, an accommodation letter from your home campus’ disability accommodation office that lists the accommodations you are eligible to receive. Please do not request accommodations directly from your KIIS Program Director or other KIIS Faculty; the KIIS Office will notify your KIIS Program Director and/or Faculty after we have received your above accommodation letter.

In some cases, you may need to make arrangements for a caregiver to join you on your KIIS program, should your physician, campus disability accommodation office, or KIIS make such a recommendation or require it.

TITLE IX/DISCRIMINATION & HARRASSMENT Recent attention to gender discrimination and sexual harassment at colleges and universities reminds us of the importance of adhering to standards of ethical and professional behavior. KIIS Study Abroad is committed to supporting and encouraging safe and equitable educational environments for our students, faculty, and program directors. Students, faculty, and program directors are required to be civil and treat each other with dignity and respect. As such, harassment and/or discrimination of any kind will not be permitted or tolerated.

Sexual misconduct (sexual harassment, sexual assault, and sexual/dating/domestic violence) and sex discrimination are violations of KIIS policies. If you experience an incident of sex/gender-based discrimination, harassment and/or sexual misconduct, you are encouraged to report it to a) KIIS Assistant Director, Maria Canning (+1-859-200-1000) or KIIS Executive Director, John Dizgun (+1-270-227-2288), b) WKU’s Title IX Coordinator, Deborah Wilkins (270-745-5396 / [email protected]) or WKU’s Title IX Investigators, Michael Crowe (270-745-5429 / [email protected]) or Joshua Hayes (270-745-5121 / [email protected]). Please note that while you may report an incident of sex/gender based discrimination, harassment and/or sexual misconduct to a KIIS program director and/or faculty member, KIIS program directors and faculty are considered “Responsible Employees” of Western Kentucky University and MUST report what you share to WKU’s Title IX Coordinator or Title IX Investigator.

If you would like to speak with someone who may be able to afford you confidentiality, you may contact WKU’s Counseling and Testing Center, https://www.wku.edu/heretohelp/ at 270-745-3159.

For more information on KIIS Title IX, see https://www.kiis.org/students/health-safety/title-ix-clery/; additional Title IX resources can be found here https://www.wku.edu/eeo/titleixbrochure2020.pdf.

Everyone should be able to participate on a KIIS program, attend a KIIS event, or work in a KIIS environment (e.g. KIIS office) without fear of sexual harassment or discrimination of any kind. Be respectful of each other.

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