3

Table of Content:

South Letter from the Secretary General

UNSC Background...... Guide ...... - 2 2 Security Council

Table of Content:

Letter of the Secretary General...... 3

Letter from the Committee Director...... 4

History of the Security Council...... 5

History of the Country...... 6

Background of the Conflict...... 8

Current Situation...... 1 1

Possible Solutions...... 12

Question a Resolution Must Answers (QARMAS) ...... 12

Guidelines for Position Papers...... 1 3

Bibliography...... 1 4

Newton College Model 3 Security Council LETTER FROM THE SECRETARY-GENERAL

Dear Delegates and Faculty Advisors, Santiago Bustamante Secretary-General Welcome to NewMUN 2019! Before anything, I would like to wish you

the best of luck in this two-day conference which is going to bring

together the best MUN delegates from Lima. I am sure that I will Santiago Ortiz witness the highest level of debate at this conference. Under-Secretary-General and

ECOSOC Committee Director

More than as a MUNer, but as a responsible citizen, I understand that

Carlos Urrunaga the global issues in our world must be solved by the international

DISEC Committee Director community. I also understand that MUN delegates don't have the

capabilities to take the decisions to change the world, but at least we

have the capacity to outrage ourselves when seeing that something is Ainhoa Ceballos not working for our well-being. That capacity to go out and speak for SOCHUM Committee Director

your beliefs, to stand up and raise the flag of your country demanding

for consensus, demanding for peace, demanding for the well-being of

Juan Pablo Muñoz everyone. That capacity is the only way in which countries can move

FABC Committee Director forward, and it is the only way in which we will contribute to building

a better world. Maybe a little visionary but is the truth.

Juan Diego Rodriguez HGA Committee Director

This year, the Newton team has decided to increase the number of

committees in order to have a MUN conference of the best quality. The

Marina Velasco and Sebastian Alvino topics that we have chosen tackle issues from the past, present, and

JCC Directos future, therefore presenting a challenge for delegates to combine their

knowledge and application to reach solutions. In many of the

committees, Directors have been prepared to take the flow of the Francisco Lyon committee to a maximum moment of crisis in order to assess the Fantastic Crisis Committee Director

networking and negotiating skill from delegates.

Jorge Fiestas

Press Director I will just like to leave you the message, that the only way to be

successful is to give your best. As Eric Thomas once said: "You will be ------successful when you want something as hard as you want to breath".

Diego Meza

Security Council Committee

Director I wish you the best of luck in your committees and hope you have an

amazing time in NewMUN 2019!

Alessia Mazuelos

Assistant Director

Sincerely,

Santiago Bustamante

Santiago Luna Secretary-General Assistant Director

Newton College Model United Nations 4 Security Council LETTER FROM THE DIRECTOR Dear delegates,

Santiago Bustamante Welcome to the Security Council Committee. My name is Diego Secretary General Meza, and I am grateful for being your committee director for

NewMUN 2019. This actually is not my first time as a chair, though it Santiago Ortiz is my first time as the Committee Director. Under Secretary General and ECOSOC Committee Director I am 18 years old, last year I finished the IB Diploma at Newton

College, and I am currently enrolled at Universidad del Pacifico in the

Faculty of Finance and Economics (while I am waiting for the results Carlos Urrunaga of my applications to universities abroad). Throughout my life I've DISEC Committee Director always had an interest in both politics and world history, spending a portion of my free time reading about past wars, revolutions and also Ainhoa Ceballos about economics and different political ideologies. SOCHUM Committee Director

My “MUN career” started when I was in Form III, and since then I have continued participating in both national and international Juan Pablo Muñoz conferences. I attended the Harvard MUN conference both in 2018 FABC Committee Director and 2019. I first participated as a double delegate and this year as a single delegate.

Juan Diego Rodriguez I consider that Model United Nations is one of the very few activities, HGA Committee Director which is able to make someone reach its full potential in many aspects

of their academic and social life.

Marina Velasco and Sebastian Alvino JCC Directors I must admit that at first, I started participating in MUN as a nice

addition to my curriculum. Colleges take notice of students who are active in these types of activities. However, after going to different

Francisco Lyon conferences and winning awards, it really felt different, even though I sacrificed some of my weekends, but I believe that I was worth it. Fantastic Crisis Committee Director

During MUN you are able to learn how to network with delegates that Jorge Fiestas might not have th e same perspective as your delegation, you can also Press Director improve how to speak in public and how to make your ideas connect with your audience. However, MUN is not just about winning awards, ------but it's also about having fun, but at the same time giving the best of

yourself to defend the position of the country that you are representing. Diego Meza Security Council Committee

Director Please do not hesitate to reach out to me with any questions that may

arise from now until the conference. I wish you the best of luck and

hope you enjoy during this committee. I am looking forward to make Alessia Mazuelos history with you. Assistant Director

Santiago Luna Best of luck, Assistant Director Diego Meza

Security Council Director

5 Security Council

Headquarters in New York City. The sitting History of the Security Council countries must have a representative present at

the headquarters at all times in case the

The United Nations Security Council is one of Security Council has to meet to address any the six main bodies of the United Nations. It need that may arise. was created on October 24, 1945 when the victors of World War II came together to ratify a UN charter that created the Security Council. The five countries that ratified the charter established themselves as the permanent members of the Security Council and gave themselves the unique power of vetoing resolutions: China, the U.S.S.R., France, the The Charter of 1945 established that the , and the United States. This Council’s primary goal is to “investigate any means that for any given resolution to pass all dispute, or any situation which might lead to five of these nations must either vote for the international friction or give rise to a dispute, resolution or abstain from voting. in order to determine whether the continuance

At first, six temporary members that were of the dispute or situation is likely to endanger geographically dispersed also sat on the the maintenance of international peace and Council and would rotate every two years, but security”. To do this, the Security Council that number was increased to ten in 1965 and possesses many resources and powers. When the regional quotas became more explicit: five there is a potential threat to peace that is nations from Africa and Asia, one from Eastern brought before the Council, the first goal of the Europe, two from Latin America and the Council is to help the parties reach a peaceful Caribbean, and two from Western Europe. agreement. The courses of action the Council Each of these members has one vote, and in may take include setting forth principles for “procedural” matters, the decisions are passed such an agreement, undertaking investigation by nine affirmative votes. The first session of and mediation, dispatching a mission, the Security Council was held January 17, 1946 appointing special envoys, or requesting the in Westminster, London, but has since been Secretary- General to use his good offices to permanently held at the United Nations achieve a pacific settlement of the dispute. If

6 Security Council these potential threats lead to violence, the about 600 ethnic groups speaking over 400 Council is to bring peace to the conflict as soon languages. as possible. This may be through issuing a The north was (and continues to be) ceasefire directive that can help prevent an predominately Muslim, while the southern escalation of the conflict or dispatching regions are mostly Christian and Animist. military observers or a peacekeeping force to From 1930 to 1953 the Anglo-Egyptian help reduce tensions and establish peace. Other Condominium governed northern and southern powers that the Council holds include Sudan separately. economic sanctions, arms embargoes, financial penalties and restrictions, travel bans, severance of diplomatic relations, blockades, and military action.

Power struggles between many of the permanent members have been a constant during. Despite failures that have captured the attention of the international community, the Security Council is a staple of the United The British failed to guarantee equity in Nations that has taken up peacekeeping efforts government representation for the Southern around the globe for almost 75 years, and its African-Christians. The 1956 constitution did presence is needed as ever in the not address two crucial issues that continue to Civil War to end with it now. incite conflict: whether Sudan should be an

Islamist state and the country’s federal History of the country structure. The Arab government of Sudan (GOS), based in the capital of Khartoum reneged on promises to southerners to create a First Civil War federal system, which led to a mutiny by On 1956, Sudan gained independence from the southern army officers that launched the first of Anglo-Egyptian Condominium (Condominium Sudan’s two north-south civil wars. southern of the United Kingdom and Kingdom of insurgents, called the Anya Nya, fought against ), the joint government that administrated GOS for greater autonomy. Sudan. At the time, the new country hosted

7 Security Council

By 1969, Anya Nya controlled most of southern Sudan, as the government was unable to take advantage of rebel weaknesses because of their own factionalism and instability. In 1971, former army Lt. Joseph Lagu gathered all the guerilla bands under his South Sudan Liberation Movement (SSLM). This was the first time in the history of the war that the separatist movement had a unified command During 2005, the Comprehensive Peace structure to fulfill the objectives of secession Agreement was signed in , with the help and the formation of an independent state in of the Intergovernmental Authority on South Sudan. The war ended with the 1972 Development (IGAD), which had 7 members Agreement between SSLM and at that time: Djibouti, Somalia, Sudan, , GOS, the Agreement had the goal to address , and Eritrea. The treaty was and appease concerns of the southern Sudan signed in Nairobi, Kenya. In consequence the liberation and secession movement. autonomous Government of South Sudan was formed. The treaty stated that the south had Second Civil War autonomy for six years, followed by a referendum on independence. Therefore in The Second Sudanese Civil War was an intense 2011 after winning the referendum the country conflict between the central government of of South Sudan was officially created. Sudan and the Sudan People’s Liberation From this Civil War, roughly two million Army (SPLA) from 1983 to 2005. The Civil people died as a result of war, famine and War broke out when the President of disease caused by the conflict. The civilian Sudan Gaafar Nimeiry declared Sudan as death toll is one of the highest of any war since an Islamic state with the imposition of World War II and was marked by a large the Sharia law, including in the areas that were number of human rights violations. These of non-Islamic majority like the southern included slavery and mass killings. region.

8 Security Council

Military supply civil war, American assistance dropped, and

was eventually cancelled in 1987. Sudan relied on a variety of countries for its arms supplies. From 1968 to 1972, the Soviet Union and COMECON nations sold large numbers of weapons and provided technical assistance and training to Sudan. At this time the army grew from a strength of 18,000 to roughly 50,000 men. Large numbers of tanks, aircraft, and artillery were acquired, and they dominated the army until the late 1980s.

In November 1993, Iran was reported to have However, after relations cooled between the financed Sudan´s purchase of some 20 Chinese two sides after the coup in 1972, the Khartoum ground-attack aircraft. Iran pledged $17 government sought to diversify its suppliers. million in financial aid to the Sudanese The Soviet Union continued to supply weapons government, and arranged for $300 million in until 1977, when their support of Marxist Chinese arms to be delivered to the Sudanese elements in Ethiopia angered the Sudanese and army. decided to cancel their deals. Meanwhile, the rebel SPLA was supplied U.S. and allied countries resumed supplying weapons through or by Eritrea, Ethiopia, and Sudan in the mid 70s. The country began Uganda. The Israeli embassy in Kenya also selling Sudan a great deal of equipment around supplied anti-tank missiles to the rebels.3 1976, hoping to counteract Soviet support of

Marxist Ethiopians and Libyans. Military sales Background of the Conflict peaked in 1982 at US$101 million. After this,

West Germany established an ammunitions factory and a base in Khartoum in order to A referendum on independence for Southern introduce vast quantities of automatic small Sudan was held from 9 to 15 January 2011. arms to Sudan. After the start of the second Voting on the referendum began on 9 January 2011. On January 12, after three days of voting,

9 Security Council representatives of the SPLM (Sudan People’s denied trying to start a coup and fled, calling Liberation Movement) announced that, for Kiir to resign. Ugandan troops were according to their estimates, the 60 percent deployed to fight on the side of the Kiir. South turnout threshold required for the referendum's Sudan’s civil war has played out largely along validity had been reached. Official ethnic lines, pitting forces loyal to President confirmation came later the same day, when the Salva Kiir, a Dinka, against supporters of vice referendum commission released a statement president turned rebel leader , a announcing that turnout would "exceed" the Nuer. required 60 percent threshold. The official result showed that 98.83 % of the citizens voted for independence. South Sudan got its independence on July 9, 2011 and became the 54th country in Africa and 193rd in the world. from the SPLM (Sudan

People’s Liberation Movement) was appointed During the first years of the Civil War, more as South Sudan's first president, and Riek than 30,000 people died in nonviolent war- Machar was appointed as South Sudan's first related deaths and about 50,000 from war vice-president. related. The worst massacre occurred during After two years as President, Kiir dismissed all 2014 in Benitu, the attack has been described his ministers, including the Vice President, by The Economist as the ‘worst massacre’ of with the official aim of reducing the size of the ongoing civil war. government. However, Machar said it was a South Sudan's government said the death toll step towards dictatorship and that he would from the massacre exceeded 400. Many victims challenge Kiir for the presidency. were civilians as well as SPLA soldiers

belonging to the , an ethnic group President Salva Kiir alleged that on 14 which had traditionally supported Kiir's December 2013, a (largely Nuer) faction of the government. Rebel leader, Riek Machar, said Sudan People's Liberation Army loyal to his forces were not behind the killings. former vice president Riek Machar attempted a On 9 May 2014, President Salva Kiir and Riek coup d'état and that the attempt was put down Machar signed the second ceasefire in Addis the next day. However, fighting broke out, Ababa, a one-page agreement recommitting to igniting the . Machar

10 Security Council the first ceasefire. Hostilities were to end in 24 Belligerents hours while a permanent ceasefire would be worked on and it promised to open Sudan People’s Liberation Army humanitarian corridors and allow "30 days of (SPLA): tranquility" so farmers can farm and prevent famine. Hours after the ceasefire was to be in The Sudan People’s Liberation Army (SPLA) effect, both sides accused each other of began as a rebel force but is now the recognized violating the ceasefire. On 11 June 2014, both military of South Sudan. The Sudan People's parties agreed to begin talks on the formation Liberation Army (SPLA) is the military wing of a transitional government within 60 days and of the Sudan People's Liberation Movement to a third ceasefire refraining from combat (SPLM). The prolonged conflict between the during this period. However, the talks north and South Sudan has left South Sudanese collapsed as both sides boycotted the talks, and society highly militarized, fragmented and by 16 June, the ceasefire was reported to have characterized by a proliferation of arms and been violated. armed groups. Following 's death in 2005, Salva Kiir was named the new Commander-in-Chief of SPLA. Following South Sudan's independence in 2011, the SPLA became the new republic's regular army. As of 2013, the SPLA was estimated to have 210,000 soldiers as well as an unknown number of personnel in the small South Sudan Air Force. In August 2014, Kiir and leaders of South As of 2010, the SPLA was divided into Sudan's neighboring states sign a roadmap divisions of 10,000–14,000 soldiers. On May leading to a transitional government of national 16, 2017, South Sudanese President Salva Kiir . Machar refused to sign up, accusing restructured the army and changed its to South leaders in the IGAD, a regional group involved Sudan Defense Forces (SSDF). in the negotiations, of tilting the process in favor of Kiir. Sudan People’s Liberation Movement (SPLM): In 2013, the Sudan People's Liberation Movement split into two main factions, divided

11 Security Council on the issue over leadership of the ruling party Sudan face economic problems due to SPLM: dependency in oil, relying on trade and exportations from South Sudan, and this has led Sudan People's Liberation Movement in them to put more pressure towards peace and Government (SPLM-IG); group led by help initiate ceasefire meetings with the President Salva Kiir Mayardit, it has 160/170 government and the rebels. Both sides agreed members in the National Legislative to a peace treaty in which a transitional Assembly. government would be formed and international aid from bodies such as the to The Sudan People’s Liberation Movement regulate borders and state boundaries to In Opposition (SPLM-IO) also known as the prevent further Ethnic violence. anti-governmental forces (AGF); is a political ethnic movement that contains both a political and military wing and is engaged in violent conflict with the South Sudanese Government. this faction formally withdrew from the SPLM in 2013, the group was formed in the same year led by the former South Sudan Vice President Riek Machar. The group is major opponent to the SPLM-IG faction in the Southern Sudanese civil war.

The South Sudanese president was extended by Current Situation 3 years up to 2021 which led to rebel

complaints, however former Vice President Through 2018, the US put pressure in the UN Rick Machar, a rebel, was invited to share Security Council and in their second attempt power once more as one of the Vice Presidents they managed to pass an on and hundreds of seats in the parliament would South Sudan, after a failed attempt in 2016 due be given to opposition forces. In different parts to China and Russia abstaining to vote. The of South Sudan, however, famines are still arms embargo controlled the amount of present, sexual violence towards children and weaponry entering the country to prevent women is so big UN workers describe it as further violence. Neighboring countries such as

12 Security Council being “normal” between citizens. Starvation has become widespread around the country; Acknowledging how corrupt the government government revenue is minimal and of South Sudan is, another possible solution international humanitarian aid is insufficient. would be the revision of institutional and policy, and reform in the economic sector with

the aim of making South Sudan able to Possible Solutions: diversify its economy, improve its appalling

records on corruption, and to use oil revenues Sudanese People’s Liberation Movement for the best interest of its citizens’. We should be dissolved acknowledging that this encourage delegates to look for creative and political party has complete control with a effective measures in order to tackle this issue. National Legislative Assembly of 160/170 making South Sudan undemocratic one-party Question a Resolution Must Answers system state. With “one’s hierarchy in the (QARMAS) SPLM determines one’s influence in the country, if you are high up the ranks in the • What is the role of authoritarianism (as party, you are guaranteed a decent size of the the one of President Kiir) and one-party national cake.” Considering the strong stances system states effects in this conflict? that South Sudan has, harsh solutions could be • When violence arises how should the effective as ‘the imposition of sanctions (like Security Council act? arms embargoes) against South Sudanese • How effective are peace treaties in this minister and officials accusing them of peace situation considering that in 1972 one efforts obstruction and the block of was signed but then a second war arised, humanitarian assistance to civilians’. and the second one signed is most likely corrupt? • Can supporting the rebels be a solution to a proper democratic coup? • Will independent political parties work in contrast to the current dominant political party that drives one’s political ambitions first?

13 Security Council

• To what extent can the UN intervene that those delegations that submit their position with actions such as mandates to papers late, will not be eligible for an award. ‘provide basic governance, public I would like to remind you to quote all sources services, rebuilding the economy and used, if you fail to accomplish this, the dais will establishing constitutional framework consider it as plagiarism. for the transition to full sovereignty’?

Guidelines for Position Paper

The position papers for the United Nations Security Council will follow a very similar format as they would in the General Assembly or ECOSOC. It is recommended that the position papers format of it should be three paragraphs, one paragraph to cover each section: the history of the topic as your country sees it, your country’s relationship with the topic, and your country’s proposed solutions. I encourage you to do further research on your delegation’s relationship with this topic, while some countries have much clearer interests and stake in the matter, every country will have a different diplomatic approach to deal with these issues. If it is difficult to find where your country may stand, I would advise you to look into your delegation’s past policies on other humanitarian crises.

For NewMUN 2019, delegates should submit their position papers to [email protected] by the 7th of April until 11:59 pm. Remember

14 Security Council

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