DOCSLIB.ORG

The Experience of Full-Time and Part-Time Stay-At-Home Mothering Jennifer Dawn Riday Iowa State University

Total Page：16

File Type：pdf, Size：1020Kb

Download full-text PDF Read full-text
The Experience of Full-Time and Part-Time Stay-At-Home Mothering Jennifer Dawn Riday Iowa State University Iowa State University Capstones, Theses and Retrospective Theses and Dissertations Dissertations 2003 "First and foremost, I'm a mom!": the experience of full-time and part-time stay-at-home mothering Jennifer Dawn Riday Iowa State University Follow this and additional works at: https://lib.dr.iastate.edu/rtd Part of the Family, Life Course, and Society Commons, and the Women's Studies Commons Recommended Citation Riday, Jennifer Dawn, ""First and foremost, I'm a mom!": the experience of full-time and part-time stay-at-home mothering " (2003). Retrospective Theses and Dissertations. 614. https://lib.dr.iastate.edu/rtd/614 This Dissertation is brought to you for free and open access by the Iowa State University Capstones, Theses and Dissertations at Iowa State University Digital Repository. It has been accepted for inclusion in Retrospective Theses and Dissertations by an authorized administrator of Iowa State University Digital Repository. For more information, please contact [email protected]. INFORMATION TO USERS This manuscript has been reproduced from the microfilm master. UMI films the text directly from the original or copy submitted. Thus, some thesis and dissertation copies are in typewriter face, while others may be from any type of computer printer. The quality of this reproduction is dependent upon the quality of the copy submitted. Broken or indistinct print, colored or poor quality illustrations and photographs, print bleedthrough, substandard margins, and improper alignment can adversely affect reproduction. In the unlikely event that the author did not send UMI a complete manuscript and there are missing pages, these will be noted. Also, if unauthorized copyright material had to be removed, a note will indicate the deletion. Oversize materials (e.g., maps, drawings, charts) are reproduced by sectioning the original, beginning at the upper left-hand comer and continuing from left to right in equal sections with small overlaps. ProQuest Information and Learning 300 North Zeeb Road, Ann Arbor, Ml 48106-1346 USA 800-521-0600 "First and foremost, I'm a mom!": The experience of full-time and part-time stay-at-home mothering by Jennifer Dawn Riday A dissertation submitted to the graduate faculty in partial fulfillment of the requirements for the degree of DOCTOR OF PHILOSOPHY Major. Human Development and Family Studies Program of Study Committee: Sedahlia Jasper Crase. Major Professor Michael K. Godfrey Ron Werner-Wilson Gloria Jones-Johnson John Littrell Iowa State University Ames. Iowa 2003 Copyright © Jennifer Dawn Riday, 2003. All rights reserved. UMI Number. 3085940 UMI' UMI Microform 3085940 Copyright 2003 by ProQuest Information and Learning Company. All rights reserved. This microform edition is protected against unauthorized copying under Title 17, United States Code. ProQuest Information and Learning Company 300 North Zeeb Road P.O. Box 1346 Ann Arbor, Ml 48106-1346 ii Graduate College Iowa State University This is to certify that the doctoral dissertation of Jennifer Dawn Riday has met the dissertation requirements of Iowa State University Signature was redacted for privacy. Committi Signature was redacted for privacy. t Member Signature was redacted for privacy. Signature was redacted for privacy. Signature was redacted for privacy. Signature was redacted for privacy. For the Major Program iii Dedicated to eJt moticr* toko kaot, sacrificed a portion ofi tkemttfot* to maête,, tmpomr, &td unoéb the next generation iv TABLE OF CONTENTS ABSTRACT vii CHAPTER 1. INTRODUCTION I Research Question 5 Organization of This Report 6 CHAPTER 2. CONCEPTUAL OVERVIEW AND LITERATURE REVIEW 7 The Social Construction of Motherhood and Mothering 7 History of Motherhood and Mothering 9 Motherhood and Mothering: Literature Review 14 Demographic Information 14 Child Care 16 "Good" Mothering 17 Factors Influencing a Mother's Choice to Stay at Home or to Be Employed 19 Perceived Positives and Negatives of Mothering, Homemaking. and Employment 20 Isolation and Social Support 23 Division of Household Labor/Child Rearing, Marital Satisfaction, and Gender Roles 24 Limitations of Past Research 29 CHAPTER 3. RESEARCH METHOD 30 Qualitative Research and Phenomenology 30 Researcher as Instrument 34 Research Informants 38 Data Collection Procedure 40 Ethics and Recruitment 40 Data Collection 40 Data Analysis 43 CHAPTER 4. INDIVIDUAL EXPERIENCES OF STAY-AT-HOME MOTHERING 46 Individual Profiles of the Full-Time Stay-At-Home Mothers 46 Full-Time Stay-At-Home Mothers' Experiences of Motherhood and Mothering 49 Sally 49 Adrianna 53 Amber 57 Deborah 61 Cassie 65 Kallecn 70 Anne 75 Individual Profiles of the Part-Time Stay-At-Home Mothers 81 Part-Time Stay-at-Home Mothers' Experiences of Motherhood and Mothering 84 Jacqui 84 Stacey 88 Lori 91 Meredith 95 Patricia 98 Carol 103 Drea 107 V CHAPTER 5. COMPOSITE DESCRIPTION OF THE PHENOMENON OF FULL-TIME STAY-AT-HOME MOTHERING 112 Theme 1: Reasons for Being a Full-Time Stay-At-Home Mother 113 Top Priority is the Family and Mothering 113 Combining Mothering and Working Can Be Stressful and Exhausting 115 Financial Evaluation/Working and Daycare Can Be Expensive 116 Theme 2: Perceived Positives of Full-Time Stay-At-Home Mothering 117 Rewards of Mothering: Love. Fun. and Play 118 Moms Believe They Provide Greater Love and Attention Than Daycare Providers 120 Opportunity to Teach Personal Values to Children 121 Greater Flexibility and Spontaneity 122 Reduced Stress 123 Theme 3: Perceived Challenges of Full-Time Stay-At-Home Mothering 124 Difficult and Tedious Job 125 Children's Misbehavior and Fussiness 127 Negative Comments From Others About the Stay-At-Home Mother Role 128 Isolation and Lack of Connection 130 Children Miss the Social Benefits of Daycare 131 Lower Household Income 132 Theme 4: Social Contact and "Me Time" 132 "Taking Care of Myself 132 "Getting Out" and Interacting With Adults 134 Support Network With Other Mothers 137 Theme 5: "Good" Mothering 138 The Ideal Mother 139 Admiration for Role Models 141 Personal Evaluation of Self and Child 142 Theme 6: The Marriage Relationship and Division of Household Labor/Child Rearing 144 The Marriage Relationship 144 Why Moms—Not Dads—Stay at Home Full Time: Moms Feel Better Equipped 147 Division of Household Labor and Child Rearing Responsibilities 148 Theme 7: Future Desires and Plans 152 CHAPTER 6. COMPOSITE DESCRIPTION OF THE PHENOMENON OF PART-TIME STAY-AT-HOME MOTHERING 155 Theme I : Reasons for Being a Part-Time Stay-At-Home Mother/Working Part Time 156 Top Priority is the Family and Mothering 157 Combining Mothering and Working Full Time Can Be Stressful and Exhausting 159 Financial Evaluation/Income from Working Part Time is a Necessity 159 Need for Social Contact 161 Theme 2: Perceived Positives of Part-Time Stay-At-Home Mothering 162 Rewards of Mothering: Love. Fun. and Play 162 "Best of Both Worlds": Adult Interaction and Time With Children 164 Greater Flexibility With Time and Reduced Stress 165 Support from Family and Friends 168 Theme 3: Perceived Challenges of Part-Time Stay-At-Home Mothering 170 Balancing Working and Mothering 170 Children's Misbehavior 171 Lower Income and Fewer Employment Benefits 173 vi Theme 4: Child Care 173 Guilt, Concern, and Sadness of Leaving Children 174 Social and Educational Benefits for Children 174 Finding the Right Child Care Provider 176 Theme 5: "Good" Mothering 178 The Ideal Mother 179 Admiration for Role Models 182 Personal Evaluation of Self and Child 184 Theme 6: The Marriage Relationship and Division of Household Labor/Child Rearing 186 The Marriage Relationship 186 Why Moms—Not Dads—Stay at Home Part Time: Finances and Preferences 188 Division of Household Labor and Child Rearing Responsibilities 190 Theme 7: Future Desires and Plans 193 CHAPTER 7. DISCUSSION AND CONCLUSION 197 Limitations of This Research 208 Conclusion 209 APPENDIX A. LETTER TO INFORMANTS 210 APPENDIX B. SCRIPT INVITING MOTHERS TO BE INTERVIEWED 211 APPENDIX C. INTERVIEW GUIDE 212 APPENDIX D. DEMOGRAPHIC QUESTIONNAIRE 213 APPENDIX E. ROSENBERG SELF-ESTEEM SCALE (RSE) 215 APPENDIX F. KANSAS PARENTAL SATISFACTION SCALE (KPS) 216 APPENDIX G. KANSAS MARITAL SATISFACTION SCALE (KMS) 217 APPENDIX H. SATISFACTION WITH LIFE SCALE 218 APPENDIX L MEMBER CHECK INSTRUCTION LETTER 219 REFERENCES 220 ACKNOWLEDGMENTS 226 vii ABSTRACT This purpose of this research was to explore the lived experiences of married, college-educated stay- at-home mothers who had postponed or cancelled full-time careers to either stay at home full-time (n = 7) or to work part-time (n = 7). All mothers had either one or two children under the age of 5 and were married. Using qualitative research methods, detailed and personal information was obtained through individual interviews with each mother relating to the rewards and challenges of full-time or part-time stay-at-home mothering, factors influencing the decision to stay at home, "good" mothering, social contact and free time, the marriage relationship and division of household labor/child rearing, child care, and future goals and plans. All interviews were transcribed, and individual descriptive summaries, as well as composite theme analyses were compiled and are presented in this report. Informants also completed questionnaires measuring demographic information, self-esteem, general life satisfaction, marital satisfaction, and satisfaction with the mothering role; the scores on these measures were used descriptively. Findings indicate that although college-educated full-time and part-time stay-at-home mothers have unique feelings and experiences relating to their roles as mothers, both are largely satisfied with their life arrangements. Important implications for future research and application are discussed. I CHAPTER 1. INTRODUCTION I...wanted to share with you a quote from Jackie Kennedy Onassis: "If you bungle raising your children. I don't think whatever else you do well matters very much." I think that is why most of those of us who decide to dedicate a season of our lives to raising our children do it. My children are my most significant and lasting contribution to the world.
Load more

Recommended publications
  • 1972 FAMILY TAPE CODE Variable Tape Number Location Content ------1 1-3 Study Number 768 (Wave 5) (2401) (4501-4503)
    1972 FAMILY TAPE CODE Variable Tape Number Location Content -------- -------- ------- 1 1-3 Study Number 768 (Wave 5) (2401) (4501-4503) ------------------------- 2 4-7 1972 Interview Number (2402) (4504-4507) --------------------- 3 8-9 *State of Residence at time of 1972 Interview (2403) (4508-4509) --------------------------------------------- 4 10-12 *County of Residence at time of 1972 Interview (2404) (4510-4512) ---------------------------------------------- 5 13-17 *State and County of Residence at time of (2405) (4513-4517) 1972 Interview ----------------------------------------- V3 and V4 combined into one variable 6 18 Size of Largest City in PSU (2406) (4518) --------------------------- 34.2 1. SMSA: largest city 500,000 or more 22.0 2. SMSA: largest city 100,000 - 499,999 11.7 3. SMSA: largest city 50,000 - 99,999 7.2 4. Non-SMSA: largest citv 25,000 - 49,999 9.5 5. Non-SMSA: largest city 10,000 - 24,999 15.1 6. Non-SMSA: largest city under 10,000 0.2 9. N.A.; DU is not in continental U.S.A. ----- 99.9 7 19 Color of Coversheet (2407) (4519) ------------------- 75.0 0. Brown (Main Family) 3.0 1. Yellow (Split-off) 20.0 2. Blue (Main Family) 2.0 3. Pink (Split-off) ----- 100.0 * Detailed State and County Codes will be furnished on request 8 20 Whether Originally Refused in 1972 A variable (2408) (4520) to determine whether or not the respondent at first refused to be interviewed this year --------------------------------------------- 99.8 0. Never refused 0.2 1. Refused at least once 0.0 9. N.A. ----- 100.0 9 21 Whether Telephone Interview in 1972 (2409) (4521) ----------------------------------- 97.2 0.
    [Show full text]
  • Testing the Baseline Hypothesis in South Korea
    A Service of Leibniz-Informationszentrum econstor Wirtschaft Leibniz Information Centre Make Your Publications Visible. zbw for Economics Rudolf, Robert; Kang, Sung-Jin Working Paper Adaptation under Traditional Gender Roles: Testing the Baseline Hypothesis in South Korea Discussion Papers, No. 101 Provided in Cooperation with: Courant Research Centre 'Poverty, Equity and Growth in Developing and Transition Countries', University of Göttingen Suggested Citation: Rudolf, Robert; Kang, Sung-Jin (2011) : Adaptation under Traditional Gender Roles: Testing the Baseline Hypothesis in South Korea, Discussion Papers, No. 101, Georg-August-Universität Göttingen, Courant Research Centre - Poverty, Equity and Growth (CRC-PEG), Göttingen This Version is available at: http://hdl.handle.net/10419/90495 Standard-Nutzungsbedingungen: Terms of use: Die Dokumente auf EconStor dürfen zu eigenen wissenschaftlichen Documents in EconStor may be saved and copied for your Zwecken und zum Privatgebrauch gespeichert und kopiert werden. personal and scholarly purposes. Sie dürfen die Dokumente nicht für öffentliche oder kommerzielle You are not to copy documents for public or commercial Zwecke vervielfältigen, öffentlich ausstellen, öffentlich zugänglich purposes, to exhibit the documents publicly, to make them machen, vertreiben oder anderweitig nutzen. publicly available on the internet, or to distribute or otherwise use the documents in public. Sofern die Verfasser die Dokumente unter Open-Content-Lizenzen (insbesondere CC-Lizenzen) zur Verfügung gestellt haben sollten, If the documents have been made available under an Open gelten abweichend von diesen Nutzungsbedingungen die in der dort Content Licence (especially Creative Commons Licences), you genannten Lizenz gewährten Nutzungsrechte. may exercise further usage rights as specified in the indicated licence. www.econstor.eu Courant Research Centre ‘Poverty, Equity and Growth in Developing and Transition Countries: Statistical Methods and Empirical Analysis’ Georg-August-Universität Göttingen (founded in 1737) Discussion Papers No.
    [Show full text]
  • Division of Domestic Labour and Lowest-Low Fertility in South Korea
    DEMOGRAPHIC RESEARCH VOLUME 37, ARTICLE 24, PAGES 743-768 PUBLISHED 26 SEPTEMBER 2017 http://www.demographic-research.org/Volumes/Vol37/24/ DOI: 10.4054/DemRes.2017.37.24 Research Article Division of domestic labour and lowest-low fertility in South Korea Erin Hye-Won Kim This publication is part of the Special Collection on “Domestic Division of Labour and Fertility Choice in East Asia,” organized by Guest Editors Ekaterina Hertog and Man-Yee Kan. © 2017 Erin Hye-Won Kim This open-access work is published under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution NonCommercial License 2.0 Germany, which permits use, reproduction, and distribution in any medium for noncommercial purposes, provided the original author(s) and source are given credit. See http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc/2.0/de/ Contents 1 Introduction 744 2 Current knowledge and gaps in the literature 745 2.1 Husbands’ contribution 745 2.2 Help from parents and parents-in-law 746 2.3 Formal childcare 747 3 The Korean context 748 4 Data, variables, and the research design 749 4.1 Data 749 4.2 Fertility intentions and fertility behaviour 750 4.3 Division of domestic labour 750 4.4 Regression analysis of fertility intentions and behaviour on help 751 with domestic labour 5 Results 753 5.1 Description of fertility intentions and fertility behaviour 753 5.2 Women’s domestic labour, informal and formal help received, and 755 related factors 5.3 Regression analysis of fertility on help with domestic labour 757 6 Conclusion 760 7 Acknowledgements 763 References 764 Demographic Research: Volume 37, Article 24 Research Article Division of domestic labour and lowest-low fertility in South Korea Erin Hye-Won Kim1 Abstract BACKGROUND One explanation offered for very low fertility has been the gap between improvements in women’s socioeconomic status outside the home and gender inequality in the home.
    [Show full text]
  • War, Women, Vietnam: the Mobilization of Female Images, 1954-1978
    War, Women, Vietnam: The Mobilization of Female Images, 1954-1978 Julie Annette Riggs Osborn A dissertation submitted in partial fulfillment of the requirements for the degree of Doctor of Philosophy University of Washington 2013 Reading Committee: William J. Rorabaugh, Chair Susan Glenn Christoph Giebel Program Authorized to Offer Degree: History ©Copyright 2013 Julie Annette Riggs Osborn University of Washington Abstract War, Women, Vietnam: The Mobilization of Female Images, 1954-1978 Julie Annette Riggs Osborn Chair of the Supervisory Committee: William J. Rorabaugh, History This dissertation proceeds with two profoundly interwoven goals in mind: mapping the experience of women in the Vietnam War and evaluating the ways that ideas about women and gender influenced the course of American involvement in Vietnam. I argue that between 1954 and 1978, ideas about women and femininity did crucial work in impelling, sustaining, and later restraining the American mission in Vietnam. This project evaluates literal images such as photographs, film and television footage as well as images evoked by texts in the form of news reports, magazine articles, and fiction, focusing specifically on images that reveal deeply gendered ways of seeing and representing the conflict for Americans. Some of the images I consider include a French nurse known as the Angel of Dien Bien Phu, refugees fleeing for southern Vietnam in 1954, the first lady of the Republic of Vietnam Madame Nhu, and female members of the National Liberation Front. Juxtaposing images of American women, I also focus on the figure of the housewife protesting American atrocities in Vietnam and the use of napalm, and images wrought by American women intellectuals that shifted focus away from the military and toward the larger social and psychological impact of the war.
    [Show full text]
  • Consequences of Japan's Occupation of Korea: Document Based Question
    1 CONSEQUENCES OF JAPAN’S OCCUPATION OF KOREA: DOCUMENT BASED QUESTION GRADES: 10th AUTHOR: Brian S. Hussey SUBJECT: AP World History TIME REQUIRED: Two 45 minute Class Periods BACKGROUND: From 1910 – 1945, the Korean peninsula fell under the domination of Japan; first as a protectorate and later as a colony. This era of Korean history is typically divided into three time periods: Subjugation (1910 – 1919): During this time Korean subjugation was brought about by ruthless beatings and violence. The Japanese military was ever-present on the peninsula; enforcing Japan’s colonial claims. As a response to the brutality Koreans organized mass protests, culminating in the March 1st Movement. Accommodation (1920 – 1931): In the wake of the March 1st Movement the Japanese eased their persecution of Koreans. Koreans were allowed freedoms of expression and assembly. Assimilation (1931 – 1945): As the world began building toward World War II the Japanese began compelling Koreans to participate in the war effort. First with Manchuria and China and then with the overall war in the Pacific, Koreans were used as both laborers and soldiers. It is also during this time period that Koreans were forced to take Japanese names, forgo the Korean language, and begin worshiping in Shinto shrines. As a result of Japanese rule, great change came to Korea. Japanese engineers built roads and bridges; Japanese schools brought education to children of both sexes. While Korea’s contact with the outside world had begun in the century leading up to Japan’s domination, Japan accelerated the Hermit Kingdom’s interactions and helped modernize Korea.
    [Show full text]
  • Being a Woman in China Today: a Demography of Gender
    Special feature China perspectives Being a Woman in China Today: A Demography of Gender ISABELLE ATTANÉ ABSTRACT: The aim of this article is on the one hand, to draw up a socio-demographic inventory of the situation of Chinese women in the prevailing early twenty-first century context of demographic, economic, and social transition, and on the other hand, to draw attention to the paradoxical effects of these transitions whilst taking into account the diversity of the realities women are experiencing. In conclusion, it raises the possibility of changes in gender relationships in China, where there are, and will continue to be, fewer women than men, particularly in adulthood. KEYWORDS: China, demography, gender, status of women, education, employment, demographic masculinity, discrimination against women. I do not think that men and women are on an equal footing. I live in favourable to them, thereby testifying to an unquestionable deterioration a world dominated by men, and I sense this impalpable pressure in certain aspects of their situation. every day. It’s not that men don’t respect us. My husband cooks for The aim of this article is to draw up a socio-demographic inventory of the me and does a lot around the house, but I still feel male chauvinism situation of Chinese women in the prevailing early twenty-first century con- in the air. In truth, men do not really consider us to be their intellec- text of demographic, economic, and social transition on the one hand, and tual equals. on the other hand, to draw attention to the paradoxical effects of these Cao Chenhong, senior manager in a Beijing company.
    [Show full text]
  • WOMEN in WORLD WAR II ADVERTISEMENTS by Caroline Cornell
    THE HOUSEWIFE’S BATTLE ON THE HOME FRONT: WOMEN IN WORLD WAR II ADVERTISEMENTS By Caroline Cornell A 1944 advertisement for Swift’s Beef in Good Housekeeping boldly proclaimed, “Her SEVEN jobs all help win the war!”1 The seven “jobs” were tasks that the Swift Company—as well as the U.S. government— believed that women on the home front should perform in order to aid their country during World War II. Among the tasks promoted by the advertisement were rationing, the growing of “victory gardens,” salvag­ ing and recycling, and the purchasing of war bonds. Though the advertisement claimed that these responsibilities “all help win the war,” each of the jobs described centered around household activities. Despite the fact that the Swift’s Beef advertisement gave agency to American women by claiming they could impact the success of the war, it still emphasized their femininity by giving primacy to the roles of wife and mother and by utilizing an image of a Red Cross volunteer as their “war worker,” not a woman working in the war industry. 1 “Her Seven Jobs Help Win the War,” Swift’s Brands of Beef, Advertisement, Good Housekeeping, January 1944, 15. 28 Caroline Cornell The Good Housekeeping advertisement exemplifies how World War II advertisements not only frequently targeted American women to aid the war effort, but also placed the responsibility of obtaining vic­ tory in the hands of the housewife. To some, this may appear as a surprising contrast to the popular image of “Rosie the Riveter” that tends to dominate modern-day conceptions of the representation of American women during World War II.
    [Show full text]
  • North Korea, Preview Chapter 2
    2 Perils of Refugee Life As we argued in the introduction, our interest in the North Korean refu- gees is twofold: We are concerned about their material and psychological well-being—their experiences as refugees—as well as interested in the insights they might provide with respect to life in North Korea itself. This chapter takes up the fi rst question, drawing primarily on the results of the China survey of 2004–05. We fi rst consider the reasons why refugees left North Korea and their living conditions in China. Despite the precariousness of their status and their preference for a decent life in North Korea, few plan on returning. Most envision themselves as temporarily residing in China before moving on to a third country. Yet there is evidence of considerable movement back and forth across the border, mostly people carrying money and food back to their extended family members in North Korea. The refugee community in China is exposed to multiple sources of vulnerability, including not only fear of arrest but also the uncertainty of their work circumstances. We highlight the particular vulnerability of women to forms of abuse such as traffi cking, which has recently received increasing attention (Hawk 2003, K. Lee 2006, Sheridan 2006, Committee for Human Rights in North Korea 2009, National Human Rights Commis- sion of Korea 2010). In the third section we extend this analysis of objective conditions to a consideration of the psychology of the refugees. A key fi nding, confi rmed by more detailed clinical work in South Korea (Jeon 2000, Y.
    [Show full text]
  • The Roles of Woman As Leader and Housewife Niniek Fariati Lantara* Indonesian Moslem University, Urip Sumoharjo Street Km 5, Makassar–Indonesia
    ense ef Ma f D n o a l g a e m Lantara, J Def Manag 2015, 5:1 n r e u n o t J Journal of Defense Management DOI: 10.4172/2167-0374.1000125 ISSN: 2167-0374 MiniResearch Review Article OpenOpen Access Access The Roles of Woman as Leader and Housewife Niniek Fariati Lantara* Indonesian Moslem University, Urip Sumoharjo Street km 5, Makassar–Indonesia Abstract Emancipation of woman in various areas of life has been discussed lately. Achievement and skill pointed out by woman nowadays make us consider that women and men are not differ much. It is seen by leadership and roles of women in various areas. Power of being stiff, tough, and accurate in making decision are characteristics of women for which they are required by a leader. Burden and responsibility of a female leader is more than responsibility of man as woman has double play either for being a mother in the household or a woman in the other womanly responsibilities. Equality between men and women will not be a waste of time effort if women act upon her ability to be competitive with men to their womanhood. Keywords: Female leader; Household of sympathy; it is a matter of struggle with no gender discrimination or distinction. Greenstein [5], suggests that women themselves shall Introduction work hard in cooperation to let their voice be heard and to reveal their When time goes by, point of view toward women, from which perspective on conference table while making decision. Woman have women deserved to keep the house only and stayed at home all the to be ready to meet the new challenge including making decision by her time while men had to work outside to the current development when own consideration.
    [Show full text]
  • Gender Equality in the Technology Industry Technology Equality in the Gender
    The Future is Equal: Gender Equality in the Technology Industry The Future is Equal: Gender Equality in the Technology Industry The shaded areas of the map indicate ESCAP members and associate members.* The shadedThe shaded areas areas of the of themap map indicate indicate ESCAP ESCAP membersmembers and and associate associate members members.*.* The Economic and Social Commission for Asia and the Pacific (ESCAP) is the most inclusive intergovernmental platform in the Asia-Pacific region. The Commission promotes cooperation The EconomicEcomomic and and Social Social Commission Commission for for Asia Asia and and the the Pacific Pacific (ESCAP) (ESCAP) is isthe the most most inclusive inclusive among its 53 member States and 9 associate members in pursuit of solutions to sustainable intergovernmental platform in the Asia-Pacific region. The Commission promotes cooperation intergovernmentaldevelopment challenges. platform ESCAPin the Asia-Pacific is one of the region. five regionalThe Commission commissions promotes of thecooperation United Nations.among its among its 53 member States and 9 associate members in pursuit of solutions to sustainable 53development member States challenges. and 9 associate ESCAP members is one of in thepursuit five of regional solutions commissions to sustainable ofdevelopment the United challenges. Nations. The ESCAP secretariat supports inclusive, resilient and sustainable development in the region by generating action-oriented knowledge, and by providing technical assistance and ESCAPThe ESCAP is one secretariatof the five regional supports commissions inclusive, ofresilient the United and Nations. sustainable development in the region capacity-building services in support of national development objectives, regional agreements by generating action-oriented knowledge, and by providing technical assistance and and the implementation of the 2030 Agenda for Sustainable Development.
    [Show full text]
  • The North Korean Economy: Leverage and Policy Analysis
    Order Code RL32493 The North Korean Economy: Leverage and Policy Analysis Updated August 26, 2008 Dick K. Nanto Specialist in Industry and Trade Foreign Affairs, Defense, and Trade Division Emma Chanlett-Avery Analyst in Asian Affairs Foreign Affairs, Defense, and Trade Division The North Korean Economy: Leverage and Policy Analysis Summary North Korea’s dire economic straits provides one of the few levers to move the Democratic Peoples Republic of Korea (DPRK) or North Korea to cooperate in attempts by the United States, China, South Korea, Japan, and Russia to halt and dismantle its nuclear program. These five countries plus North Korea comprise the “six parties” who are engaged in talks, currently restarted, to resolve issues raised by the DPRK’s development of a nuclear weapon. This report provides an overview of the North Korean economy, its external economic relations, reforms, and U.S. policy options. In June 2008, the Bush Administration announced that it was lifting restrictions under the Trading with the Enemy Act and was starting the process to remove the DPRK from the list of State Sponsors of Terrorism. Other sanctions, including U.N. sanctions imposed following North Korea’s nuclear test, still remain in place. The economy of North Korea is of interest to Congress because it provides the financial and industrial resources for the Kim Jong-il regime to develop its military and to remain in power, constitutes an important “push factor” for potential refugees seeking to flee the country, creates pressures for the country to trade in arms or engage in illicit economic activity, is a rationale for humanitarian assistance, and creates instability that affects South Korea and China in particular.
    [Show full text]
  • Rosie the Riveter Vs. Helen the Homemaker : Advertising and the Role of Women in America After World War II Christina Pfaff
    University of Richmond UR Scholarship Repository Honors Theses Student Research 2011 Rosie the Riveter vs. Helen the Homemaker : advertising and the role of women in America after World War II Christina Pfaff Follow this and additional works at: https://scholarship.richmond.edu/honors-theses Part of the Leadership Studies Commons Recommended Citation Pfaff, Christina, "Rosie the Riveter vs. Helen the Homemaker : advertising and the role of women in America after World War II" (2011). Honors Theses. 1265. https://scholarship.richmond.edu/honors-theses/1265 This Thesis is brought to you for free and open access by the Student Research at UR Scholarship Repository. It has been accepted for inclusion in Honors Theses by an authorized administrator of UR Scholarship Repository. For more information, please contact [email protected]. UNIVERSITYOF RICHMONDLIBRARIES 1111111111111111111111111111111111111111111111111111111111111111 3 3082 01083 6897 Rosie the Riveter vs. Helen the Homemaker: Advertising and the Role of Women in America afier World War II by Christina Pfaff Honors Thesis in Leadership Studies University of Richmond Richmond, VA April 27, 2011 Advisor: Dr. Donelson Forsyth Rosie the Riveter vs. Helen the Homemaker: Advertising and the Role of Women in America afier World War II by Christina Pfaff Honors Thesis in Leadership Studies University of Richmond Richmond, VA April 27, 2011 Advisor: Dr. Donelson Fon,yth Signature Page for Leadership Studies Honors Thesis Rosie the Riveter vs. Helen the Homemaker: Advertising and the Role of Women in America after World War II Thesis presented by Christina Pfaff This is to certify that the thesis prepared by Christina Pfaff has been approved by her committee as satisfactory completion of the thesis requirement to earn honors in leadership studies.
    [Show full text]