Hillsdale Hall Farm, Hillsdale Lane, Hillsdale, Grindon, Staffordshire: Archaeological Desk-Based Assessment

1839 Grindon Tithe Map

ARS Ltd Report 2020/70 August 2020

Compiled By: Adrian Jacklin PCIfA

Archaeological Research Services Ltd Angel House Portland Square Bakewell Derbyshire DE45 1HB

Checked By: Robin Holgate MCIfA

Tel: 01629 814540

[email protected] www.archaeologicalresearchservices.com

Hillsdale Hall Farm, Hillsdale Lane, Hillsdale, Grindon: Archaeological Desk-Based Assessment

Hillsdale Hall Farm, Hillsdale Lane, Hillsdale, Grindon, Staffordshire: Archaeological Desk-Based Assessment

Archaeological Research Services Ltd Report 2020/70

August 2020

Date of compilation: August 2020 Compiled by: Adrian Jacklin PCIfA Checked by: Robin Holgate MCIfA Planning Reference: NP/SM/0220/0171 and NP/SM/0220/0174 Local Authority: Peak District National Park Authority Site central NGR: SK 07933 55469

Hillsdale Hall Farm, Hillsdale Lane, Hillsdale, Grindon: Archaeological Desk-Based Assessment

EXECUTIVE SUMMARY Archaeological Research Services Ltd was commissioned by Michael Keating to produce an archaeological desk-based assessment in support of planning application NP/SM/0220/0171, and Listed Building Consent NP/SM/0220/0174, for the proposed repairs and alterations to Hillsdale Hall, including the installation of a ground source heat pump and associated pipework, and the conversion of existing barns and former pigsty at Hillsdale Hall, Hillsdale Lane, Grindon, Leek, Staffordshire Moorlands ST13 7PE. Hillsdale Hall Farm is believed to be of at least 17th century date, as it contains a datestone reading 1620. The 17th century origins of Hillsdale Hall Farm coincide with a nation-wide period of housebuilding by the yeomanry, or small rural landowners, largely in response to a fall in grain prices and a rise in cattle prices. This period, known as the Great Rebuilding, is considered to have commenced during the 1560s. No documentary evidence of this could be identified however, and evidence of this will only be discovered during a Historic Building Appraisal and monitored ground works by an archaeologist. The post-medieval association of Hillsdale Hall Farm is quite clear, and its extent is identified on historic maps. It is doubtful that further post-medieval archaeological evidence relating to the structure of the farm will be identified during below-ground works, but evidence of post- medieval farming, and the potential medieval origins of the farm could be revealed. It is considered that Hillsdale Hall Farm is of historical and architectural significance and any associated below-ground archaeological remains dating to the post-medieval period are of archaeological significance. It is recommended that, depending on the extent of ground works associated with the proposed development, in order to mitigate any potential loss of archaeological remains a programme of archaeological works in the form of archaeological monitoring and recording scalable to a strip, map and sample excavation should take place during any ground works associated with the proposed development.

Hillsdale Hall Farm, Hillsdale Lane, Hillsdale, Grindon: Archaeological Desk-Based Assessment

TABLE OF CONTENTS

1 INTRODUCTION ...... 1 1.1 Project and Planning Background ...... 1 1.2 Site Location and Description ...... 1 1.3 Geology and Soils ...... 1

2 AIMS AND OBJECTIVES ...... 2

3 METHOD STATEMENT ...... 2 3.1 Study Area ...... 3 3.2 Information Sources...... 3 3.3 Limitations ...... 3

4 BASELINE DATA ...... 3 4.1 Archaeological and Historical Background ...... 3 4.1.1 The Prehistoric Period to Medieval Period ...... 3 4.1.2 The Post-Medieval to Modern Period ...... 4 4.2 Designated Assets ...... 6 4.2.1 Listed Building...... 6 4.2.2 Conservation Areas ...... 7 4.3 Non-Designated Assets ...... 7 4.3.1 Heritage Assets ...... 7 4.4 Previous Archaeological Events ...... 7 4.5 Historic Landscape Characterisation ...... 8

5 SITE WALKOVER ...... 8

6 ASSESSMENT OF THE SIGNIFICANCE OF AFFECTED HERITAGE ASSETS...... 8

7 ASSESSMENT OF POTENTIAL IMPACTS ...... 9

8 RECOMMENDATIONS ...... 10

9 STATEMENTS AND ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS...... 10 9.1 Archive Deposition ...... 10 9.2 Publicity, Confidentiality and Copyright ...... 10 9.3 Statement of Indemnity ...... 10 9.4 Acknowledgements ...... 11 10 REFERENCES ...... 11 10.1 Primary Sources ...... 11 10.2 Secondary Sources ...... 11

iii

Hillsdale Hall Farm, Hillsdale Lane, Hillsdale, Grindon: Archaeological Desk-Based Assessment

LIST OF TABLES

Table 1: Tithe award record for Hillsdale Hall Farm ...... 5 Table 2: Listed Building within the PDA ...... 7 Table 3: Listed Building within the wider study area ...... 7 Table 4: Conservation Areas within the wider study area ...... 7 Table 5: Archaeological events within the study area...... 8 Table 6: HLC types Located within the PDA ...... 8

LIST OF APPENDICES

Appendix 1: Non-Designated Archaeological Monuments ...... 13 Appendix 2: Gazetteer of Historic Landscape Characterisation Types ...... 16 Appendix 3: Trade and Census Directories ...... 18 Appendix 4: Figures ...... 21 Appendix 5: Photographs ...... 29 Appendix 6: Written Scheme of Investigation ...... 33

LIST OF FIGURES

Figure 1: Site Location ...... 22 Figure 2: Designated Heritage Assets ...... 23 Figure 3: Non-Designated Heritage Assets ...... 24 Figure 4: Archaeological Events recorded on the Staffordshire Historic Environment Record ...... 25 Figure 5: Archaeological Events recorded on the Peak District National Park Sites and Monuments Record ...... 26 Figure 6: Historic Landscape Characterisation ...... 27 Figure 7: 1839 Grindon Tithe Map ...... 28

LIST OF PHOTOGRAPHS

Photograph 1: View north-west of the front elevation of Hillsdale Hall and associated garden ...... 30 Photograph 2: View north-west of the courtyard and barn to the rear of Hillsdale Hall ...... 30 Photograph 3: View north-east of yard to the north of the barn ...... 31 Photograph 4: View north-west of the fields adjacent to Hillsdale Hall ...... 31 Photograph 5: View north-east of land to the north of the site boundary ...... 32 Photograph 6: View west of the field to the west of the site boundary ...... 32

Hillsdale Hall Farm, Hillsdale Lane, Hillsdale, Grindon: Archaeological Desk-Based Assessment

1 INTRODUCTION 1.1 Project and Planning Background Archaeological Research Services Ltd was commissioned by Michael Keating to produce an archaeological desk-based assessment to accompany a planning application (Ref. No. NP/SM/0220/0171) and Listed Building Consent (Ref. No. NP/SM/0220/0174) for the proposed repairs and alterations to Hillsdale Hall, including the installation of a ground source heat pump and associated pipework, and the conversion of existing barns and former pigsty at Hillsdale Hall, Hillsdale Lane, Grindon, Leek, Staffordshire, ST13 7PE. The Peak District National Park Authority (PDNPA)’s Senior Conservation Archaeologist and Building Conservation Officer have been consulted regarding the proposed development. The PDNPA’s Senior Conservation Archaeologist has requested the following. ‘An archaeological desk based assessment that addresses the archaeological potential and significance of the site. As required by the National Planning Policy Framework (NPPF) paragraph 189 (MHCLG 2019, 55), where a site of which a development is proposed includes or has the potential to include heritage assets of archaeological interest, local planning authorities should require developers to submit an appropriate desk based assessment. A desk based assessment is the first stage in trying to understand the archaeological interest and significance of the site, to provide sufficient information to allow a balanced planning judgement to be made in accordance with NPPF paragraph 197 (MHCLG 2019, 56). It will draw together information from a range of sources that PDNPA do not currently have access to and includes a site visit and simple walkover, full map regression, consideration of the site within its wider setting and context, and consideration of previous impacts on the site and the effect of this on archaeological interest and significance. It therefore would take us considerably further on in understanding the archaeological interest of the site. It needs to be carried out and prepared by a suitably qualified and experienced archaeological contractor or consultant, the’ appropriate expertise’ referred to in NPPF paragraph 189 (MHCLG 2019, 55).” 1.2 Site Location and Description The ‘red line boundary’ of the proposed development area (hereafter ‘PDA’) is depicted by a red polygon on Figure 1 (and subsequent figures) and is c.0.36 ha in area. It is bounded to the east and west by agricultural fields, to the north by a small field and access road and by Hillsdale Lane to the south. The site is located just off Hillsdale Lane, c.1km north-west of the village of Grindon and c.10km east of Leek. The PDA supports the Grade II Listed Hillsdale Hall (NHLE 1188437 and HER DST185) and its associated buildings; the southern area of the PDA supports the farmhouse garden and a small stream. The topography of the site is relatively flat, sitting at 304m above Ordnance Datum (aOD). 1.3 Geology and Soils The underlying solid geology of the PDA comprises Widmerpool Formation - Limestone and Mudstone, Interbedded. Sedimentary bedrock formed approximately 329 to 337 million years ago in the Carboniferous Period (BGS 2020). No superficial deposits are recorded (BGS 2020).

Hillsdale Hall Farm, Hillsdale Lane, Hillsdale, Grindon: Archaeological Desk-Based Assessment

The soils of the PDA are recorded as slowly permeable seasonally wet acid loamy and clayey soils (CU 2020). 2 AIMS AND OBJECTIVES The principal aims of this assessment are to produce a report detailing any archaeological potential of the PDA, and to assess the potential impacts of the proposed development upon any buried and upstanding archaeological remains, historic buildings, the historic landscape and the settings of nationally designated assets and to assess their significance. The following objectives will contribute towards accomplishing this aim.

 To collate and assess existing information about the historic environment within the study area and to determine as fully as possible from the available evidence the nature, survival, quality, extent and importance of any archaeological remains and any upstanding buildings/structures within the PDA.

 To provide an assessment of areas of archaeological potential and survival based on the above research and assess the potential for the use of particular investigative techniques in order to aid the formulation of any necessary mitigation strategy, including further evaluation, excavation, and/or preservation of archaeological remains.

 To assess, where possible from the available sources, the extent of any ground disturbance associated with any previous intrusive development.

 To provide an initial assessment of potential impacts of the proposed development to the settings of cultural heritage assets, and make recommendations for further detailed assessment should this be considered necessary. 3 METHOD STATEMENT The archaeological assessment was undertaken in accordance with the guidelines set out in in accordance with the Chartered Institute for Archaeologists (CIfA) Code of Conduct of the (2019) and the CIfA’s Standards and Guidance for Historic Environment Desk Based Assessment (CIfA 2017) and a Written Scheme of Investigation (Holgate 2020) agreed with Natalie Ward, Senior Conservation Archaeologist, of the PDNPA (Appendix 6). The approach to the assessment of significance is that set out in Conservation Principles (English Heritage 2008), which states that the significance of heritage assets derives from the ‘heritage values’ that they possess, which may be evidential, historical (either illustrative or associative), aesthetic or communal. Reference is also made to ‘heritage significance’ as described in the National Planning Policy Framework (NPPF), which is defined as the ‘value of a heritage asset to this and future generations because of its heritage interest. That interest may be archaeological, architectural, artistic or historic. Significance derives not only from a heritage asset’s physical presence, but also from its setting’ (MHCLG 2019, 71).

Hillsdale Hall Farm, Hillsdale Lane, Hillsdale, Grindon: Archaeological Desk-Based Assessment

3.1 Study Area The study area adopted for this assessment comprises a 1km off-set from the application site boundary. This study area is depicted as a dark blue polygon on Figure 1 and subsequent figures. 3.2 Information Sources The following sources of information were consulted to inform this assessment:

 The Staffordshire Historic Environment Record (HER) for information regarding non- designated assets and previous fieldwork, and Historic Landscape Characterisation (HLC) mapping.

 The Peak District National Park Sites and Monuments Record (SMR) for information regarding non-designated assets and previous fieldwork.

 The National Heritage List for England (NHLE) maintained by English Heritage for information concerning designated assets within the study area.

 The National Register of the Historic Environment (NRHE) maintained by English Heritage Archives is not available.

 Google Earth and Bing online historical satellite imagery.

 The British Geological Survey onshore digital maps at 1:50 000 scale (DiGMapGB-50 – WMS).

 A site visit was undertaken in fine conditions on 25th June 2020.

 Various other relevant books, journals and publications identified during the assessment, details of which can be found in the references section of the report. 3.3 Limitations Limitations to this assessment have been outlined below, in line with CIfA’s (2020) ‘Coronavirus challenges: standards and guidance advice’ and Standards and Guidance for Historic Environment Desk-Based Assessment (CIfA 2017). It was not possible to consult the following information sources during this assessment:

 No LiDAR data was available for this site.

 Local Studies/Archives to be visited when the UK wide lockdown and social distancing measures have been lifted. 4 BASELINE DATA 4.1 Archaeological and Historical Background

4.1.1 The Prehistoric Period to Medieval Period There is paucity of evidence for the Palaeolithic to Neolithic period within the wider study area and there is no archaeological activity dating to these periods recorded on the HER. It is possible that archaeological activity dating to these periods is present within the area, but the lack of fieldwork and truncation of the ground surface in places by modern agricultural

Hillsdale Hall Farm, Hillsdale Lane, Hillsdale, Grindon: Archaeological Desk-Based Assessment

methods means that the opportunities to discover archaeological remains of this period are limited. The Early Bronze Age is characterised by barrows and burials with the the clustering of round barrows in large groups being indicative of ceremonial centres (Garwood 2011, 82). Bronze Age settlements, however, are seldom discovered and associated remains are usually limited to findspots (Ibid). Two Bronze Age bowl barrows (HER 365 and 366) are located c.850m west of the PDA. A further Bronze Age round barrow (HER 4197) is recorded as having been located c.900m southeast of the PDA, but any remains of this no longer survive. The presence of the two bowl barrows suggests that the remains of some form of Bronze Age settlement and land use survive within the area. The Iron Age period brought about more intensive agricultural activity and enclosures became a feature of the landscape, often associated with roundhouses (Hurst 2011, 106). A prominent feature of this period are hillforts (Hurst 2011, 107). The Staffordshire Moorlands, with its undeveloped uplands, is an ideal area to undertake extensive surveys to help identify later prehistoric landscape features (Ibid). Despite this, there is limited evidence of Iron Age activity within the study area and there are no sites or findspots recorded on the HER. Romano-British activity within Staffordshire is predominantly focused around its major fort at Penkridge, with Romano-British activity within the Staffordshire Moorlands being limited, with only a small fort and a defended settlement at Rocester and mining activity towards Stoke (Cleary 2011, 128). No Romano-British archaeological activity is recorded within the study area on the HER. The Domesday Survey of 1086 records Grindon as Grendone within the Hundred of Totmonslow in Staffordshire (Powell-Smith nd). Grindon is recorded as being within land owned by Robert of Stafford (ibid). Interestingly, Grindon is recorded in the Domesday Survey as waste, meaning no tax was collected from the settlement, suggesting Grindon may not have been inhabited at this time or was abandoned following the Norman Conquest. The medieval period brought about great social and economic change, with the introduction of the manorial system, and the development of the medieval open field system, leading to more intensive agricultural practices. However, evidence of medieval ridge and furrow within northern Staffordshire is rare as the area has been predominantly pastoral, with only a small amount of farmland dedicated to arable farming (Cleverdon 2002 ,20). Ridge and furrow are recorded on the HER c.800m - c.1km east and south-east of the PDA (listed in Appendix 1). However, it is uncertain if these are of medieval or post-medieval date.

4.1.2 The Post-Medieval to Modern Period The PDA supports the extant Grade II Listed Hillsdale Hall Farm (NHLE 1188437 and HER DST185) which has the following Historic England Listing description. “Farmhouse. Mid 17 century. Coursed rubble with flush ashlar quoins; clay tile roof with coped verges; large central ashlar ridge stack with diagonal shafts. L-shape plan; 2-room front, gable end of crosswing to right; entered from left of left hand cell. 2 storeys and attic; 3-light chamfered mullioned windows with rebated surrounds, containing casements, those to ground floor larger; the windows are not symmetrically arranged - the ground floor left hand window is displaced by the doorway, the right hand ground and first floor windows are set to

Hillsdale Hall Farm, Hillsdale Lane, Hillsdale, Grindon: Archaeological Desk-Based Assessment

right of centre line whereas the attic window is central to the gable; plain door to left with heavy lintel and straight dripstone. A good example of a mid l7 century yeoman farmer's house.” The Hillsdale Hall farmstead appears to have developed in an ad hoc fashion around a central courtyard, which would have served any number of purposes including access, storage or as a cattle yard: this is known as ‘Loose Courtyard plans’ (Edwards and Lake 2012, 21). Hillsdale Hall Farm is identified as residing within the National Character Area of ‘White Peak’, an area of limestone upload plateau which combines nucleated villages with scattered, dispersed farmsteads (Edwards and Lake 2012, 29). Most of the farms within the White Peak area are associated with the enclosures on the higher grounds in the 18th and 19th centuries, but it is postulated that some of these farms could have originated in the medieval period, as either sheep farms or monastic granges (Edwards and Lake 2012, 29). Hillsdale Cottage (HER 57135), located south-east, is an example of a 18th/19th century farm that would have been constructed in association with recently enclosed agricultural land. Hillsdale Hall Farm is believed to be of at least 17th century date, as it contains a datestone reading 1620. The 17th century origins of Hillsdale Hall Farm coincide with a nation-wide period of housebuilding by the yeomanry, or small rural landowners, largely in response to a fall in grain prices and a rise in cattle prices. This period, known as the ‘Great Rebuilding’, is considered to have commenced during the 1560s. The nearby Coxen Green Farm (HER 52626) is also considered to have originated in the mid-17th century as attested by the results of a watching brief to the north at Butterton (HER EST1627) which identified possible evidence of lead mining activity (Sheppard 2002, 9). The area of Grindon is present on the 1767 Bowen’s Map of Staffordshire, 1798 Yates’ Map of Staffordshire and the 1801 Smith’s Map of Staffordshire but none of these are particulary detailed and do not show Hillsdale Hall. The earliest cartographic evidence to detail Hillsdale Hall identified during the production of this report is the 1839 Grindon Tithe Map (Figure 7) which depicts three structures. The tithe award records that Hillsdale Hall Farm (plot 638) is owned by John Edenson Esquire, a major landowner in the area, who owns a large amount of farmland around Hillsdale Hall (as detailed in Table 1 below). The tithe award illustrates pastoral agricultural practices were undertaken on the lands associated with Hillsdale Hall farm, typical of practices in the White Peak area (Edwards and Lake 2012, 29). Interestingly, three possible mines are recorded within John Edenson’s landholding which, given the area and period, could suggest lead mining (Edwards and Lake 2012, 29). Further evidence of lead mining can be seen c.750m to the west, where a lead rake vein is recorded on the HER (Figure 3). Table 1: Tithe award record for Hillsdale Hall Farm Plot Landowner Occupier Name and Description State of Cultivation Number 626 Lower Meadows Pasture

627 Little Bank Pasture John William Edenson 628 Bank Pasture Belfield Esquire 629 Bank next to [illegible] Pasture

630 Head of Banks Pasture

Hillsdale Hall Farm, Hillsdale Lane, Hillsdale, Grindon: Archaeological Desk-Based Assessment

Plot Landowner Occupier Name and Description State of Cultivation Number 631 Middle Meadow Pasture

632 Middle Field Pasture

633 Hillsdale Close Pasture

634 Mines Pasture

635 Mines Meadows

636 Gold Crofts Meadows

637 Calf Crofts Meadows

638 House and Homestead

639 Back Fold Pasture

640 Mines Meadows

641 Lower Crofts Meadows

642 [Illegible] Crofts Meadows

655 Stoving? Crofts Meadows

The Bellfield family occupied Hillsdale Hall from at least 1839 until 1871, when it was occupied John Goodall (Appendix 2). It is difficult to ascertain who occupied the farm before the Bellfield family moved in. The 1834 trade directory (Appendix 2) does not specifically state who inhabited the Hall as it is not referenced, only the area of Hillsdale. However, two Yeomen are present on the directory, namely W.M. Berrisford and Paul Prince. Paul Prince occupies the nearby Hillsdale Cottage (HER 57135) with the ownership of Hillsdale Hall Farm being currently unclear, however, it is noted that there may be no connection to the locally significant Beresford Family as their influence was centred in Beresford Dale to the east (Tom Crooks Architecture Ltd 2020, 15). As evident by the Ordnance Survey (OS) maps, there were few changes to the farm from 1880 to 1924, with only a small extension protruding from the northern range on the 1900 OS and the loss of the western bay of the farmhouse. The turn of the 20th century saw a decline in investment in traditional farmsteads, as rising costs and imports and declining sale prices, resulted in cheaper building materials, including asbestos, corrugated iron and concrete, being used in construction (Edwards and Lake 2012, 41). This type of construction is exemplified by the structure that has been added to the south-east corner of the western range at Hillsdale Hall Farm. 4.2 Designated Assets

4.2.1 Listed Building On-Site There is one Listed Building within the PDA which is listed in Table 2 below and illustrated on Figure 2.

Hillsdale Hall Farm, Hillsdale Lane, Hillsdale, Grindon: Archaeological Desk-Based Assessment

Table 2: Listed Building within the PDA NHLE ID HER ID Grade Description 1188437 DST185 II Hillsdale Hall

Off-Site There are five Listed Buildings within the wider study area which are tabulated in Table 3 below and depicted on Figure 2. Table 3: Listed Building within the wider study area NHLE ID HER ID Grade Description 1038147 DST186 II Oxclose Farmhouse Cartshed, stables and granary approximately 20 yards 1038148 DST190 II north west of Coxen Green Farmhouse Stable and hayloft approximately 20 yards north to north 1294720 DST189 II west of Coxen Green Farmhouse Limekiln approximately 100 yards east of Coxen Green 1294721 DST191 II Farmhouse 1374572 DST188 II Coxen Green Farmhouse

4.2.2 Conservation Areas On-Site The PDA does not lie within a Conservation Area Off-Site There are two conservation areas outside of the PDA which are listed in Table 4 below and illustrated on Figure 2. Table 4: Conservation Areas within the wider study area HER ID Description 87 Grindon

134 Butterton

4.3 Non-Designated Assets

4.3.1 Heritage Assets On-Site There are no non-designated Heritage Assets within the PDA Off-Site There are 35 non-designated Heritage Assets within the wider study are which are detailed in Appendix 1 and depicted on Figure 3. 4.4 Previous Archaeological Events

Hillsdale Hall Farm, Hillsdale Lane, Hillsdale, Grindon: Archaeological Desk-Based Assessment

There are 12 archaeological events within the study area which are tabulated in Table 5 below and depicted on Figures 4 and 5. Table 5: Archaeological events within the study area HER ID SMR ID Description EST606 An archaeological assessment at Butterton, Staffordshire EST984 An archaeological field survey at Wallacre Farm, Butterton, Staffordshire. EST1161 An archaeological survey of the Manifold Valley Caves, Staffordshire. EST1627 An archaeological watching brief at Butterton. A survey of the National Trust South Peak Estate (Area 1) at Ilam Park, Wetton Hill and EST1948 Ossoms Hill, Grindon Moor and Apes Tor, Staffordshire. A heritage at risk survey for the High Peak and Staffordshire Moorlands by community EST3144 volunteers, 2013. EPD1427 Archaeology & Aggregates Assessment: Peak District EPD1693 Caves of the Peak District EPD1734 Manifold Valley Cave Survey EPD1929 Historic Land-Use Survey of the Peak District Dales SAC Woodlands EPD1932 Lead Mine Related Landscape of the PD Parts 1 & 2 EPD2128 Evidence for Human Occupation of the Caves and Rock Shelters of the Manifold Valley

4.5 Historic Landscape Characterisation On-Site There is one HLC unit within the PDA which is recorded in Table 6 below and illustrated on Figure 6. Table 6: HLC types Located within the PDA HLC ID HLC broad type HLC Type Designation Period HST24952 Settlement Pre-1880s Settlement Post medieval

Off-Site There are 31 HLC units within the wider study are which are recorded in Appendix 2 and depicted on Figure 6. 5 SITE WALKOVER A site visit was conducted in fine conditions on Thursday 25th June 2020. The purpose of the site visit was to provide an up-to-date account of the site conditions within the PDA which could affect the survival of potential below-ground archaeological remains and to identify any constraints to be considered should any evaluation or mitigation fieldwork be required. The entrance to the PDA was gained from an access road leading from Hillsdale Lane. This leads to the front elevation of Hillsdale Hall and its associated garden, a landscaped area to the south of the house (Photograph 1). To the rear of Hillsdale Hall lies a courtyard comprising gravel and concrete hardstanding material with an associated barn (Photograph 2). Another

Hillsdale Hall Farm, Hillsdale Lane, Hillsdale, Grindon: Archaeological Desk-Based Assessment

barn was located to the east of the courtyard with a small yard to the north that supported scrap materials and rubble (Photograph 3). The land surrounding the farm to the north-west were agricultural fields (Photograph 4) with a field used as a storage area located directly to the north of the site boundary (Photograph 5). Immediately west of the PDA is the field that is the proposed location of the ground source heat pump (Photograph 6). No archaeological features were identified on the surface during the site visit. 6 ASSESSMENT OF THE SIGNIFICANCE OF AFFECTED HERITAGE ASSETS Considering the paucity of evidence in the area of archaeological activity dating to the Palaeolithic, Neolithic and Romano-British periods, it is considered there is negligible to low potential to identify surviving below-ground archaeological evidence dating to these periods during ground works. Bronze Age activity within the area is represented by two bowl barrows and the possible presence of a further round barrow. Barrows are usually indicative of areas of settlement and, therefore, surviving below-ground archaeological activity dating to the Bronze Age could be found within the PDA. However, given the relatively small size of the PDA, it is unlikely such remains will be found during ground works and, therefore, it is considered there is low potential to identify surviving below-ground archaeological remains associated with the Bronze Age. Hillsdale Hall Farm is of at least 17th century construction but its founding could predate this, with the farm originating in the medieval period. No documentary evidence of this could be identified, however, and evidence of this will only be discovered during a Historic Building Appraisal and monitored ground works by an archaeologist. Archaeological remains identified that date to the medieval period would help inform research aims in Archaeology of the West Midlands: A Framework for Research (Watt 2011) as there is a lack of excavated rural sites and limited information of the medieval agricultural sttlement in Staffordshire (Hunt 2011, 176 & 189). Any medieval archaeological remains uncovered would be of archaeological significance. The post-medieval association of Hillsdale Hall Farm is quite clear, and its extent is identified on historic maps. It is doubtful that further post-medieval archaeological evidence relating to the structure of the farm will be identified during below-ground works, but possible agricultural practices could be identified. Archaeological evidence identified relating to the post-medieval era of Hillsdale Hall Farm will help inform research aims in Archaeology of the West Midlands: A Framework for Research (Watt 2011), specifically, exploring the commodification and privatisation of space and the development of new identities as evinced through landscape, buildings and material culture (Belford 2011, 229). It is considered that Hillsdale Hall Farm is of historical and architectural significance and any associated below- ground archaeological remains dating to the post-medieval period are of archaeological significance. 7 ASSESSMENT OF POTENTIAL IMPACTS It is predicted that the proposed development could result in the following impacts upon the historic environment.

Hillsdale Hall Farm, Hillsdale Lane, Hillsdale, Grindon: Archaeological Desk-Based Assessment

 Removal or truncation of heritage assets during site clearance (e.g. removal of vegetation, erection of fencing, traffic movement, topsoil stripping and removal of former building foundations).

 Truncation or destruction of below-ground archaeological remains during construction.

 Other groundworks associated with construction, such as service trenches, which have the potential to damage or destroy below-ground features or deposits of cultural heritage value, should they be present. As discussed above, it is unknown at present whether any archaeological remains would be impacted upon by the development proposals, but any groundwork has the potential to cause such impacts should archaeological remains be present. 8 RECOMMENDATIONS It has been identified in sections 4-6 above that there is potential for below- ground archaeological remains relating to the possible medieval and post-medieval phases of Hillsdale Hall Farm to survive below-ground within the PDA. It is recommended that, depending on the extent of ground works associated with the proposed development, in order to mitigate any potential loss of archaeological remains a programme of archaeological works in the form of archaeological monitoring and recording take place during any ground works associated with the proposed development, especially within the installation area of the ground source heat pump and its associated pipework. 9 STATEMENTS AND ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS 9.1 Archive Deposition One bound copy of the final report with an attached digital PDF/A copy on disc will be deposited with the Staffordshire Historic Environment Record (HER). The disc will also include a digital archive, consisting of relevant ESRI shapefiles or CAD files, for use of updating the HER database. 9.2 Publicity, Confidentiality and Copyright Any publicity will be handled by the client. Archaeological Research Services Ltd will retain the copyright of all documentary and photographic material under the Copyright, Designs and Patent Act (1988). 9.3 Statement of Indemnity All statements and opinions contained within this report arising from the works undertaken are offered in good faith and compiled according to professional standards. No responsibility can be accepted by the author/s of the report for any errors of fact or opinion resulting from data supplied by any third party, or for loss or other consequence arising from decisions or actions made upon the basis of facts or opinions expressed in any such report(s), howsoever such facts and opinions may have been derived.

Hillsdale Hall Farm, Hillsdale Lane, Hillsdale, Grindon: Archaeological Desk-Based Assessment

9.4 Acknowledgements Archaeological Research Services Ltd would like thank Michael Keating for commissioning this work and providing access for the purposes of the site walkover; and Suzy Blake, Historic Environment Record Officer, of the Staffordshire Historic Environment Record for providing the HER data and past reports. 10 REFERENCES 10.1 Primary Sources 1767. Bowen’s Map of Staffordshire. 1798. Yates’ Map of Staffordshire. 1801. Smith’s Map of Staffordshire. 1839. Grindon Tithe Map. 1879. Ordnance Survey. Scale: 25 inch. 1880. Ordnance Survey. Scale: 6 inch. 1880. Ordnance Survey. Scale: 25 inch. 1899. Ordnance Survey. Scale: 6 inch. 1899. Ordnance Survey. Scale: 25 inch. 1922. Ordnance Survey. Scale: 25 inch. 1923. Ordnance Survey. Scale: 6 inch. 10.2 Secondary Sources Belford, P. 2011. ‘The archaeology of everything’ – grappling with post-medieval, industrial and contemporary archaeology. In Watt, S. (Ed.) The Archaeology of the West Midlands: A framework for research. University of Birmingham, 211-36. British Geological Survey. 2020. Geology of Britain viewer. Available online at: http://mapapps.bgs.ac.uk/geologyofbritain/home.html [accessed accessed 27th April 2020]. Chartered Institute for Archaeologists. 2017. Standard and guidance for historic environment desk-based assessment. Reading, Chartered Institute for Archaeologists. Chartered Institute for Archaeologists. 2019. Code of Conduct. Reading, Chartered Institute for Archaeologists. Chartered Institute for Archaeologists. 2020. ‘Coronavirus advice and information.’ Available online at: https://www.archaeologists.net/practices/coronavirus [accessed 13th July 2020]. Cleary, S. E. 2011. The Romano-British period: an assessment. In Watt, S. (ed). The Archaeology of the West Midlands: A Framework for Research. 127 – 149. Cleverdon, F. 2002. Landscape with Buildings: A North Staffordshire study based on the medieval parish of Leek. Unpublisehd PHD Thesis. University of Sheffield.

Hillsdale Hall Farm, Hillsdale Lane, Hillsdale, Grindon: Archaeological Desk-Based Assessment

Cranfield University. 2020. The Soils Guide. Available online at: http:..landis.org.uk [accessed accessed 27th April 2020]. Edwards, B. Lake, J. 2012. Historic Farmsteads & Landscape Character in Staffordshire. Staffordshire County Council and Historic England. English Heritage. 2008. Conservation Principles. Policies and guidance for the sustainable management of the historic environment. Historic England, London. Garwood, P. 2011. The earlier prehistory of the west midlands. In Watt, S. (ed). The Archaeology of the West Midlands: A Framework for Research. 9-101. Holgate, R. 2020. Written Scheme of Investigation for an Archaeological Desk-Based Assessment and Historic Building Appraisal. Archaeological Research Services Ltd. Hunt, J. 2011. The medieval period. In Watt, S. (ed). The Archaeology of the West Midlands: A Framework for Research. 173– 211. Hurst, D. 2011. Middle Bronze Age to Iron Age: a research assessment overview and agenda. In Watt, S. (ed). The Archaeology of the West Midlands: A Framework for Research. 101 – 127. Ministry of Housing, Communities and Local Government (MHCLG) 2019. National Planning Policy Framework. London, The Stationery Office. Powell-Smith, A. nd. Open Domesday. Available online at: https://opendomesday.org/place/SK0854/grindon/ [accessed 27th April 2020]. Sheppard, R. 2002. An Archaeological Watching Brief at Butterton, Staffordshire, 2002. Trent and Peak Archaeological Unit. Tom Crooks Architecture Ltd. 2020. Heritage Statement & Heritage Impact Assessment For Proposed Repairs and Alterations to Hillsdale Hall and Conversion of Existing barns and Former Pigsty at Hillsdale hall, Hillsdale Lane, Grindon, Leek, Staffordshire, ST13 7PE Watt, S. 2011. The Archaeology of the West Midlands: A Framework for Research.

Hillsdale Hall Farm, Hillsdale Lane, Hillsdale, Grindon: Archaeological Desk-Based Assessment

APPENDIX 1: NON-DESIGNATED ARCHAEOLOGICAL MONUMENTS

HER ID SMR ID Description Period Grindon Moor Barrow, Grindon A Bronze Age bowl barrow situated at the highest point 365 on Grindon Moor. The barrow is in an area of old workings Bronze Age and has been extensively mutilated. The site was partially excavated in the 1970s when flints, chert and animal bones were recovered. Hurst Low Bowl Barrow, Grindon Moor The remains of a Bronze Age bowl barrow, which has 366 been mutilated by quarrying on the north-west side. The Bronze Age barrow is on the line of a former field division known as 'Great Horslow'. Limekiln, West of Coxengreen, Grindon Post- 1864 The earthwork remains of a limekiln, which is shown as medieval to 'Old Limekiln' on the 1st Edition Ordnance Survey map of Victorian 1887. Field System, Butterton 1865 Unknown A field system of unknown date. Round Barrow, Grindon Documentary evidence for the site of a bronze age round 4197 barrow, which was excavated by Carrington in 1848. The Bronze Age excavation revealed disturbed human bone and burnt pottery sherds and flints. The site is now either lost or destroyed. Bell Pits and Rakes, Near Wooddisse Barn, Grindon

20173 Bell pits and a series of rakes of unknown date, identified Unknown as earthworks on aerial photographs from the 1960s around Wooddisse Barn, Grindon.

Sough, Butterton Treatment Works, Butterton Post- 50998 A rock-cut drainage channel medieval Stone-Lined Channel, Butterton Treatmeant Works, Butterton 50999 Unknown Stone-lined channel of unknown date and probably industrial purpose Limestone Quarry, Butterton Treatment Works, 51501 Butterton Unknown Evidence of Limestone quarrying Coxen Green Farm, Butterton A farmstead of possible mid-17th century origin, laid out 52626 around a loose, two-sided yard with additional detached Stuart elements. The farmstead appears to survive largely unaltered.

Hillsdale Hall Farm, Hillsdale Lane, Hillsdale, Grindon: Archaeological Desk-Based Assessment

HER ID SMR ID Description Period Oxclose Farm, Grindon

One of a cluster of farmsteads at Hillsdale, Oxclose Farm Elizabethan 52627 is laid out around a loose, two-sided yard. The farmstead to Stuart is of possible early 17th century origin and appears to survive largely unaltered. Outfarm, East of Big Hillsdale Farm, Grindon Industrial to 54533 An outfarm comprising a ruinous field barn with loose courtyard. The outfarm was extant by at least the late Victorian 19th century. Budgetts Farm, Grindon Georgian to 57005 An L-plan farmstead which was extant by the later 19th Victorian century. Pen Farm / The Pen, Grindon

An isolated, linear-plan farmstead with additional Georgian to 57006 detached elements. The farmstead was extant by at least Victorian the 19th century, at which time it was referred to as 'The Pen'. It appears to survive largely unaltered. Grindon Moor Gate, Grindon Georgian to 57008 An isolated farmstead laid out around a loose, single- sided yard. The farmstead appears to have been extant Victorian by at least the 19th century. Broadmeadow Farm, Butterton Hanoverian 57041 An isolated linear-plan farmstead with attached farmhouse, which appears to have been extant by the to Victorian later 19th century. Ossams Hill Farm, Grindon Georgian to 57057 An isolated L-plan farmstead, which appears to have been extant by at least the 19th century and which survives Victorian largely unaltered. Hillsdale Cottage, Grindon Georgian to 57135 One of a cluster of farmsteads at Hillsdale. The farmstead is laid out around a loose, three-sided yard. It appears to Victorian have been established by at least the 19th century. Limekiln, Coxen Green, Grindon MPD7300 A 'Limekiln' is marked on the 1st Edition Ordnance Survey

map at Coxen Green, Grindon. PD.443..4439 Cawbrook Barn to the south-west of Ladyside Farm PD.443..64390 Ridge and Furrow on Ossoms Hill PD.443..64391 Ridge and Furrow on Ossoms Hill PD.443..64428 Ridge and Furrow to the west of Ossams Hill Farm PD.443..64429 Hollow Way to the north-west of Ossams Hill Farm PD.443..64430 Footbridge to the north-west of Ossams Hill Farm

Hillsdale Hall Farm, Hillsdale Lane, Hillsdale, Grindon: Archaeological Desk-Based Assessment

HER ID SMR ID Description Period PD.443..64432 Ridge and Furrow to the south of Ossams Hill Farm PD.443..64433 Ridge and Furrow to the west of Ladyside Farm PD.443..64434 Building (site of) to the west of Ladyside Farm PD.443..64435 Building (site of) to the west of Ladyside Farm PD.443..64436 Ridge and Furrow to the south-west of Ladyside Farm PD.443..64437 Ridge and Furrow to the south-west of Ladyside Farm PD.443..64438 Ridge and Furrow to the south-west of Ladyside Farm PD.443..64464 Hollow Way to the north of Grindon PD.443..64428 Ridge and Furrow to the west of Ossams Hill Farm PD.443..64429 Hollow Way to the north-west of Ossams Hill Farm

Hillsdale Hall Farm, Hillsdale Lane, Hillsdale, Grindon: Archaeological Desk-Based Assessment

APPENDIX 2: GAZETTEER OF HISTORIC LANDSCAPE CHARACTERISATION TYPES

HLC ID HLC broad type HLC Type Designation Period HST24713 Fieldscapes Other Small Rectilinear Fields Industrial HST24714 Fieldscapes Other Small Rectilinear Fields Post medieval HST24715 Settlement Post-1880s Settlement Post-1914 HST24716 Settlement Pre-1880s Settlement Post medieval HST24717 Fieldscapes Piecemeal Enclosure Post medieval HST24722 Fieldscapes Planned Enclosure Post medieval HST24723 Settlement Pre-1880s Settlement Industrial HST24737 Fieldscapes Piecemeal Enclosure Post medieval HST24738 Fieldscapes Piecemeal Enclosure Post medieval HST24739 Fieldscapes Piecemeal Enclosure Post medieval HST24742 Fieldscapes Large Irregular Fields Industrial HST24895 Woodland Broadleaved Woodland with Sinuous Boundaries Industrial HST24910 Fieldscapes Piecemeal Enclosure Post medieval HST24935 Fieldscapes Other Small Rectilinear Fields Post medieval HST24948 Fieldscapes Planned Enclosure Industrial HST24949 Fieldscapes Small Irregular Fields Post medieval HST24950 Fieldscapes Other Small Rectilinear Fields Post medieval HST24951 Fieldscapes Piecemeal Enclosure Post medieval HST24952 Settlement Pre-1880s Settlement Post medieval HST24953 Fieldscapes Other Small Rectilinear Fields Post medieval HST24954 Fieldscapes Small Irregular Fields Post medieval HST24955 Fieldscapes Small Irregular Fields Post medieval HST24956 Fieldscapes Other Small Rectilinear Fields Post medieval HST24957 Fieldscapes Small Irregular Fields Post medieval HST24958 Fieldscapes Small Irregular Fields Post medieval HST24959 Fieldscapes Piecemeal Enclosure Post medieval HST24967 Fieldscapes Small Irregular Fields Post medieval HST24968 Fieldscapes Piecemeal Enclosure Post medieval HST24969 Fieldscapes Drained Wetlands Post medieval HST25987 Fieldscapes Small Irregular Fields Post medieval HST25989 Fieldscapes Other Small Rectilinear Fields Post medieval HST24713 Fieldscapes Other Small Rectilinear Fields Industrial HST24714 Fieldscapes Other Small Rectilinear Fields Post medieval HST24715 Settlement Post-1880s Settlement Post-1914

Hillsdale Hall Farm, Hillsdale Lane, Hillsdale, Grindon: Archaeological Desk-Based Assessment

HLC ID HLC broad type HLC Type Designation Period HST24716 Settlement Pre-1880s Settlement Post medieval HST24717 Fieldscapes Piecemeal Enclosure Post medieval HST24722 Fieldscapes Planned Enclosure Post medieval HST24723 Settlement Pre-1880s Settlement Industrial HST24737 Fieldscapes Piecemeal Enclosure Post medieval HST24738 Fieldscapes Piecemeal Enclosure Post medieval HST24739 Fieldscapes Piecemeal Enclosure Post medieval HST24742 Fieldscapes Large Irregular Fields Industrial HST24895 Woodland Broadleaved Woodland with Sinuous Boundaries Industrial HST24910 Fieldscapes Piecemeal Enclosure Post medieval HST24935 Fieldscapes Other Small Rectilinear Fields Post medieval HST24948 Fieldscapes Planned Enclosure Industrial HST24949 Fieldscapes Small Irregular Fields Post medieval HST24950 Fieldscapes Other Small Rectilinear Fields Post medieval HST24951 Fieldscapes Piecemeal Enclosure Post medieval HST24952 Settlement Pre-1880s Settlement Post medieval HST24953 Fieldscapes Other Small Rectilinear Fields Post medieval HST24954 Fieldscapes Small Irregular Fields Post medieval HST24955 Fieldscapes Small Irregular Fields Post medieval HST24956 Fieldscapes Other Small Rectilinear Fields Post medieval HST24957 Fieldscapes Small Irregular Fields Post medieval HST24958 Fieldscapes Small Irregular Fields Post medieval HST24959 Fieldscapes Piecemeal Enclosure Post medieval HST24967 Fieldscapes Small Irregular Fields Post medieval HST24968 Fieldscapes Piecemeal Enclosure Post medieval HST24969 Fieldscapes Drained Wetlands Post medieval HST25987 Fieldscapes Small Irregular Fields Post medieval HST25989 Fieldscapes Other Small Rectilinear Fields Post medieval

Hillsdale Hall Farm, Hillsdale Lane, Hillsdale, Grindon: Archaeological Desk-Based Assessment

APPENDIX 3: TRADE AND CENSUS DIRECTORIES Trade Directories

Year Directory Address Name Occupation Hillsdale John Stubbs Baker White’s History, Gazetteer & William. 1834 Hillsdale Yeoman Directory of Staffordshire Berrisford Hillsdale Paul Prince Yeoman

White’s History, Gazetteer & 1851 Hillsdale William Bellfield Farmer Directory of Staffordshire

1896 Kelly’s Directory of Staffordshire Hillsdale Chadwick Farmer George 1904 Kelly’s Directory of Staffordshire Hillsdale Farmer Chadwick George 1912 Kelly’s Directory of Staffordshire Hillsdale Farmer Chadwick

Census Returns

Relation Census Name Age Occupation Where born to head William Head 55 Farmer Wetwood, Staffordshire Bellfield Ann Wife 35 Bellfield Barwoodster, Staffordshire Sarah 1841 Daughter 11 Grindon, Staffordshire Bellfield Mary Daughter 8 Grindon, Staffordshire Bellfield William Son 7 Grindon, Staffordshire Bellfield William Head 65 Farmer Wetwood, Staffordshire Bellfield Ann Wife 47 Bellfield Barwoodster, Staffordshire Sarah 1851 Daughter 21 Grindon, Staffordshire Bellfield Mary Daughter 19 Grindon, Staffordshire Bellfield William Son 16 Grindon, Staffordshire Bellfield William 1861 Head 75 Leek, Staffordshire, Bellfield

Hillsdale Hall Farm, Hillsdale Lane, Hillsdale, Grindon: Archaeological Desk-Based Assessment

Relation Census Name Age Occupation Where born to head Ann Wife 56 Bellfield Leek, Staffordshire Sarah Daughter 31 Grindon, Staffordshire Bellfield William Son 26 Grindon, Staffordshire Bellfield Thomas Servant 16 Servant Butterton, Staffordshire Harrison Farmer – John Head 47 occupies 75 Shirley, Derbyshire Goodall acres Elizabeth Wife 42 Farmers Wife Rodgley, Derbyshire Goodall John William Son 17 Farmers Son Paddington, Middlesex 1871 Goodall Mary Maria Daughter 10 Scholar Paddington, Middlesex Goodall Sarah Ann Daughter 8 Scholar Paddington, Middlesex Goodall Jane Domestic Servant 17 Butterton, Staffordshire Stubbs Servant Farmer of 66 Elijah Kidd Head 43 Onecote, Staffordshire acres Lavinia 1881 Niece 7 Onecote, Staffordshire Kidd Martha Domestic Servant 16 Ecton, Staffordshire Buckley Servant Thomas Head 36 Farmer Grindon, Staffordshire Smith Ellen Smith Mother 65 Grindon, Staffordshire 1891 Sarah Ann Sister 39 Grindon, Staffordshire Smith William Servant 50 House Servant Stanley, Staffordshire Sturges George Head 38 Farmer Butterton, Staffordshire Chadwick Emma 1901 Wife 40 Cauldon, Staffordshire Chadwick Amy Daughter 15 Waterfall, Staffordshire Chadwick

Hillsdale Hall Farm, Hillsdale Lane, Hillsdale, Grindon: Archaeological Desk-Based Assessment

Relation Census Name Age Occupation Where born to head Sarah Ann Daughter 7 Grindon, Staffordshire Chadwick William Son 3 Grindon, Staffordshire Chadwick [illegible] on Samuel cattle farm. Servant 14 Grindon, Staffordshire Fearns Described as a worker George Head 49 Farmer Onecote, Staffordshire Chadwick Emma Daughter 25 Dairy Worker Waterfall, Staffordshire Chadwick 1911 Amy Daughter 17 Dairy Worker Grindon, Staffordshire Chadwick Sarah Ann Son 13 School Grindon, Staffordshire Chadwick

Hillsdale Hall Farm, Hillsdale Lane, Hillsdale, Grindon: Archaeological Desk-Based Assessment

APPENDIX 4: FIGURES

4 4 4 4 4 4 0 0 0 0 0 0 6 7 7 8 8 9 5 0 5 0 5 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0

356500 356500

356000 356000

355500 355500

355000 355000

354500 354500 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 5 0 5 0 5 0 6 7 7 8 8 9 0 0 0 0 0 0 4 4 4 4 4 4

Site name: Hillsdale Hall, Grindon Figure 1: Archaeological Research Services Ltd Date: April 2020 Drawn by: ARJ Site location Angel House Scale: Varies Portland Square Bakewell Derbyshire This drawing: © ARS Ltd Site Location 1km Study Area DE45 1HB

Contains Ordnance Survey data. Tel: 01629 814540 © Crown copyright and database right 2020 Site Boundary Staffordshire Moorlands District www.archaeologicalresearchservices.com

Figure 7: 1839 Tithe Map of Grindon

Site Boundary

Site name: Hillsdale Hall, Grindon Archaeological Research Services Ltd Date: April 2020 Drawn by: ARJ Angel House Scale: 1:4000 @ A4 Portland Square Bakewell Derbyshire This drawing © ARS Ltd DE45 1HB © Crown Copyright Images reproduced by courtesy of The National Archives, London, Tel: 01629 814540 England. www.NationalArchives.gov.uk & www.TheGenealogist.co.uk www.archaeologicalresearchservices.com Hillsdale Hall Farm, Hillsdale Lane, Hillsdale, Grindon: Archaeological Desk-Based Assessment

APPENDIX 5: PHOTOGRAPHS

Hillsdale Hall Farm, Hillsdale Lane, Hillsdale, Grindon: Archaeological Desk-Based Assessment

Photograph 1: View north-west of the front elevation of Hillsdale Hall and associated garden

Photograph 2: View north-west of the courtyard and barn to the rear of Hillsdale Hall

Hillsdale Hall Farm, Hillsdale Lane, Hillsdale, Grindon: Archaeological Desk-Based Assessment

Photograph 3: View north-east of yard to the north of the barn

Photograph 4: View north-west of the fields adjacent to Hillsdale Hall .=

Hillsdale Hall Farm, Hillsdale Lane, Hillsdale, Grindon: Archaeological Desk-Based Assessment

Photograph 5: View north-east of land to the north of the site boundary

Photograph 6: View west of the field to the west of the site boundary

Hillsdale Hall Farm, Hillsdale Lane, Hillsdale, Grindon: Archaeological Desk-Based Assessment

APPENDIX 6: WRITTEN SCHEME OF INVESTIGATION

Written Scheme of Investigation for an Archaeological Desk-Based Assessment and Historic Building Appraisal at Hillsdale Hall, Grindon, Staffordshire

Hillsdale Hall, Grindon, Staffordshire

Written Scheme of Investigation for an Archaeological Desk-Based Assessment and Historic Building Appraisal

April 2020

Prepared on behalf of: Michael Keating Date of compilation: April 2020 Compiled by: Robin Holgate MCIfA Local Authority: Peak District National Park Authority Site central NGR: SK 07917 55437

Written Scheme of Investigation for an Archaeological Works at Knochley Farm, Calver, Derbyshire

1 INTRODUCTION 1.1 Project and Planning Background 1.1.1 This Written Scheme of Investigation (WSI) has been prepared by Archaeological Research Services Ltd (ARS Ltd). It details a scheme of works for an archaeological desk-based assessment and historic building appraisal at Hillsdale Hall, Hillsdale Lane, Grindon, Leek, Staffordshire, ST13 7PE for Michael Keating (the Client). It details a scheme of archaeological works prior to alterations to Hillsdale Hall and conversion of existing farm buildings. 1.1.2 The Peak District National Park Authority (PDNPA)’s Senior Conservation Archaeologist and Building Conservation Officer have been consulted regarding the proposed development. The PDNPA’s Senior Conservation Archaeologist has requested the following. ‘1) An archaeological desk based assessment that addresses the archaeological potential and significance of the site. As required by the National Planning Policy Framework (NPPF) paragraph 189 (MHCLG 2019, 55), where a site of which a development is proposed includes or has the potential to include heritage assets of archaeological interest, local planning authorities should require developers to submit an appropriate desk based assessment. A desk based assessment is the first stage in trying to understand the archaeological interest and significance of the site, to provide sufficient information to allow a balanced planning judgement to be made in accordance with NPPF paragraph 197 (MHCLG 2019, 56). It will draw together information from a range of sources that PDNPA do not currently have access to and includes a site visit and simple walkover, full map regression, consideration of the site within its wider setting and context, and consideration of previous impacts on the site and the effect of this on archaeological interest and significance. It therefore would take us considerably further on in understanding the archaeological interest of the site. It needs to be carried out and prepared by a suitably qualified and experienced archaeological contractor or consultant, the’ appropriate expertise’ referred to in NPPF paragraph 189 (MHCLG 2019, 55). 2) A historic buildings appraisal. This is an appraisal of built structures, it is required in order to understand the significance of the buildings on the site. It is based an assessment of visible structures on the site and will make use of and build on the historic and archaeological background set by the desk based assessment. It should include:  A description of all the buildings, internally and externally, identifying any features or fabric of interest, identifying evidence of, function and historic development. This should be annotated on plans/elevations at an appropriate scale (the plans being produced by the architect/agent for the application should be fine to use if they are appropriately detailed) and supported with appropriate photographs;  Historical background of the building and its setting –origins, phases of development, use (in context) and alterations; full historic map regression.

Written Scheme of Investigation for an Archaeological Works at Knochley Farm, Calver, Derbyshire

 Plans identifying phasing, plan for analysis and different functions of the buildings. This too needs to be carried out and prepared by a suitably qualified and experienced individual or contractor; the’ appropriate expertise’ referred to in NPPF paragraph 189 (MHCLG 2019, 55).” The PDNPA’s Building Conservation Officer has requested the following. “This is potentially a building with an earlier core, of considerable historic interest. It is therefore essential that a full, specialist historical/archaeological survey is undertaken for both the house and outbuildings, to identify earliest features, provide a detailed assessment of the building’s development over time, with detailed phasing plans, etc. and full assessment of significance. A comprehensive desk-based assessment will also be necessary, in order to fully inform the on-site analysis, for the Hall, associated outbuildings and for the whole site.” 1.1.3 This WSI confirmes the nature of the archaeological desk-based assessment and historic building appraisal to be undertaken by ARS Ltd at Hillsdale Hall, Hillsdale Lane, Grindon in accordance with guidance provided by the PDNPA’s Senior Conservation Archaeologist. 1.1.4 The aim of the programme of works is in line with the National Planning Policy Framework (NPPF) paragraph 189 (MHCLG 2019, 55), to require an applicant to describe any significance of any heritage assets affected, including any contribution made by their setting. 1.2 Site Description and Location 1.2.1 Hillsdale Hall is located c.1.25km to the north west of Grindon. It is bounded to the south by Hillsdale Lane and to the west, north and east by agricultural land (Figure 1). The site is centred at NGR SK 07917 55437. 1.3 Bedrock and Superficial Geology 1.3.1 The underlying geology of the area of the proposed development is Widmerpool Formation – limestone and mudstone, interbedded - formed in the Carboniferous Period with no superficial deposits (BGS 2020). 2 ARCHAEOLOGICAL AND HISTORICAL BACKGROUND 2.2.1 Hillsdale Farm is a farmstead of at least 17th century date, potentially with earlier origins: its datestone is 1620. The farmstead sits within a landscape of irregular ancient enclosure along with neighbouring properties of similar date, where the relationship of the farmstead and their fieldscape is still legible. 2.2.2 The house is Grade II listed and both the house and the farmstead are recorded in the Staffordshire Historic Environment Record and the Peak District National Park Authority’s Historic Buildings, Sites and Monuments Record. The listing description of the house is as follows. “Farmhouse. Mid 17th century. Coursed rubble with flush ashlar quoins; clay tile roof with coped verges; large central ashlar ridge stack with diagonal shafts. L-shape plan; 2-room front, gable end of crosswing to right; entered

Written Scheme of Investigation for an Archaeological Works at Knochley Farm, Calver, Derbyshire

from left of left hand cell. 2 storeys and attic; 3-light chamfered mullioned windows with rebated surrounds, containing casements, those to ground floor larger; the windows are not symmetrically arranged - the ground floor left hand window is displaced by the doorway, the right hand ground and first floor windows are set to right of centre line whereas the attic window is central to thegable; plain door to left with heavy lintel and straight dripstone. A good example of a mid-17th century yeoman farmer's house.” 3 AIMS AND OBJECTIVES 3.1 Regional Research Aims and Objectives 3.1.1. The proposed archaeological works have the potential to identify the presence of evidence pertinent to research objectives and overarching research themes identified in Archaeology of the West Midlands: A Framework for Research (Watt 2011), notably:

 Explore the commodification and privatisation of space and the development of new identities as evinced through landscape, buildings and material culture (Belford 2011, 229). 3.2 Archaeological Desk-Based Assessment Aims and Objectives 3.2.1 The principal aims of this assessment are to characterise the archaeological potential of the proposed development area (PDA), and to assess the potential impacts of the proposed development upon any buried and upstanding archaeological remains and the historic landscape and assess their respective significance. 3.2.2 The following objectives will contribute towards accomplishing this aim.

 To assess, where possible from the available sources, the extent of any ground disturbance associated with any previous intrusive development. 3.3 Historic Building Appraisal Aims and Objectives 3.3.1 The aim of the historic building appraisal is as follows:

 To assess the significance of the Hall, barns and farm buildings, including the contribution of specific parts and aspects, and their setting.

Written Scheme of Investigation for an Archaeological Works at Knochley Farm, Calver, Derbyshire

 To assess the contribution of the individual buildings to the significance of the listed farmhouse and farmstead as a whole. 3.3.2 The specific research objectives of the historic building appraisal are as follows.

 To assess the age and heritage significance of the Hall, barns and farm buildings.

 To assess any potential evidence for an earlier core (both internally and externally) that the Hall may have –for example it may have been re-fronted, rather than built, in 1620 – and evidence of phased development of the building (both internally and externally).

 To assess any unusual internal and external architectural features of interest, examples of which include the historic roof structure, lime plaster floors, unusual corbels, cavetto mullions, etc.

 To assess the planform of the Hall and how this has changed over time.

 To assess how the Hall relates to the development and significance of the farmstead as a whole.

 To assess the evolution, change and phasing of the Hall and farmstead over time. 4 ARCHAEOLOGICAL DESK-BASED ASSESSMENT 4.1 Study Area 4.1.1 The study area for the assessment will comprise a 1km boundary off-set from the ‘redline boundary’ of the proposed development (Figure 1). 4.2 General Statement of Practice 4.2.1 The assessment report that will be produced will conform to best practice as detailed in the Chartered Institute for Archaeologist (CIfA) Code of Conduct (2014a) and Standards and Guidance for Archaeological Desk-Based Assessment (2017). 4.3 Methodology 4.3.1 The assessment will survey a number of sources of information, including published and archival sources of historical (documentary and cartographic), archaeological, geographical, topographical and environmental data relevant to the area of the development. The major repositories of information will comprise the following:

 The Staffordshire Historic Environment Record (HER) and the PDNPA’s Historic Buildings, Sites and Monuments Record (HBSMR) for information regarding non-designated heritage assets, previous fieldwork reports and air photographs.

 The online National Heritage List for England (NHLE) maintained by Historic England for information regarding designated assets, as well as their downloadable GIS datasets of Scheduled Monuments, Listed Buildings,

Written Scheme of Investigation for an Archaeological Works at Knochley Farm, Calver, Derbyshire

registered Parks and Gardens of Historical Interest, Registered Battlefields and World Heritage Sites.

 The Staffordshire Record Office (SRO) and PDNPA HSBMR for any available historic maps and other relevant historic documents.

 The PDNPA for the photographs that it holds of the building, including external and internal photographs that show details of and changes to the historic fabric of the Hall and farmstead over time.

 The British Geological Survey onshore digital maps at 1:50 000 scale (DiGMapGB-50-WMS).

 The Soil Survey of England and Wales 1:250,000 Soil Map and Legend.

 Environment Agency LiDAR data and Google Earth and Bing imagery.

 Appropriate archaeological books and journals and unpublished research reports and archives. 4.3.2 A site walkover to Historic England Level 1 standard (Historic England 2017) will be carried out across the PDA. This walkover will focus on the following.

 The Hillsdale Hall (including the Listed farmhouse) complex, including the barns and farm buildings, and the surrounding fields in order to establish context and setting. 5 HISTORIC BUILDING APPRAISAL 5.1 Coverage 5.1.1 The exterior and interior of the Hall, barns and farm buildings will be assessed in detail, within the context of an overview of the farmstead as a whole. 5.2 General Statement of Practice 5.2.1 All aspects of the historic building appraisal will be conducted according to the guidelines in Understanding Historic Buildings – A guide to good recording practice by Historic England (2016) and the Chartered Institute for Archaeologist (CIfA) Code of Conduct (2014) and The Standards and Guidance for Archaeological Building Recording (2019). 5.2.2 All site operations will be carried out in a safe manner in accordance with ARS Ltd’s Health and Safety Policy. A risk assessment will be prepared before commencement on site and health and safety regulations will be adhered to at all times. 5.3 Methodology 5.3.1 The archaeologist on-site will carefully examine all parts of the Hall, barns and farm buildings that can be observed prior to the commencement of historic building appraisal in order to identify all features relevant to original and later uses. As part of this exercise, the archaeologist on site will produce written observations (e.g. on phasing; on detailing, on building function) sufficient to permit the preparation of the historic building appraisal report on the structures.

Written Scheme of Investigation for an Archaeological Works at Knochley Farm, Calver, Derbyshire

5.3.2 Each external wall or internal space should be examined individually and the results of that examination noted in a systematic fashion. These site records will be adequate to allow a full architectural and archaeological appraisal of the farmhouse, barns and farmstead as a whole to be included in the subsequent report, as a walk around and through the buildings, starting with setting, then progressing to all sides of the external structures in sequence and, finally, to the interior of the structures. 5.3.3 The historic building appraisal will briefly describe all historic features and structural details, highlighting the potential for concealed features, fabric and evidence that were either not accessible or not visible at the time of inspection; describe the plan form of the buildings and how the buildings have changed and developed over time; assess the measured survey that has been undertaken, and what additional evidence or detail this may provide that is not necessarily visible on site (for example the thickness of the walls could suggest an earlier spiral stair). 5.3.4 The photographic record produced whilst undertaking the historic building appraisal will cover the following.

 The exterior and setting of the buildings. Typically a series of oblique views will show all external elevations of the structure and give an overall impression of size and shape. Where an individual elevation embodies complex historical information or have been conceived as formal compositions, views at right angles to the plane of the elevation will be appropriate.

 Photographs of the interior (including all internal rooms).

 Photographs of any internal or external detail, structural or decorative, which is relevant to the buildings’ design, development or use over time and which does not show adequately on general views.

 Photographs of any internal or external fixtures, fittings or machinery or evidence of its former existence relevant to the buildings’ use or development.

 Copies of any dates, decorative detail, masons’ marks, historic graffiti or inscriptions present in the building and illustrating its development/use. 5.3.5 High-resolution digital photographs will be taken using a Nikon L810 (16 megapixels). Where possible, photographs will include a graduated scale and cameras will be mounted on tripods for extra stability. 6 STAFFING 6.1 The Project Manager for the archaeological desk-based assessment and historic building appraisal will be Dr Robin Holgate MCIfA, Specialist Services Manager at ARS Ltd. The archaeological desk-based assessment will be compiled by Adrian Jacklin BA, Consultant at ARS Ltd. The historic building appraisal will be undertaken by Dr Ian Wyre, Historic Buildings Officer at ARS Ltd. 7 REPORT

Written Scheme of Investigation for an Archaeological Works at Knochley Farm, Calver, Derbyshire

7.1 ARS Ltd will produce an archaeological desk-based assessment and historic buildings appraisal reports as addenda to a revised and updated version of the Heritage Statement and Heritage Impact Assessment (Tom Crooks Architecture Ltd 2020) which will each contain the following as a minimum.

 Non-technical executive summary

 Introductory statement

 Aims and purpose of the project

 Methodology

 Detailed historical and archaeological background of the proposed development area

 Site walkover results

 Historic buildings appraisal

 Assessment of the significance of affected heritage assets, including a statement of archaeological results and potential and ‘statement of significance’ of the built heritage in accordance with Historic England’s (2008) Conservation principles, including objectively identifying any gaps in knowledge or incomplete information or uncertain interpretations and including any areas where further assessment or investigation is required to understand significance

 Assessment of potential impacts that the proposed development might have on the historic fabric of the Hall, barns and farm buildings and potential below-ground archaeological remains in the vicinity

 Recommendations

 References

 Supporting data included in appendices

 A copy of this WSI and OASIS form. 7.2 The report illustrations will contain the following as a minimum.

 A location map

 Photographs of the proposed development site and surrounding landscape

 Photographs of the external and internal aspects of the buildings

 Extracts from relevant historic maps, subject to reproduction rights, will also be included within the report

 Phased floor plans and/or elevations as appropriate

 Floor plans and elevations showing the location of important historic features 8 ARCHIVE DEPOSITION 8.1 One digital PDF/A copy of the final report will be deposited with both the PDNPA HBSMR and the Staffordshire HER. A PDF copy of the final report will be

Written Scheme of Investigation for an Archaeological Works at Knochley Farm, Calver, Derbyshire

updated as part of the OASIS record for online access via the Archaeological Data Service. 9 MONITORING ARRANGEMENTS 9.1 The PDNPA’s Senior Conservation Archaeologist and Conservation Officer will review the archaeological desk-based assessment and historic building appraisal reports. Natalie Ward Senior Conservation Archaeologist Peak District National Park Authority Aldern House Baslow Road Bakewell DE45 1AE Tel: 01629 816243 Sue Adam Building Conservation Officer Peak District National Park Authority Aldern House Baslow Road Bakewell DE45 1AE Tel: 01629 816271

10 GENERAL ITEMS 10.1 Health and Safety 10.1.1 All work will be carried out in accordance with The Health and Safety at Work Act 1973. Specific health and safety policies existing for all our workplaces and all staff employed will be made aware of the policy and any relevant issues. The particular risks involved with this project will be assessed, recorded and relevant mitigation measures put in place as part of a full risk assessment, which will be compiled in advance of fieldwork and will be read and signed by all on-site operatives. ARS Ltd retains Citation as its health and safety consultants and the appointed Health and Safety Officer for the company is Tony Brennan. 10.2 Insurance Cover 10.2.1 ARS Ltd has full insurance cover for employee liability (£10 million), public liability (£10 million), professional indemnity (£10 million) and all-risks cover. 10.3 Changes to the Written Scheme of Investigation

Written Scheme of Investigation for an Archaeological Works at Knochley Farm, Calver, Derbyshire

10.3.1 Changes to the approved methodology or programme of works will only be made with prior written approval of the PDNPA’s Senior Conservation Archaeologist. 10.4 Publicity and Copyright 10.4.1 Any publicity will be handled by the client. ARS Ltd will retain the copyright of all documentary and photographic material under the Copyright, Designs and Patent Act (1988). 11 REFERENCES Belford, P. 2011. ‘The archaeology of everything’ – grappling with post-medieval, industrial and contemporary archaeology. In Watt, S. (Ed.) The Archaeology of the West Midlands: A framework for research. University of Birmingham, 211-36.

British Geological Survey 2020. Geology of Britain viewer. Available online at: http://mapapps.bgs.ac.uk/geologyofbritain/home/html [Accessed 1st April 2020].

Chartered Institute for Archaeologists (CIfA) 2014. Code of Conduct. Reading, Chartered Institute for Archaeologists

Chartered Institute for Archaeologist (CIfA) 2017. Standards and Guidance for Archaeological Desk-Based Assessment. Reading, Chartered Institute for Archaeologists.

Chartered Institute for Archaeologists (CIfA) 2019. Standard and Guidance for Archaeological Building Recording. Reading, Chartered Institute for Archaeologists.

Historic England 2008. Conservation principles, policies and guidance for the sustainable management of the historic environment. Swindon, Historic England.

Historic England 2016. Understanding Historic Buildings. A Guide to Good Recording Practice. London, Historic England.

Historic England 2017. Understanding the Archaeology of Landscapes (2nd edition). Swindon, Historic England.

Ministry for Housing and Local Government (MHCLG). 2019. The National Planning Policy Framework. London, The Stationery Office.

Tom Crooks Architecture Ltd. 2020. Heritage Statement and Heritage Impact Assessment for Proposed Repairs and Alterations to Hillsdale Hall and Conversion of Existing Barns and Former Pigsty at Hillsdale Hall, Hillsdale lane, Grindon, Leek, Staffordshire, ST13 7PE. Tom Crooks Architecture Ltd.

Watt, S. (Ed.) 2011. The Archaeology of the West Midlands: A framework for research. University of Birmingham.

Written Scheme of Investigation for an Archaeological Works at Knochley Farm, Calver, Derbyshire

FIGURE

Archaeological Research Services Ltd Angel House Figure 1 Portland Square Bakewell Site Location Derbyshire DE45 1HB Key: Proposed development area (PDA) Site Code: Hillsdale Hall Peak District Date: January 2020 Copyright/Licencing: Drawn:RD Site location Scale: As shown This drawing $56/WG