Some Remarks on the Function of Roman Helmets with Face Masks
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ROMAN REPUBLICAN CAVALRY TACTICS in the 3Rd-2Nd
ACTA MARISIENSIS. SERIA HISTORIA Vol. 2 (2020) ISSN (Print) 2668-9545 ISSN (Online) 2668-9715 DOI: 10.2478/amsh-2020-0008 “BELLATOR EQUUS”. ROMAN REPUBLICAN CAVALRY TACTICS IN THE 3rd-2nd CENTURIES BC Fábián István Abstact One of the most interesting periods in the history of the Roman cavalry were the Punic wars. Many historians believe that during these conflicts the ill fame of the Roman cavalry was founded but, as it can be observed it was not the determination that lacked. The main issue is the presence of the political factor who decided in the main battles of this conflict. The present paper has as aim to outline a few aspects of how the Roman mid-republican cavalry met these odds and how they tried to incline the balance in their favor. Keywords: Republic; cavalry; Hannibal; battle; tactics The main role of a well performing cavalry is to disrupt an infantry formation and harm the enemy’s cavalry units. From this perspective the Roman cavalry, especially the middle Republican one, performed well by employing tactics “if not uniquely Roman, were quite distinct from the normal tactics of many other ancient Mediterranean cavalry forces. The Roman predilection to shock actions against infantry may have been shared by some contemporary cavalry forces, but their preference for stationary hand-to-hand or dismounted combat against enemy cavalry was almost unique to them”.1 The main problem is that there are no major sources concerning this period except for Polibyus and Titus Livius. The first may come as more reliable for two reasons: he used first-hand information from the witnesses of the conflicts between 220-167 and ”furthermore Polybius’ account is particularly valuable because he had serves as hypparch in Achaea and clearly had interest and aptitude in analyzing military affairs”2. -
The Late Roman Army Free
FREE THE LATE ROMAN ARMY PDF Gabriele Esposito | 150 pages | 07 Jul 2016 | Winged Hussar Publishing | 9780996365796 | English | United States Roman army of the late Republic - Wikipedia By Steven Wills. It offers significant lessons in how not to manage the army of a great power. Cutting the retirement benefits of a small professional force in favor of smaller taxes for the elite and greater benefits for the masses served only to weaken the desire of Roman citizens to serve. When the Roman citizenry would not join in the numbers required to protect the Empire, Roman elites turned to conscription, which produced only disgruntled recruits, and mass recruitment of barbarian tribes such as the Goths, Visigoths and The Late Roman Army. These tribesmen could be paid less and did not require expansive pensions as an incentive to serve. These three mistakes in the management of the late Roman Imperial Army should serve as a powerful warning to American elites seeking inexpensive solutions to the maintenance of American military power. While some military The Late Roman Army can always be reduced, a great power that seeks very low-cost solutions does so at its own peril. The Roman Army began providing pensions to retiring soldiers during the fall of the Roman Republic in the late first century B. These promises often included financial The Late Roman Army, exemption from taxes and grants of land from captured enemy territory. Augustus reduced the Roman Army to a voluntary, professional force of approximatelyactive duty soldiers and a similar The Late Roman Army of auxiliary troops. -
The Military Reforms of Gaius Marius in Their Social, Economic, and Political Context by Michael C. Gambino August, 2015 Directo
The Military Reforms of Gaius Marius in their Social, Economic, and Political Context By Michael C. Gambino August, 2015 Director of Thesis: Dr. Frank Romer Major Department: History Abstract The goal of this thesis is, as the title affirms, to understand the military reforms of Gaius Marius in their broader societal context. In this thesis, after a brief introduction (Chap. I), Chap. II analyzes the Roman manipular army, its formation, policies, and armament. Chapter III examines Roman society, politics, and economics during the second century B.C.E., with emphasis on the concentration of power and wealth, the legislative programs of Ti. And C. Gracchus, and the Italian allies’ growing demand for citizenship. Chap. IV discusses Roman military expansion from the Second Punic War down to 100 B.C.E., focusing on Roman military and foreign policy blunders, missteps, and mistakes in Celtiberian Spain, along with Rome’s servile wars and the problem of the Cimbri and Teutones. Chap. V then contextualizes the life of Gaius Marius and his sense of military strategy, while Chap VI assesses Marius’s military reforms in his lifetime and their immediate aftermath in the time of Sulla. There are four appendices on the ancient literary sources (App. I), Marian consequences in the Late Republic (App. II), the significance of the legionary eagle standard as shown during the early principate (App. III), and a listing of the consular Caecilii Metelli in the second and early first centuries B.C.E. (App. IV). The Marian military reforms changed the army from a semi-professional citizen militia into a more professionalized army made up of extensively trained recruits who served for longer consecutive terms and were personally bound to their commanders. -
Cavalry Equipment of the Roman Army in the First Century A.D
Originally published in Coulston, J.C. (ed.) 1988: Military Equipment and the Identity of Roman Soldiers. Proceedings of the Fourth Roman Military Equipment Conference, BAR International Series 394, Oxford CAVALRY EQUIPMENT OF THE ROMAN ARMY IN THE FIRST CENTURY A.D. M.C. Bishop INTRODUCTION The main aim of this paper is to identify and describe the elements that went together to make up Roman military horse (or riding) harness in the first century A.D.1 Closely linked with this, however, will be a consideration of just how much the archaeological evidence can tell us about the military use of mounts.2 It is to be hoped that the present work will at least serve to generate new interest in cavalry equipment and provoke discussion about the functions of its various components. There are two main source areas for the study of Roman military horse equipment: monuments depicting its use and artefacts recovered from the archaeological record. Pictorial evidence, most notably that represented by sculpture, can be used to show how the various elements of horse harness functioned as a whole. The value of such depictions is hotly debated, but it is generally true that funerary monuments tend to give a more accurate picture than official sculpture, although both categories vary widely in quality.3 Two types of tombstone, the 'Reiter' and the 'Totenmahl' are characteristic of the first century A.D. (although not exclusively so):4 these show, in the first instance, the deceased cavalryman riding his mount in combat, often with a cowering barbarian being trampled beneath the horse;5 the other type depicts the dead man enjoying a funerary banquet in the afterlife in an upper scene, whilst his horse is paraded in all its equipment in a lower.6 Totenmahl depictions usually show the horse being controlled from behind by means of long-reins and with its saddle covered by an overblanket, whilst the trooper's calo carries spare spears (javelins?). -
Create Your Own Armour [PDF]
Romans at Ham Hill Ham Hill is a 390 acre Country Park managed by South Somerset District Council that encompasses the largest Iron Age hill fort in Europe including a 19 roomed Roman villa and medieval settlements. Lorica squamata (scale armour) Many troops wore torso armour and there were three main types. Lorica squamata (and has been found at Ham Hill), Lorica hamata, which is made from small iron rings and Lorica segmentata, which is what you can see on the left. Lorica segmentata was worn by the Roman army from around 9BC until 2AD. An undergarment was usually worn to protect the wearer from bruising and shock and this was called a subarmalis. Roman helmet There are many designs of Roman helmet (Galea) and this one is loosely based on a design of the Imperial Gallic, a helmet that was in service to the Roman army from the late 1st century BC until the early 2nd century AD. Roman Gladius First used by the Spannish, the gladius was primarily used as a stabbing weapon. It has a v-shaped tip, which was great for finding the gaps between ribs or cartilage! Both sides were also kept razor-sharp and it was a deadly slashing weapon. Romans used the gladius in formation and always carried it in their right hand to compliment the carrying of their large shields (Scutum) in their left. It is still considered to be one of the important swords of history. Find more activities at www.southsomerset.gov.uk/childrensactivities Create your own Armour Armour keeps you protected in battles, a little bit like how face masks are helping protect our front line workers such as doctors and nurses while they confront Coronavirus. -
Religion: Christianity and Zoroastrianism
This page intentionally left blank ROME AND PERSIA IN LATE ANTIQUITY The foundation of the Sasanian Empire in ad 224 established a formidable new power on the Roman Empire’s Eastern frontier, and relations over the next four centuries proved turbulent. This book provides a chronological narrative of their relationship, supported by a substantial collection of translated sources illustrating important themes and structural patterns. The political goals of the two sides, their military confrontations and their diplomatic solutions are dis- cussed, as well as the common interests between the two powers. Special attention is given to the situation of Arabia and Armenia, to economic aspects, the protection of the frontiers, the religious life in both empires and the channels of communication between East and West. In its wide chronological scope, the study explores the role played by the Sasanians in the history of the ancient Near East. The book will prove invaluable for students and non-specialists interested in late antiquity and early Byzantium, and it will be equally useful for specialists on these subjects. beate dignas is Fellow and Tutorin Ancient History at Somerville College, Oxford. Her recent publications include Economy of the Sacred in Hellenistic and Roman Asia Minor (2002) and she has edited a forthcoming book Practitioners of the Divine: Greek Priests and Religious Officials from Homer to Heliodorus. engelbert winter is Professor of Ancient History at the Uni- versity of Munster.¨ He has participated in numerous field surveys and excavations in Turkey and published many books and articles on Roman–Persian relations and the history and culture of Asia Minor. -
Armour Lorica Segmentata the Legionaries Were Equipped with A
Armour Lorica segmentata The legionaries were equipped with a version of the Newstead type lorica segmentata based on a plan drawn by Michael Bishop in 2001. This version already had the huge lobate hinges on the shoulder plates, but instead of a series of slots it still relied on copper-alloy tie-loops and leather laces for tying together the girth hoops. The Newstead type was probably introduced in the Antonine period (mid- to second half of the 2nd century). According to finds from Carlisle (GB) and Eining (G), versions of this type of armour were in use at least until the middle of the third century. No finds are known from Castra Regina/Regensburg, but given the short distance to the fort at Eining (about two days of marching), the legionaries from III ITALICA were certainly equipped with it. The Newsteads turned out to be very reliable. One of them suffered from a ripped internal leather strap due to the weight of the shield, but this specific cuirass had been a prototype with rather weak leather straps. (the damaged ‘prototype’) Two other cuirasses suffered from a similar accident (a rivet was pulled out of a leather strap), but this happened only in the final week and was caused by the same unorthodox way of carrying the shield with a leather strap running over the left shoulder. (the ‘prototype’ after field-repair) Due to a misunderstanding, the cuirass for the centurion was not completed in time. Luckily, he still had a Corbridge cuirass in reserve. The Corbridge was already outdated around 200 AD, but a few examples may still have seen service. -
Download Information Pack
THE ERMINE STREET GUARD INFORMATION PACK CONTACT DETAILS E-Mail - [email protected] Website - www.erminestreetguard.co.uk Telephone - 01452 862235 About The Ermine Street Guard Since its formation in 1972, the Guard has become the leading society studying the Roman Army and its equipment. Authenticity and Research Each piece of kit is made as authentically as is practicable based on recent research. The majority of the equipment is made by Guard Education members to high standards of workmanship Public displays are given at major Roman sites throughout Great Britain and Eu- and accuracy and is continually being added rope. The displays include aspects of the Roman soldier’s training, the shooting to and improved as new information and finds of artillery pieces and a static army camp display. At selected venues the Guard become available. The Guard works closely is also joined by fully equipped Roman cavalrymen. with leading academics in the field to ensure the kit is correct based on current research. Please contact the Guard for further details of venues or visit the website. Roman Officers Centurio The Centurio was the Officer in charge of a Century of 80 men. A Century never consisted of 100 men, and in Republican times only consisted of 60 men. The Centurio was normally a career soldier who had worked his way up through the ranks and was tough and experienced. In battle he would lead from the front, which meant they had a high mortality rate. The equipment reflected his high status and was designed to make him easy to pick out in battle. -
Ethnicity and Iconography on Roman Cavalrymen Tombstones
Brigham Young University BYU ScholarsArchive Theses and Dissertations 2014-12-01 The Roman Riders: Ethnicity and Iconography on Roman Cavalrymen Tombstones Jessica Colleen Kramer Brigham Young University - Provo Follow this and additional works at: https://scholarsarchive.byu.edu/etd Part of the Anthropology Commons BYU ScholarsArchive Citation Kramer, Jessica Colleen, "The Roman Riders: Ethnicity and Iconography on Roman Cavalrymen Tombstones" (2014). Theses and Dissertations. 4343. https://scholarsarchive.byu.edu/etd/4343 This Thesis is brought to you for free and open access by BYU ScholarsArchive. It has been accepted for inclusion in Theses and Dissertations by an authorized administrator of BYU ScholarsArchive. For more information, please contact [email protected], [email protected]. The Roman Riders: Ethnicity and Iconography on Roman Cavalrymen Tombstones Jessica Colleen Kramer A thesis submitted to the faculty of Brigham Young University in partial fulfillment of the requirements for the degree of Master of Arts Cynthia Finlayson, Chair John E. Clark David Johnson Department of Anthropology Brigham Young University December 2014 Copyright © 2014 Jessica Colleen Kramer All Rights Reserved ABSTRACT The Roman Riders: Ethnicity and Iconography on Roman Cavalryman Tombstones Jessica Colleen Kramer Department of Anthropology, BYU Master of Arts The funerary grave stelae of the Roman cavalrymen are large, impressive monuments set apart from their military counterparts by the ornate relief carvings which they exhibit. The two most common motifs featured on these tombstones are the rider relief motifs and the totenmahl motifs. Aspects of both the reliefs and the inscribed epitaphs are distinctly characteristic of the Roman military. Throughout the history of the Roman Empire, men in the auxiliary cavalry units were recruited from non-Roman allied tribes. -
Carthaginian Mercenaries: Soldiers of Fortune, Allied Conscripts, and Multi-Ethnic Armies in Antiquity Kevin Patrick Emery Wofford College
Wofford College Digital Commons @ Wofford Student Scholarship 5-2016 Carthaginian Mercenaries: Soldiers of Fortune, Allied Conscripts, and Multi-Ethnic Armies in Antiquity Kevin Patrick Emery Wofford College Follow this and additional works at: http://digitalcommons.wofford.edu/studentpubs Part of the Ancient History, Greek and Roman through Late Antiquity Commons, and the Military History Commons Recommended Citation Emery, Kevin Patrick, "Carthaginian Mercenaries: Soldiers of Fortune, Allied Conscripts, and Multi-Ethnic Armies in Antiquity" (2016). Student Scholarship. Paper 11. http://digitalcommons.wofford.edu/studentpubs/11 This Honors Thesis is brought to you for free and open access by Digital Commons @ Wofford. It has been accepted for inclusion in Student Scholarship by an authorized administrator of Digital Commons @ Wofford. For more information, please contact [email protected]. Wofford College Carthaginian Mercenaries: Soldiers of Fortune, Allied Conscripts, and Multi-Ethnic Armies in Antiquity An Honors Thesis Submitted to The Faculty of the Department of History In Candidacy For An Honors Degree in History By Kevin Patrick Emery Spartanburg, South Carolina May 2016 1 Introduction The story of the mercenary armies of Carthage is one of incompetence and disaster, followed by clever innovation. It is a story not just of battles and betrayal, but also of the interactions between dissimilar peoples in a multiethnic army trying to coordinate, fight, and win, while commanded by a Punic officer corps which may or may not have been competent. Carthaginian mercenaries are one piece of a larger narrative about the struggle between Carthage and Rome for dominance in the Western Mediterranean, and their history illustrates the evolution of the mercenary system employed by the Carthaginian Empire to extend her power and ensure her survival. -
Introduction
Southern Ontario Model United Nations Assembly XLIV Crisis: Second Punic War Introduction: Delegates, Welcome to the Southern Ontario Model United Nations Assembly’s Second Punic War Historical Crisis. The Second Punic War, also known as the Hannibalic War, was a conflict that occurred from 218 – 201 BCE in the Western Mediterranean. The war was fought between Carthage, a dominant commercial empire, and the emerging power of Rome. This conflict marked the second time that the two powers had fought, and with Rome having been victorious in the first Punic War thirty years prior, Carthage was eager for revenge. It also featured the rise to the annals of history a variety of great men, such as legendary Carthaginian general Hannibal Barca and Publius Cornelius Scipio Africanus. The rise of Rome in the Western Mediterranean would lead to an epic showdown that would change the course of history. In this particular committee, the SOMA Crisis Staff and Heads will create a simulation of these historical events, hopefully making them as enjoyable and interesting as possible, while maintaining historical fidelity. This background guide will give you a basic Page |1 Southern Ontario Model United Nations Assembly XLIV Crisis: Second Punic War knowledge of both the situation and how you, as a delegate, can influence the Crisis, but further research, as well as inquiry into the process of Crisis is welcome and encouraged. With all this in mind, we are excited to welcome you to SOMA XLIV Crisis Committee and we hope you enjoy your time with us. Margaret Fei Clarke VandenHoven Alec Sampaleanu Helen Kwong Director of Crisis Head of Crisis Jr. -
A COMPANION to the ROMAN ARMY Edited By
ACTA01 8/12/06 11:10 AM Page iii A COMPANION TO THE ROMAN ARMY Edited by Paul Erdkamp ACTA01 8/12/06 11:10 AM Page i A COMPANION TO THE ROMAN ARMY ACTA01 8/12/06 11:10 AM Page ii BLACKWELL COMPANIONS TO THE ANCIENT WORLD This series provides sophisticated and authoritative overviews of periods of ancient history, genres of classical lit- erature, and the most important themes in ancient culture. Each volume comprises between twenty-five and forty concise essays written by individual scholars within their area of specialization. The essays are written in a clear, provocative, and lively manner, designed for an international audience of scholars, students, and general readers. Ancient History Published A Companion to the Roman Army A Companion to the Classical Greek World Edited by Paul Erdkamp Edited by Konrad H. Kinzl A Companion to the Roman Republic A Companion to the Ancient Near East Edited by Nathan Rosenstein and Edited by Daniel C. Snell Robert Morstein-Marx A Companion to the Hellenistic World A Companion to the Roman Empire Edited by Andrew Erskine Edited by David S. Potter In preparation A Companion to Ancient History A Companion to Late Antiquity Edited by Andrew Erskine Edited by Philip Rousseau A Companion to Archaic Greece A Companion to Byzantium Edited by Kurt A. Raaflaub and Hans van Wees Edited by Elizabeth James A Companion to Julius Caesar Edited by Miriam Griffin Literature and Culture Published A Companion to Catullus A Companion to Greek Rhetoric Edited by Marilyn B. Skinner Edited by Ian Worthington A Companion to Greek Religion A Companion to Ancient Epic Edited by Daniel Ogden Edited by John Miles Foley A Companion to Classical Tradition A Companion to Greek Tragedy Edited by Craig W.