Development of the Ecological Scarcity Method: Application to Russia and Germany
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Development of the Ecological Scarcity method: Application to Russia and Germany vorgelegt von Dipl.-Ing. Marina Grinberg geb. in Moskau von der Fakultät III Prozesswissenschaften der Technischen Universität Berlin zur Erlangung des akademischen Grades Doktor der Ingenieurwissenschaften – Dr.-Ing. – genehmigte Dissertation Promotionsausschuss: Vorsitzender: Prof. Dr.-Ing. Sven-Uwe Geißen Gutachter: Prof. Dr. rer. nat. Matthias Finkbeiner Gutachter: Prof. Dr.-Ing. Jens Hesselbach Tag der wissenschaftlichen Aussprache: 05. Mai 2015 Berlin 2015 ii Acknowledgment I would like to express my gratitude to the persons below who made my research successful and supported me during my doctoral study and staying in Germany. First of all, I would like express my special appreciation and thanks to my supervisor, Prof. Dr. Matthias Finkbeiner, for his vital support and assistance, enduring guidance and mentorship he provided to me. I would especially like to thank my additional supervisors, Dr. Julia Martinez Blanco, whose help and friendly attitude at every point during my research made it possible to achieve the goal, and Dr. Robert Ackermann, for his wise advices and ideas that helped to push my research forward. I would also like to thank Justus Caspers who supported me with German data collection. I would like to thank defense committee members, Prof. Dr.-Ing. Jens Hesselbach and Prof. Dr.-Ing. Sven-Uwe Geißen. I would like to acknowledge DAAD and Siemens for their financial support and assistance, especially staff members of Desk 522, Rebekka Kammler and Irmgard Kasperek. They have not only made my accommodation in Germany easier, but they gave me the chance to meet other scholarship holders and participate in the meetings of the foundation. I wish to thank my family, especially my parents, my sister, for their endless love, support and encouragement, and my cousin, Dr. Roman Grinberg, who has believed in me like no other. I would like to pay my regards to my friends, Anna and Irina, for their friendship and support in any situation, to my friend and talented artist Kama Jackowska, who helped me with the design of the thesis, and many others who are not listed here, but are in my heart. At the end, I would like express appreciation to Tobi, who has supported me a lot. iii iv Table of content Acknowledgment .................................................................................................................................. iii Table of content ..................................................................................................................................... v List of figures ...................................................................................................................................... viii List of tables ........................................................................................................................................... x List of equations .................................................................................................................................. xii List of acronyms and abbreviations .................................................................................................. xiii Summary ............................................................................................................................................. xvi 1. Introduction and goals .................................................................................................................. 1 1.1. Introduction ............................................................................................................................. 1 1.2. Goals of the thesis ................................................................................................................... 4 1.2.1. Structure of the thesis ...................................................................................................... 5 2. Background .................................................................................................................................... 7 2.1. Life cycle assessment .............................................................................................................. 8 2.1.1. Goal and scope definition ................................................................................................ 9 2.1.2. Life cycle inventory analysis ......................................................................................... 10 2.1.3. Life cycle impact assessment ........................................................................................ 10 2.1.4. Interpretation ................................................................................................................. 14 2.2. Elements of LCIA within existing LCIA methods ................................................................ 15 2.2.1. Characterization ............................................................................................................. 15 2.2.2. Normalization ................................................................................................................ 17 2.2.3. Weighting ...................................................................................................................... 17 2.3. Ecological Scarcity method ................................................................................................... 18 2.3.1. Development of the Ecological Scarcity method .......................................................... 18 2.3.2. The basic principle and formula .................................................................................... 20 2.3.3. Characteristics of the Ecological Scarcity method ........................................................ 22 2.4. Environmental policy ............................................................................................................ 24 2.4.1. International agreements for environmental protection ................................................. 24 2.4.2. Environmental policy in Russia..................................................................................... 29 2.4.3. Environmental policy in Germany ................................................................................ 32 3. Methodology for eco-factor calculation for Russia and Germany .......................................... 36 3.1. Eco-factor .............................................................................................................................. 36 3.2. Characterization in the formula for eco-factors calculation .................................................. 37 3.3. Normalization in the formula for eco-factors calculation ..................................................... 38 3.4. Weighting in the formula for eco-factors calculation ............................................................ 38 v 3.4.1. Current flow .................................................................................................................. 38 3.4.2. Critical flow ................................................................................................................... 39 4. Russian eco-factors ...................................................................................................................... 42 4.1. Emissions to air ..................................................................................................................... 42 4.1.1. CO2 and other greenhouse gases (GHG) ....................................................................... 43 4.1.2. Ozone-depleting substances (ODS) ............................................................................... 47 4.1.3. Particulate matter (PM) ................................................................................................. 49 4.2. Emissions to surface water .................................................................................................... 51 4.2.1. Nitrogen (N) and phosphorus (P) .................................................................................. 52 4.2.2. Heavy metals: lead (Pb) and mercury (Hg) ................................................................... 54 4.3. Emissions to sea water .......................................................................................................... 56 4.3.1. Total petroleum hydrocarbons (TPH) and phenols ....................................................... 56 4.4. Waste ..................................................................................................................................... 57 4.5. Energy consumption .............................................................................................................. 58 4.6. Overview ............................................................................................................................... 61 5. German eco-factors ..................................................................................................................... 63 5.1. Emissions to air ..................................................................................................................... 64 5.1.1. CO2 and other greenhouse gases (GHG) ....................................................................... 64 5.1.2. Non-methane volatile organic compounds (NMVOCs) ................................................ 68 5.1.3. Nitrogen oxides (NOx) ................................................................................................... 70 5.1.4. Ammonia (NH3) ...........................................................................................................