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The Mining Industry in North Staffordshire, a Personal Perspective

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The Mining Industry in North Staffordshire, a Personal Perspective The Mining Industry in North Staffordshire A Personal Perspective by Jim Worgan The Mining Industry in North Staffordshire A Personal Perspective by Jim Worgan Silverdale Colliery closed on the 31st December 1998, thus bringing to an end over 800 years of coal and ironstone mining in North Staffordshire. At its height the industry employed over 30,000 men and women and output reached 7 million tons of coal and 2½ million tons of ironstone per annum. Today many buildings and monuments dot the skyline, the most significant being:- a) Chatterley Whitfield Colliery which closed in 1977 and then opened as the first ever underground Mining Museum in Great Britain in 1979. Shortly before it closed in August 1993 the site became scheduled as an Ancient Monument comprising 34 buildings dating from 1883 to the 1960s, most of which are scheduled or listed. It is the most complete coal mine in Great Britain and possibly Western Europe. Most of the site, which amongst others contains the headgears (metal structures and pulley wheels) of the Hesketh, Platt, Institute and Winstanley shafts, is derelict although two or three buildings have been restored. These are now in use for commercial purposes and by the Chatterley Whitfield Friends (a Charity Organisation) who are doing everything they can “to keep the site alive”. They have a large archive of photographs, documents, plans/maps and artefacts and their Heritage Centre on site is normally open to the public by appointment. b) Foxfield Colliery at Godley Brook (Dilhorne) in the Cheadle Coalfield where most of the former colliery site survives. Some of it is privately owned. A number buildings including the concrete headgears, (the first I believe in Great Britain), are in the ownership of the Foxfield Railway whose headquarters are in the former National Coal Board (NCB) owned Cash Heath Wharf near to Blythe Bridge. Outside the colliery main gate stands a memorial erected by the employers & employees of the Park Hall Colliery Co. Ltd., in honour of those who left the colliery to serve in the First World War 1914-1919. c) Apedale Heritage Centre located in North Staffordshire’s Apedale Community Country Park, near Chesterton. This Heritage Centre was founded in 2001 on the site of the Apedale Colliery, formerly owned by the NCB, which closed in 1998. Here it is possible to go underground in an authentic drift mine (‘footrail’ or ‘footrill’ as it is known locally). Access is by two 1 in 4 inclined roadways (or drifts) from the surface and a further drift has been opened to the deeper seams and is connected to the original mine. It is staffed by former miners and offers a unique personal experience of an industry that led the Industrialisation of North Staffordshire. Geological The coal-bearing rocks, the Coal Measures, of the British coalfields are of Carboniferous age some 300 million years old. In North Staffordshire they form three separate coalfields, each named after the syncline (or basin) in which they are present; the Potteries Coalfield, Cheadle Coalfield and the Shaffalong Coalfield at Cheddleton. By far the largest and most important is the Potteries Coalfield where the Coal Measures are 900-1600m thick. Geological Outline Map showing the principal collieries & opencast sites in the Potteries Coalfield. (Geology of the country around Stoke-on-Trent, British Geological Survey, 1998) m = marine band Vertical section of coal seams in the Potteries Coalfield, main seam names and thicknesses. (UK Coal Resource for New Exploitation Technologies, DTI Nov. 2004) The Coal Measures, containing numerous coal seams, are overlain by the Barren Measures (see outline geological map above) which include few coals and comprise predominantly red shales and sandstones including the Etruria Marl, Keele and Newcastle Formations. The vertical sequence of some of the more commercially important coal seams is shown above. The structure of the Potteries Coalfield is a large syncline or basin shape, open to the south, but closing in the north due to its axis dipping southward. It is flanked by anticlines or up-folds, the Western Anticline on the west and the Werrington Anticline to the east. The coalfield’s western boundary is a complex fault belt known as the Red Rock Fault and other large faults occur within the coalfield itself, including the NNW-SSE trending Apedale and Newcastle faults which both have maximum downwards displacements to the east of 600m & 180m respectively and the High Lane and Florence faults, the latter orientated approximately East- West. The coalfield is terminated to the south by another East-West trending fracture, the Swynnerton Fault. Coal Measures do occur to the south of this fault, but at considerable depth, forming a link between the North Staffordshire and Cannock Chase coalfields. Historical The history of the North Staffordshire coalfields goes far back into the mists of time and resulted in the growth of the Pottery industry, due entirely to the right quality of coal being available. Further evidence is the importation of China Clay into the District from the West Country for over 300 years. It took about five tons of coal to fire one ton of clay. There are many historical references in Britain to the Romans using coal and North Staffordshire is no exception. Archaeologists excavating the Romano-British settlement at Holditch near Chesterton in 1960 found a large amount of charcoal, coal and coal cinder, lead waste, iron ore and iron slag, indicating that some of the inhabitants were probably craftsmen working metal and exploiting the local resources at this location around the second century AD. For seven centuries after the departure of the Romans there is scarcely a mention of coal and there is no mention of coal in the Domesday Book (1085). The earliest written records in North Staffordshire, relate to coal and ironstone being mined in the Tunstall area in the late 13th Century, when in 1282 William de Audleye held an iron mine in the Manor of Tunstall and a mine of sea coal. (originally coal was called ‘sea coal’ (or sea cole) as it was believed to have its origins in the sea; being found mainly on the shores around the British Isles, particularly on the north-east coast where it is found as rounded cobbles and pebbles of coal, washed ashore from coal seams coming to the surface, or ‘outcropping’ on the seabed offshore). This mining was taking place on the coal outcropping on the ridge at Bemmersley just to the east of the present Chatterley Whitfield Colliery. (Whitfield Colliery, later Chatterley Whitfield from 1891 started its life in the 1840/50s working the outcrop in the same area before concentrating on deep mining operations). From the 13th Century onwards there are many records of the exploitation of iron and coal in the North Staffordshire area. In fact, by the mid-14th Century, Newcastle-under-Lyme had established itself with a reputation as a centre for the marketing of iron, hence the name of one of its main thoroughfares, the ‘Ironmarket’. Mining in North Staffordshire probably started on a commercial scale in the 17th Century. It was only with the coming of both canals and railways that the industry began to expand rapidly, coupled of course by technical innovations in the 18th & 19th Centuries. Before that it was basically a local domestic industry and even with the expansion the area tended to remain a backwater well into the 20th Century. Coal continued to be worked up to the close of the 20th Century, but ironstone mining had ceased shortly before the Second World War. With the need for more coal the industry began to change as pits became larger and deeper with all the associated problems of heavy faulting (vertical dislocation of the coal seams), gas and water. However, boreholes put down in the Apedale Valley in the 1920s revealed the existence of over 20 workable coal seams down to a depth of 2,500 feet (approx. 750m). It is interesting to note that all types and qualities of coal seams found in Great Britain come together in North Staffordshire making it the richest coalfield in the country. The only exceptions being anthracite, found in South Wales, and small deposits of Lignite or Brown Coal found at Bovey Tracey in Dorset and at Brora mid- way between Inverness and Wick in Scotland. What is interesting about the deposit at Brora is that originally the mining of Lignite there was operated and owned by the Dukes of Sutherland of Trentham Hall, substantial coal owners and operators in North Staffordshire. It remained in operation until the late 1960s and finally closed after clearance operations in the early 1970s. The North Staffordshire landscape soon began to change with the sinking of the new deeper pits and the area became dotted with what some people today might regard as industrial eyesores, but not so to the industrial archaeologist. However, nothing could halt the march of King Coal. Whereas most of North Staffordshire consisted of scattered isolated communities, new facilities, often funded by the mine owners, gradually grew up around the pits on which, to a large extent, the whole economy of the region depended. Many mining disasters have occurred, particularly within the area covered by the current boundaries of Newcastle-under-Lyme, possibly due to the geology of the coalfield where the more steeply inclined and gassiest seams occur. Heart-breaking scenes of women and children huddled around the pit top, often in winter, are now thankfully confined to history. Times were hard, people were poor and they often toiled long and arduous hours, sometimes in taxing conditions for little reward. Mineworkers were also at times at the “mercy of the coal owners” who could, and often did, hire & fire at will.
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