ResearCh In'formation Series on RISEEcosystems I I Vol. 25 NO.2 & 3 May· December 2013

~

Reprinted December 2013

ECOSYSTEMS RESEARCH AND DEVELOPMENT BUREAU Department of Environment and Natural Resources College 4031, laguna FOREWORD RISE TASK FORCE

Executive Adviser Dr. Portia G. Lapitan The Ecosystems Research and Development Bureau produced the first 10 issues of Research Information Series Team Leader Dr. Leuvina M. Tandug on Ecosystems in 1989. Since then, due to numerous Asst. Team Leader requests for copies of said materials, we have ran out of and Editor Mr. Eliseo M. Saltazar copies and we have been reprinting them for our readers.

Assistant Editors Ms. Liberty E. Asis Five of the most requested titles are Lumbang, Ms. Marla V. Cambay Almaciga, Akle, Bagtikan and VVhite Lauan. In this reprinted version, we are featuring these forest species to meet current Members Dr. Elpidio F. Rimando demands. Dr. Rafael T. Cadiz Ms. Maria dP. Dayan We are therefore publishing this compilation for school libraries or as a handy reference in public reading nooks or Production Coordinator Mr. Francisco R. Cabrera information centers. In its compiled form, this issue can be conveniently used by our readers. Computer Services Mr. Nestor S. Leviste

Proofreading Ms. Flora B. Palicpic Ms. Marilou C. Villones ~ Mr. Eduardo M. Tolentino /J)/

Printing Mr. Celso A. Luna

Collating and Binding Mr. Eduardo M. Tolentino Mr. Renato R. Garcia

Circulation Mr. Eduardo M. Tolentino SPECIES PAGE TABLE OF CONTENTS Akle SPECIES PAGE Common Name 25 Lumbang Local Name 25 Common Name 1 Scientific Name 25 Local Name 1 Family 25 Scientific Name 1 Description 25 Family 1 Uses 26 Description 1 Distribution 26 Uses 2 Site Requirements 26 Distribution 2 Propagation 27 Site Requirements 3 Technology 27 Propagation 3 Nursery Practices 28 Seed Technology 3 Plantation Establishment 28 Nursery Practices 5 Pests 29 Plantation Establishment 6 References 30 Diseases 7 Pests 8 Bagtikan References 10 Common Name 33 Local Name 33 Almaciga Scientific Name 33 Common Name 13 Family 33 Local Name 13 Description 33 Scientific Name 13 Uses 34 Family 13 Distribution 34 Description 13 Site Requirements 34 Uses 14 Propagation 35 Distribution 14 Nursery Practices 36 Site Requirements 15 Plantation Establishment 37 Propagation 15 Diseases 37 Seed Technology 15 Pests 39 Nursery Practices 16 References 41 Plantation Establishment 18 Diseases 19 Pests 19 References 22 SPECIES PAGE White Lauan Common Name 44 Local Name 44 Scientific Name 44 Family 44 Description 44 Uses 45 Distribution 45 Lumbang Site Requirements 45 Propagation 45 Nursery Practices 47 Aleurites moluccana (L.) Plantation Establishment 49 Diseases 50 Willd. References 52

Compiled by

Maria P. Dayan and Cynthia C. Marquez

L Uses

LUMBANG J Oil can be extracted from lumbang . This oil is used in the manufacture of paint, soap, varnish, and wood Common Name Lumbang preservative. It is also used in making polishing material for straw hats, putty, manufacture of linoleum, printing and Local Name Lumbang bato, lumbang, stamping ink and serves as a rubber substitute. A 100% kalumbang, kapili (Tagalog) biau, lumbang oil is used to temper hardwood. rumbang (Visayas, Baguio), kapili, kami (Sulu). Lumbang is also grown in plantation as shade for growing . The wood is used in the manufacture of Scientific Name Aleurites moluccana (L.) Willd. matches and wooden shoes.

Family Euphorbiaceae The juice of the nuts can be taken internally to eradicate worms. Its seeds serve as mild purgative. Description Habitat and Distribution Lumbang is a large reaching a diameter of 80-150 cm with an average height of 24 m in the dense stand and 21.4 Lumbang is found throughout the Philippines at low and m in the open stand. The outer bark is grayish white, while the medium altitudes in secondary forests. It is widely planted in inner bark is reddish when cut and slightly exuding a reddish the provinces of Cavite and Laguna. sap when wet. Lumbang apparently grows well in the variety of tropical The are simple, alternate, terminally clustered, climates. It grows in dry localities as well as in regions where with long petioles, and the blades are oblong with pointed apical rainfall is very heavy and in provinces where rainfall is fairly tip. They are 10-20 cm long, with shining upper surface and well distributed. In the Philippines, it grows in 6 provinces with with a paler color underneath. climate type 1 (6 months dry from Nov.-April and the rest wet season) namely, Antique, Cavite, Laguna, Zambales, Cebu Flowers are white, numerous, with soft hairs, 6 to 8 mm and Davao. long, borne terminally on panicles, 10 to 15 cm long. It performs well in Cavite and Cebu provinces which The fruit is fleshy. Seeds are oily, about 3 cm long 3.5 cm have a very pronounced dry season. It is also grown well in wide; with 1 to 2 hard shells. The shell of the seed is very hard, Laguna and Davao provinces where the rainfall is fairly well rough, ridged and about 2.5 mm in thickness. Within the seed is distributed. a white, oily and fleshy kernel consisting of a very thin embryo surrounded by a large endosperm.

1, _' . _' _ ';:'':''''.:,:,.'-''",',,' '~~.:_.. It is found in tropical Asia to Polynesia and in the forests Months Places of the Hawaian Islands. January and February Negros Site Requirements April Agusan May Nueva Vizcaya The tree grows on various soils but yields the best June Laguna returns if planted on a deep, well-drained soil. It could tolerate August Cebu thin soil with a heavy, compact and adobe subsoil. It can also September Laguna grow successfully on thin soil of limestone origin. It can be December Abra maintained in cogonal areas. The average seed count of lumbang is 95 seedslkg. It has no special moisture requirements. It grows well with minimum or heavy rainfall. However, during rainy season, Method of Seed Collection fruiting in non-formation of seeds. The fruit is collected from the tree with the use of a light Phenology, Flowering or Fruiting pole and a hook attached to its end. Seeds are picked from the ground and are placed in baskets or sacks. Flowering occurs in many places from May to October or sometimes during rainy season. Fruiting months are more or Another method of seed collection is to allow the fruits less uniform for the whole year. Some observations show that to stay on the ground for 7 to 10 days after falling from the lumbang bears fruit the whole year. tree until the fleshy outer husk rots. Thereafter, the nuts are gathered. Propagation Seed Processing and Handling Lumbang is easily propagated by seeds and apparently does not grow easily from cuttings. Fruits are allowed to decay from 7 to 10 days until the fleshy portion is removed. After the decay of the fruit exocarp Seed TeChnology (outer fleshy portion of the fruit), the seeds (stones) are extracted. Fruits/seeds are collected in the following months and places: In the Visayas, fruits are gathered from the tree and placed in a drum full of water. The fruits are soaked in water for several days until the fleshy protion rots. The fleshy porti6n is removed by hand and washed. c. The soil should preferably be loamy. A mixture of Storage loamy soil and compost is an excellent medium for growing the seedlings. Seeds intended for propagation are dried under the sun long enough to retain adequate amount of moisture which is d. Sow the seeds in rows which are 10 cm apart and necessary in prolonging the storage period. with a distance of 5 cm between the seeds in each row. Cover the seeds with soil to a depth equal to Gennination their diameter.

Seeds are enclosed in a very hard shell. Seed e. After sowing, cover the seed bed with a mulch of germination may be enhanced by any of the following cogon, straw or rice hull with a thichness of about methods: 2 to 3 cm.

a. Peel or nick the shell. f. Water the bed regularly until the seedlings reach 10 cm in height when they require only occasional b. Crack the shell with a grinder or a clamp. watering.

c. Remove a protion of the shell with a grindstone. g. Transplant the seedlings to the plantation area when they attain 50 to 60 cm in height. d. Place the seeds in a stratified condition, i.e., cover them with a thin layer of dried cogon leaves are Plantation Establishment burned later. Then, cold water is poured over the seeds. The change in temperature causes the shell The seedlings can be planted bare root, earth balled or to crack. The seeds can be sown on ordinary soil and in pots. In planting, the holes of sufficient size should be dug. covered with mulch. Seedlings should be in upright position. Fill the hole with good soil. Provide stake after planting for seedling protection and to Nursery Practices serve as guide when cleaning the area. Cleaning should be done at least twice a year. The following nursery practices are recommended: Protection against fire, vines and animals should be a. Before sowing, test the seeds by immersing them in a provided to avoid damage to growing seedlings and . tank or bucket of water. Good seeds sink to the bottom and the poor ones float. Discard the floating Cut dead branches. For nut production, pruning is not seeds. advisable. b. Prepare seed beds 1.2 m wide and 5 m long. A seed bed of this size will have a capacity of over 1,200 seedlings.

I L Control Diseases and Pests When infection is severe, apply any systemic Diseases fungiCide like Benlate at 2.5 glli. Apply at weekly interval especially in the nursery. a. Ganoderma root rot Pests Causal organism: Ganodermallucidum (Ieyss) Karst. syn Fornes /ucidus (Leyss) Kickx. a. Oleander scale or Ivy scale: Aspidiotus hederae Hemiptera A wound parasite of dicotyledonous trees but less frequently of , palms and bamboo, which A dark grey, circular and armour-scaled insect. It causes a root and butt rot. The fungus exists in the soil, has been recorded to suck the sap of numerous but frequently invades the roots, especially when the crops but is rarely a very destructive pest. vitality of the tree is reduced. It spreads up to the basal part of the stem, causing a soft white decay. The Control sporophore is always at or near ground level and usually developed after the host has been killed. Sporophores Use any systemic insecticide when infestation is are usually lateral, up to 12 cm or more across, blood red severe. in color and shining, varnish like crust; flesh is whitish, pores thin-walled and small. b. Atlas moth: A/tacus atlas

Control One of the largest moths with a small body but a wing span of about 25 cm; wings varying from rich Since this pathogen enters through wounds, tawny to purplish brown and each with a triangular apply fungicide (Benlate, 2.5 g/li or Delsene Mx at transparent patch. 2 g/li) to the cut branches or stem to prevent entrance of fungi. Biweekly application is recommended. Larva up to 10 cm long when fully grown. Color pale green or bluish yellow with large, blue, fleshy b. Tung spot: spines directed backwards. Feeds on many dicotyledons. Mycosphaerella aleuretidis Ou (Perfect stage) Cercospora aleuritidis Miyake (Imperfect stage) Eggs are conspicuously laid on the leaves. Each An obligate parasite which forms irregular, reddish adult female may produce more than 200 eggs. to almost black spots about 6 to 10 mm wide. All common to Aleurites spp. When infection is severe, it causes defoliation. Population occurs on a cocoon of dirty white to drab coloured silk. usually attached to the lower surface of the leaf. which are secured by threads to References the twig. Aguilar, R. H. 1919. The Lumbang Oil Industry in the Control Philippines. Phil. Jour. of Sci. 14:275

App!y any Insecticide when infestation is severe ___ . 1917. A Comparison of Linseed Oil and Lumbang Oil as Paint Vehicles. Phil. Jour. of Sci. A 12(5): 235 C. Scale insects: Hemiberiesia lataniae Signoret Alambat, C. F. 1969. Pointers on How to Grow Lumbang Trees. Feeds on the sap of leaves, shoots, branches and Permafor Forests and Farms. 4:20. stems of numerous plants. Heavy infestation in young trees may cause wilting or deformed growth. ____ .1970. Lumbang Trees. Good Shade for Dairy Herd. Permafor Forests and Farms. 5:10-11 Control ____ . 1971. Lumbang Oil for Paints. Philea Standard When infestation is severe, especially in the Specification Publications. p. 1-3 nursery, apply any insecticide at weekly interval. ____ . 1975. Lumbang Has Many Uses. Conservation Circular. 11:2-3.

Bartolome. A. and E. Logarita. 1981. Methods of Stratification on Pili and Lumbang Seeds in Nursery Production. BS Thesis (Unpublished) INCA. Lambunao, Iloilo.

Eakale T. A. and A. S. Garcia. 1977 Hastening the Germination of Lumbang (A. moluccana) (L.) Willd. Seeds Sylvatrop, Philipp. For. Res. J. 2(4):291-295 .

. ' ., j:v" 10 Almaciga philippinensis (Warb.)

Compiled by

Rafael T. Cadiz and Reynaldo C. Modino

Representative sketches of Lumbang tree, leaves and fruits.

R1SE r- ALMACIGA~ Young leaves are about 3-4 cm wide and at least 10 cm long. Leaves from fully exposed branches are rounded at the apex, 4 to 5 cm long and 1.5 to 2 cm wide. Cones are globular, about 8 cm in diameter. Male cones are borne in or Common Name : Almaciga slightly above the leafaxils and cylindrical. Cone scales are peltate, numerous, with 10 to 12 sacs. Female cones are Local Name : Adiangau (Camarines); Alisango terminal, ovoid to globose, with numerous woody cone scales, (Benguet); Almaciga (Mindoro, each bearing a single large ovule. The cones become massive Bataan, Tayabas, Benguet, Zambales, and woody at maturity; viable seeds are flattened-ovoid with 1 Palawan, Camarines and Negros); Aninga large wing. Sometimes the wings are smaller than usual. Ripe (Isabela); Anteng (Nueva Ecija); Almaciga cones shatter on the tree. babae (Bataan); Macau (Misamis); Dadiangau (Sorsogon, Polilio, Tayabas, Uses Negros); Dadungoi (Albay, Sorsogon); Pino (Samar); Salong (Cagayan, Negros); Almaciga yields high quality resin. The resin is Titan (Abra). commonly known as Manila Copal in the international market. It is utilized in various products such as varnish, paint, linoleum, Scientific Name : Agathis phiJippinensis (Warb.) plastic and others. It was an early export product of the Philippines, hence the identification Manila Co pal. Locally, this Family : is used as incense in religious ceremonies, for torches, starting fire, caulking boats and smudge for mosquitoes. It is also used Description in other processes as in making patent leather and sealing wax. A good tree will produce 20 kg of gum per year. Almaciga is a very large tree reaching 300 cm in diameter at breast height and 60 m in height. The trunk is The wood has a glossy, fine textute. It is one of the straight, cylindrical or may taper and sometimes with markedly most expensive woods in the Philippines. It is commonly used spiral grain. It has no buttress but with big swollen superficial in making panel boards, piano boards, guitar bodies and roots. Sometimes the butt swells to a varying degree. engineering instruments.

The crown is monopodial and narrowly conical. The Distribution branches are radial and may droop or turn at the ends, and vary in thickness. It self-prunes to leave a clear bole. Almaciga is endemic in the Philippines and exists on mountain slopes throughout the archipelago. Reports show The bark is smooth, gray, 1-1.5 cm thick and peels or that the species grows in the following provinces: Cagayan, sheds off in large irregular plates. It is a rich source of resin. Rizal, Isabela, Benguet, Abra, Zambales, Nueva Ecija, Bataan, Places Months Quezon, Polilio, Aurora, Mindoro, Camarines, Albay, Sorsogon, Calayaan Island, Sibuyan, Negros, Samar, Palawan, Misamis, Mindoro January Davao and Zamboanga. It has a geographical range from 1go Palawan (North) Feb to April 30" N to 3SOS and is commonly found in countries like New Los Banos, Laguna, Bataan March Zealand, Australia, New Caledonia, Malenesia, Papua New Davao August Guinea, Moluccas, Sumatra, Java and Brunei. The tree is Palawan (South) June to Sept distributed at medium and high altitudes ranging from 400 to Zambales, Samar Sept 3000 m above sea level. Abra, Kalinga-Apayao, Lepanto Cagayan, Zamboanga Oct. to Jan Site Requirement Select a good mother tree from which you will get Agathis grows in areas with rocks and soils including the seeds for planting. podzolized sands, limestones, igneous and sedimentary rocks. It also growss in clay-loam to sandy-loam and acidic (pH 4.5 to a. Seeds are collected from cones. The cones are 5.0) soils. considered mature when brownish in color.

The tree could be grown in the tropics and southern b. Cones should be collected from the tree and seed subtropics and from humid to seasonally dry climate. In the collection should be made before they open. Philippines, they survive in wet regions which received 10 1/4 m,onths rain and in arid regions with only 4112 rainy months. Transporting

Propagation Pack the seeds with a moisture holder medium like moss, coconut fiber or sawdust that have been Almaciga can be propagated by seeds. It could also moistened and then squeezed dry and placed in a propagated asexually but this method still needs further study. perforated box to allow ventillation.

Seed Technology Seeds must be sown immediately after arrival.

Collection Nursery Practices

In the Philippines, the months and places of In the Philippines, wild lings are used as planting collection of seeds are as follows: stock due to the difficulty of gathering the seeds and its short-lived viability .

.."",. 1 . c. Wrap the ball with banana sheaths or place it in Seeds plastic bag with holes,

a. Pre-germination d. Transfer the balled wildlings in a slightly shaded nursery. Prior to sowing, soak the seeds in cold water for 24 hours to speed up germination. e. Water the wild lings once a day and let them grow in the nursery for 3 to 4 months before outplanting them b. Sowing in the field.

Sow seeds flat or on its side 10 mm deep at close Plantation Establishment spacing in a shaded seedbed. The testa should be removed to prevent distortion of the hypocotyl. Use Plantation can be established under secondary forest, sandy loam soil as germination medium. Water the brushwood or even under coconut plantation provided there is seedbed once or twice a day. Germination starts enough sunlight to sustain its minimum requirement. between 7 to 14 days from sowing. The following are recommended for the establishment c. Potting and maintenance of almaciga plantation:

Pot the seedlings when they reach the height a. Prepare the planting site by partial removal of of about 10 ern. At the height of 25 to 50 cm, they are vegetation. ready for outplanting. Clear spots or patches close to the ground where Wildlin~s the seedlings/wildlings are to be planted. Patches must be 1 m in diameter. The nursery practices for wildlings are as follows: b. the potted wild lings before they reach the height a. During the fruiting season of almaciga, the of 80 cm in holes with 4 x 4 m spacing. understorey vegetation of a good mother tree is cleared just before the seeds fall to ensure c. It should be planted under partial shade or under regeneration. nurse trees such as ipil-ipil.

b. Select wildlings with fully developed first real pair of d. It should be planted at the onset of the rainy season. leaves or those which are 30 cm tall and lift them with a ball of soil attached firmly around the roots.

, ~>' 18 17 _ ..~.,.~ '.. ,", ,'. _'. Control Measure e. Ring weeding should be done from time to time to avoid spreading roots of grasses which will compete Biological or chemical control measures have yet with the absorption of soil nutrients. to be discovered. Diseases A practical control measure is by "sanitation- Die-back salvage cutting" to eliminate the pathogen and at the same time utilizing the wood for economic uses. Symptom Pests The fungus enters through the fine roots and spreads upward. Infected roots appear darkened, wet Seed eating moth: Agathiphaga (Lepidoptera; and sour smelling. Discoloration may extend up to the Aglossata; Agathiphagoidea) stem. When most of the main roots have been killed, the tree wilts, leaves turn yellow and eventually the tree dies. The adult moth lay eggs in the female cones of Agathis. The larvae grow inside and are fully developed Causal pathogen: Phytopthora cinnamoni when the cones are mature, building a steel hard larval cell of frass glued with thye tree resin. When they Control measure mature, the larvae make 1 to 4 holes in the testa. Infected cones develop into a distorted sphere, infecting The disease is checked by drenching and seeds and seed scales which result to abnormal fumigation of the site to kill the soil-inhabiting fungus. swelling.

Butt-rot, brown cuboidal rot Control Measure

Symptom Agathis seeds that are not infected should be stored by desiccation followed by cold storage. The early stage of the decay is characterized by Agathiphaga is killed by the subzero temperature and a faint, brownish discoloration which later becomes a the developing imago is crippled by low temperature. typical brown cuboidal rot. The roots and branches Chilling of seed will provide adequate control of this pest. begin to shrivel and dry up from tip downward. Aesiotes notabilis, Pascoe, Insecta, Coleoptera. Causal pathogen: Fomes pinico/a (Fr.) Cooke. Curculionidae.

Hoop Pine bark weevil. The weevil is endemic in the natural forest of Agathis as a wound parasite. The

.':.'\

FORPRIDE Digest. 1978. Almaciga Resin VII (2 & 3): 1.

Quiniones, S S. 1979. Almaciga Heart Rot Pathogen Has Been Found and Identified. Canopy International. 5 (5): 4.

Tumaliuan, B. T. 1978. Dolores Tin iber Grows Almaciga. Canopy International. 4 (11): 1.

Tumaliuan, B. T. Paper Submitted as Partial Fulfillment of the Requirements for SFI 1st Sem. 1981-82.

Whitmore, T. C. 1977. First Look at Agathis. Tropical Forestry Paper No. 11 Dept. of Forestry, Commonwealth Forestry Institute. University of Oxford. pp. 1, 3, 5, 34-37.

Whitmore, T. C. 1980 A Second Look at Agathis. Occasional Paper No. 13. p. 4, 7-8.

RISE "lo\.,_ ",,',_:

7:- , leaves and flowers

Akle Serialbizia acle (Blanco) fruit Kostermans

Compiled by

Vilma D. Sadie and Apolinaria T. Cornejo ieaves and fruit

Representative sketches of Almaciga tree. Ie",·;," flower and fruit

RISE • . ~ .' • : <. .-. , • , .,•• ': 24 AKLE The trunk has no buttress out has swollen roots. The crown is broadly spreading and open. The bark is dark brown, brittle and creamy white when freshly cut, turning to vermillion or reddish Common Name Akle yellow after exposure to sunlight. Local Name : Akle or akli [Butacan, Carnarines The species has a slow growth rate A 25 year-old tree (Norte and Sur). Masbate. Sorsogon attains a growth of approximately 16 mm in height and 23 em in Nueva Ecija. La Union, Pampanqa. diameter given good site conditions. Bataan, Zarnbales, Quezon, Laguna, Mindoro (Occidental and Oriental), Rizai]: Uses Kitra-kita [llocos (Norte and Sur), Nueva Ecija, La Union]; Binuyo, Capiz, Akle IS one of the most beautiful Philippine woods. It is Negros (Occidental and Oriental), one of the best cabinet timbers of the country on account of its Tablas]; Langin (Masbate, Sorsoqon); warm-brown color, fine texture and lasting qualities. It is also Langip (Neqros Occidental, Masbate); Tili used for house construction (post, flooring, siding interior, finish or titis (Pangasinan, Zambales); Anagep and panel) naval construction, railroad ties, carvings, tables, (Hocos Norte and Sur); Tabangi (Iloilo): chairs, desks, high quality furnitures, musical instruments, Mabunga (Lagunba); Sauriri, Tawili (guitars, violins), gun stocks, sculptures, substitute for black (Palawan); Anagap (Zambales) and walnut, sills, general construction; charcoal; interior trim of Langan (Masbate). automobiles and other vehicles. Scientific Name Serialbizia acfe (Blanco) Kostermans Distribution Family Mirnosaceae Akle is widely distributed in the Philippines. It is found in Albay, Bataan, Bulacan, Camarines Norte, Camarines Description Sur. Capiz, Cebu, Davao, lIocos Norte, Masbate, Occidental Mindoro, Negros Oriental, Nueva Ecija, Surigao, Tarlac and Akle is a medium-sized tree attaining a height of 25-30 m Zambales. and a diameter of 70 to 120 em. It is a deciduous tree (sheds its leaves during the dry season) and intolerant to shade. The bole It is also found in Indonesia and Celebes is cylindrical, generally short and crooked, ranging commonly from 40 to 60 cm in diameter and a height of 10 b 18 em Site Requirements The leaves are bipinnately compound, opoosrte usually A.kle grows in all climatic types of the Philippines and in with one pair of pinnae, each with 3 to 6 pairs ot leaflets. The several varieties of soil. It thrives on sandy to clay-loam soils as fiowers are greenish-white. borne on small rounded heads. well as in areas with limestone formation and where the molave RISE·· type forest is found. It is naturally scattered in thin forests to permit the seed to pass through Unopened pods are dense stands; from hill tops and mountain ridges to the valleys then spread on the screen and cried in the open and river beds and in forests of low and medium altitudes. Seoerate/discard impurities onor to storage.

Propagation The seeds should be completely dried either by air-·dry!ng or placed in ternperate-controtled chamber Seed Technology before storing Seeds are then packed or stored in such

manner the moisture. temot erature and-'.' humidity are Seed collection, processing, handling and storage more or less controlled.

When the pods are mature and dry, they Nursery Practices are eventually detached from the trees by wind or gravity. They should therefore be collected The followmq are the nursery practices that as soon as they become dark brown in color should be followed which indicates that the embryos are already mature. Proper timing should be observed Sow seeds in drills. The spacing should be from 5 because if the pods are collected too late, the to 8 ern" in seedbeds and 5 x 1 em in seed boxes seeds will fall to the ground. Collect the pods by climbing or by using a long bamboo pole. Set out seedlings from the nursery to their permanent site in the field when they are 1 to 2 months Seeds could be collected in the following places old. with height rangillg from 10 to 59 em. and months. Plantation Establishment Places Months Partly trim the leaves and roots of the seedlinas Bataan - February, May, June, August, during outplanting The roots are bundled and wrapped November with gunny sacks. Seedlings are bundled into convenient Laguna - May, June, October size to facilitate transplanting to the field. Quezon - August Bulacan - August Cut the g, .j·.;;ses a foot high and dig holes of about Tarlac - November a foot deep Leave the trees and shrubs for shading Nueva Ecija - December purposes.

After drying, spread the pods on a dry, hard and Prune thE'~tree to increase the cote's clear length well-ventilated surface. In seperating the seeds from and volume HOlNe,,'::,!- this operation may only be the pods, use wire mesh or screen wide enough to applied to trees over 10 em in diameter Fuse' Pests References Scale Insect - (Lophococcus convexus Mc~r) Assidao, F. and M. Maun. 1961. Silvieal Characteristics of Akle. Damage: leaves are eaten causing defoliation [Albizia ae/e (Blanco) Merr.] Forest Res. Division. Bureau of Forestry, Silvical Leaflets NO.6. 36 pp. Control: To check infestation, handpick the caterpillars when the plants are still small and spring with co-tact Cruz, E. de la and F. O. Chinte. 1940. Akle in Plantation. Phil. spray when the trees are already tall In case of Jour. of Forestry. Bureau of Forest Development. pp. 7-44. persistent infestation, the muitiplication of their natural enemies should be encouraged. De Guzman, E. D., R. M. Umali and E. D. Sotalbo. 1986. Guide Flat-Headed VVoodborer (Chrysachroa iutminens F) to Philippine Flora and Fauna. Vol. III. Dipterocarps. Non-dipterocarps. Natural Resources Management Damage: The eggs are laid in the crevices of the bark Center. Ministry of Natural Resources and Univ. of the Tiny larvae eat their way to the sapwood. They cirdle the Philippines. p. 228. tree inside. The adults feed on the parechyma of the leaves and strip the young green bark of shoots and Generalao, M. L. 1977. High Premium Species and Fast young branches. Growing Species. Silvical Characteristics and Planting Instructions. Pearr. pp. 3-4. Control: As a control measure, the initial cause of devitalization of the infested tree should be determined Jacalne, D. V. 1958. Further Study on Hastening the and when discovered, the impaired vitality of the tree Germination of Akle Seeds. Phil. Jour. Forestry 15 (1-4): must be restored immediately. The injuries made by 63-72. this metallic beetle should be coated with thick tar. Trap trees should be employed wherein the female insects are Lasmarias, V. T. 1979. Survival and Growth of Akle [Albizia aele lured to lay their eggs and must be removed later and (Blanco) Kosterm.] and Supa (Sindora supa Merr.) in utilized as firewood to destroy the larvae and pupae they Various Potting Media. Sylvatrop, Philipp. Forest Res. contain. Infested logs should be disposed as soon as Jour. 4(3): 161-166. possible.

RiSE 8agtikan Parashorea maiaanonan (Blanco) Merrill

Compiled by

Rafael T. Cadiz

I' f and t I ~ Reynaldo C. Modino :

I• f1 leaf pattern

tree ,l;r flowers

Representative sketches of A.kle tree, flowers, leaf pattern, seed and seed pod. The fruiting calyx has 5 long wings but their bases Common Name Bagtikan are not tightly enclosing the fruit as with those of the shorea species. The fruits are less than 2 cm in diameter at maturity. Local Name Litok (Cagayan); lasaan (liocos Norte); The development of bagtikan fruit takes 3 to 4 months. bakoog (Pangasinan); talukaw (Nueva However, development varies in different regions in the Ecija); binaliwan (Bulacan); bayokan, Philippines due to variance in climate. dalurat (Laguna); lauan (Laguna, Masbate); danlig (Batangas, Polilio); The bark of bagtikan has broken ridges 3.8 to 4.3 em hapnit, takuban (Camarines Sur); thick. The stem's bark when cut, gives reddish color and the manggasinoro (Sorsogon); bagtikan bark at buttress when cut is whitish. (Negros Oce.) Uses Scientific Name Parashorea malaanonan (Blanco) Merrill The wood is generally used for rough construction Family Dipterocarpaceae including siding, sheating and concrete forms; cabinet and furniture making; boat planking and framing; mine timber and Description other uses.

Bagtikan is one of the light-red Philippine mahogany Distribution known in the market as white lauan. It is a prominent tree reaching a height of 35 to 40 m. Its crown is flat and spreading, Bagtikan is widely distributed all over the country. It with a tendency to outgrow the neighboring trees. The constitutes the predominating species whenever found and in cylindrical bole is from 20 to 25 m long. almost any size. It can be found in places of all four climatic types in the Philippines. The leaves of bagtikan are entire, alternate and scattered, oblong or sub-elliptical, pale green beneath, rounded It is also found in other parts of East Asia-Penang, Malay at the base and shiny. The midrib is very pronounced, with 5 to Peninsula, Malacca, Burma and Borneo. 8 pairs of equally prominent nerves. Site Requirements Bagtikan has yellow flowers tinged with pink which fall in great quantity that almost cover the ground under the flowering The climate preferred by bagtikan is humid. It could tree. however be grown successfully in any of the four Philippine The petals are oblong, glabrous on the inner side. The climatic types. ovary is hairy. Transporting Bagtikan is influenced by the type of climate and character of the soil. It grows well in deep soils at low and a. Pack the seeds with a moisture holding medium like medium altitudes. It is common along gentle slopes in primary moss, coconut fiber or sawdust that has been forests. The natural habitat of the species is the lauan type, moistened and squeezed dry. comparatively free from jungle undergrowth and climbing plants. Compared with other species, it presents a more closed Pulverized charcoal also prove to be a suitable canopy but with regular profile. packing medium.

Propagation b. The seeds, together with the moist packing medium. are placed in alternate layers in wooden boxes with Bagtikan can be propagated by seeds and wildlings. perforated sides to allow ventilation.

Collection of Seeds c. The seeds must be sown immediately after arrival.

The months and places of collection of bagtikan Nursery Practices seeds in the Philippines are as follows: This species is propagated mainly by wildling because Months Places the seeds have a very short viability. The seeds of bagtikan germinate even before they fall to the ground. Jan - Feb Nueva Vizcaya, Negros Apri/- May Bohol The recommended nursery practices are as follows: June Bu/acan, Cagayan July Bataan, Laguna a. Just before the seeds fall, clear the ground vegetation August Surigao de/ Norte under a plus mother tree. The seeds are Aug - Sept Cebu disseminated principally by wind. Eighty-five to ninety September Camarines Sur, Misamis Or., percent (85 -90%) of the seeds will settle within 60 m Quezon, Zamboanga from their buttress. Wildlings spring up densely as in nursery seedbed. Steps in Collecting Seeds b. Select wildlings with the first real pairs of fully a. Select plus trees as seed source. developed leaves and are 20 cm tall. Lift them with b. Collect mature seeds immediately after they fall. the ball of soil attached firmly around the roots. c. Collect seeds during regular fruiting season. c. Wrap the balls of soil with banana sheaths or plastic bags with holes. 35 'J._~ d. Transfer the balled wildlings in a slightly shaded upon the extent of injury to the roots. Sometimes, nursery. infection may proceed upward and develop into a basal (butt) rot. e. Water the wildlings once a day and let them develop in the nursery for 3 to 6 months before outplanting Causal Pathogen: Fornes applanatum ver them in the field. philippinensis (Pers.) Hump.

Plantation Establishment Control Measures: Trees must kept as healthy as Plantation can be established under secondary forests possible either by timber stand improvement or and brushwood provided there is enough sunlight to sustain its fertilization. Root injuries should be avoided. growth. The steps are as follows: Following cutting, fungicide should be applied to the stumps such as Cupravit, Carbonate, Zineb and a. Partially remove vegetation by patch clearing. It is Antacol. Follow the recommended dosage on each the most economical method. accompanying label.

b. Clear spots or patches where seedlings/wildlings are Damping-off to be planted. Symptoms: Damping-off occurs either before or after c. Plant the potted seedlingslwildlings in holes with 4 x 4 seedling emergence. In post emergence damping-off, spacing before they reach the height of 40 cm. infected seedlings develop water-soaked lesions at the base which dehydrate later, turn brown, wilt and d. Plant seedlings/wildlings at the onset of the rainy cause the seedlings to topple over. In very crowded season. seedbeds, the cotyledon and the upper part of the stem may turn brown and die. e. Apply 20 x 30 g of complete fertilizer (14-14-14) by mixing in the soil of the planting hole to enable the Causal Pathogen: Phytopthora, Pythium, Dip/odia, seedlingslwildlingfs to cope better with rapidly Rhizoctonia, Fusarium spp. developing weed species. Control Measures: Because the disease is caused by Diseases a variety of fungi, exact control measures can not be given. However, the following measures may Root Rot significantly control this disease: a. Avoid using heavy soil. A good growing medium is a Symptoms: The leaves turn yellow, curl and fall off 50 - 50 mixture of fine sand and clay loam. easily. The crown may die gradually or swiftly, depending 37 . ".., ,- b. Sterilize the soil before sowing by using dry heat, Control Measures: Control snails by handpicking if they steam, bOiling water or fumigant. are few However. for heavy infestation, use a metaldehyde bait But since metaldehyde is c. Avoid overcrowding. expensive, use it only as an attractant and mix it with a cheap poison like calcium arsenate which acts d. Remove disease seedlings once infection becomes as the toxic agent. The following formula has been evident and burn them. found very effective e. Gradually expose the seedlings to full sunlight. Calcium arsenate - 5 parts by weight Metaldehyde - 2 parts by weight Pests Fine rice bran .. 100 parts by weight Water - enough to slightly moisten the a. Beetles are the most numerous insects and often mash the most destructive of all. No forest tree species is immune. The most common of these are the Place the baits in the evening and keep them in the following: Adoretus furidus Blanchard, Adoretus morning. Burn poisoned snails to destroy the eggs and ranuncufus Burm and Adoretus sinicus Burm, all bury them to prevent animals from feeding on them. under the Family Scarabaeidae. Black beetle. bark engraver (Xy/oborus ursus Eggers). The adults of the above species feed on the leaves and tender shoots of seedlings. The grubs or larvae These are 4 to 5 mrn lonq, with head and body almost of of scarab beetles feed on the roots and underground the same length (2.5 mrn). The female lay their eggs in parts of the stem. Damage produced by the adult tunnels with a diameter ranging from 1 to 2.5 mm. The beetles are particularly noticeable during the month larvae excavate mines away from the egg tunnels of Mayor June, the beginning of the rainy season through the inner bark or between the bark and the when adults emerge- in large numbers. sapwood. The end of the tunnels are enlarged and in these cells tha grubs pupate. The adults escape Control Measures: Spray Malathion 50 EC or Sevin through the holes cut through the bark. When these WP with the ratio of 8 ml of concentrate to 5 Ii of mines are extensive, the tree usually dies. water. Use 2-3 applications for good control. Control Measures: Dead tips of seedlings are cut and Snails are destructive to the nursery seedlings. They burned ,4, solution of one gallon of water to every feed voraciously on the entire young seedlings. They 0.24 gallon of Dieldrex 15 injected into the tunnels is are active at night and during rainy and cloudy days an effective c.ontrol of the infestation. and seek refuge in moist places at daytime. RISE References

Agpaoa, A. et al. 1975. Manual of Reforestation and Erosion Control for the Philippines. German Agency for Technical Cooperation Ltd. West Germany. pp. 111, 113,517,578.

Dungca, Noel V. Class Report on SF1271. 1st Semester, 1981- 1982. UPLB-College of Forestry, College, Laguna. .,' IAGFRA. 1985. Techniques in Seed Production. pp. 1-4. How to Establish a Plantation. pp. 7-8. How to User Wildlings for Planting. Published by IAGFRA, College, Laguna, Philippines.

Research Staff, Cebu Forest Experiment Station. 1958. Beetle Infestation of Bagtikan (Parashorea plicata Brandis). Research Note No. 36. Bureau of Forestry, Manila.

Tadeo, Conrado B. 1962. Silvical Characteristics of Bagtikan. The Philippine Lumberman. 8 (6): 12, 14,32,35,43.

Tadeo, Conrado B. 1962. Silvical Characteristics of Bagtikan. Silvical Leaflet No.7. May 1962.

The Philippines Recommends for Reforestation. 1982. Technical Bulletin Series No. 49. PCARR, Los Barios, Laguna. pp. 82-97.

tree

Representative sketches of 8agtikan tree, leaf pattern, flowers and fruits. CWHITE LAUAt[]

Common Name : White Lauan

local Name White Lauan White Lauan Scientific Name Shorea contorta Vidal Shorea contorta Vidal Family Dipterocarpaceae Description

It is a large reaching up to 50 m high and 182 cm (or ordinary 100 cm) in diameter and a clear length of 15 to 20 m. Old trees are strongly buttressed. The crown is flat, irregular and open. The leaves are simple, alternate, ovate in shape, Compiled by acuminate at the apex, rounded at the base and smooth. Secondary nerves 6 pairs, prominent and further apart, a characteristic that distinguishes it from other species. The blade Marcos J. Quimio, Jr. (leaf) is 10 to 14.5 cm long.

and Inflorescence paniculate, 22 cm long if terminal, 14 cm Betty O. Cosico long ifaxilliary, singly or doubly branched, branchlets 4 cm long. Flower buds 7 mm long, 4 mm wide, ovoid, lanceolate; sepals ovate, obtuse, the outer three somewhat larger; petals broadly oblong, elliptic, acute; stamens 15, subequal; anther cells linear and as long as the stout appendages, style columnar, about thrice the length of the ovary.

The fruit (nut) is enclosed by 2 long (up to 13 cm) wings, 1 medium sized wing (about 8 cm) and two small (about 4 cm) wings. The nut in healthy mature seeds elongated and about 3-4 cm long. Wings at the base contorted ("contorta") around the nut, size of the fruit variable. Distribution

Widely distributed in most provinces and islands from at an age ranging from 17 to 36 years. Seeds usually Babuyan to Mindanao, in association with apitong and other shed off toward the start of the wet season. Heavy lauans. Available in large quantities in all lumbering regions of seed years occur at infrequent intervals from 5 - 7 years. the country. Rare extremes are from 2 - 20 years.

Seed Collection Uses

The wood is used for general construction, furniture and a. Collect seeds from genetically superior mother trees. cabinet making, boat planking, mining timbers, boxes, crates, utensils, veneer, plywood, pulp and paper making. b. Collect healthy and mature seeds immediately after they fall to the ground. 'Mlite lauan seeds have a Site Requirements very short viability.

Climate - short or no dry season. c. Collect seeds during regular fruiting season.

Altitude - they are found 80 m to 1220 m asl. The months and places of collection of seeds are as follows: Topography - low coastal hills; headlands projecting into Month the sea; hills bordering large river valleys, slightly raised river Places deltas and areas where water level is near ground surface. January, March, April, August Bataan February Soil - deep, loamy, clay of volcanic origin. Lanao April Mindoro, Rizal June, July, August Propagation Laguna June Camarines, White lauan can be propagated by seeds. Sorsogon August Polilio, Iloilo September Seed Technology Negros Occidental

a. Phenology Packaging, Tranporting and Storage

Dipterocarps usually begin to flower and bear The method of packaging and transporting good seeds before their 30th year. They start flowering depends on the longevity of the seeds and the distance of the haul.

"~""'" , _ 46 frame can be used as shading material. The distance Since the viability of white lauan seeds is very of the roofing from the ground is 80 cm. short, they should be kept in cold storage and packed with a mixture of dry powdered charcoal and coconut 5. The use of wild lings for planting is practiced since coir dust. For long distance trips, seeds should be ~hi.te lauan seeds have a very short viability and packed in alternative layers of moist saw dust or coir diffIcult to raise in the nursery. dust inside crates with side perforations to allow ventilation. The recommended practices are as follows: Seeds could be stored at a room temperature of a. Select wildlings with the first pair of fully developed 14°C in sealed plastic bags. This could prolong the leaves and are 20 cm tall. The wildlings should be viability for 2 weeks. But since the seeds readily lifted only when the soil is moist and the plants are germinate even before they fall to the ground, it is turgid. Younger seedlings show a better survival rate necessary to sow them immediately after collection. than older ones. They should not be potted after the ?otyledons have fallen. The proper time for potting Nursery Practices IS when the first real pair of leaves has fully developed. If the wildlings are too old, they will suffer 1. The use of bigger seeds is recommended. In case from transplant shock and mortality will be very high where big seeds are not available, small seeds could after potting. be used provided they are not sown in mixture with the big seeds. b. The wild lings are lifted with a ball of earth attached firmly around the roots and potted on the spot in the 2. Seeds should be graded first according to size before forest. Care should be taken as much as possible to sowing to come up with a uniform seedling size and avoid injury to the delicate root system. to avoid segragating and culling suppressed seedlings. c. Wrap the balls of soil with banana sheaths or plastic bags with holes. Water the wild lings once a day to 3. Seeds are directly sown on clean and pulverized clay- avoid wilting. loam soil. Seeds are sown 15 to 20 cm apart with the wings removed and slightly pressed into the soil and d. The leaves of the balled wildlings are trimmed to uncovered so that the cotyledons could easily by about one-half the size of the leaf area to prevent pushed up by the growing hypocotyl during the excessive transpiration. process of germination. e. Keep the balled wildlings in a temporary nursery 4. Provide shade that screens 50-75% of direct sunlight. under light shade to recover for 3 to 6 months or Pugahan leaves or plastic sheets attached to a light

.. ' :." • .•. s'-',·.·.. " 48 before they reach a height of about 40 cm. If they are taller, the rate of survival drops sharply. to start planting when the rainfall of proceeding 7 f. When planting wild lings on a large scale, it would be days period reaches 60 mm. If the seedlings get a late worthwhile to clear the ground vegetation and cultivate start, their roots will not be able to reach layers which the soil under selected mother trees, just before the retain sufficient moisture during dry season. seeds fall. 4. Fertilization - Apply fertilizer (15 - 30 gm of complete Plantation Establishment fertilizer) in 3 holes around the seedlingslwildlings directly below the crown periphery. Plantation can be established under secondary forests and brushwood provided there is enough sunlight to sustain its Diseases growth. Stem/Branch Pot The following are the steps followed in plantation establishment: Symptom

1. Partially remove the vegetation. Only selected Trees affected by decay fungi show unusually portions of the area to be planted are cleared of reduced growth and enlargement at or about the point of vegetation. This can be done by strip/spot clearing infection. Fruiting bodies are present on the stems or where seedlingslwildlings will be planted. branches. Trees which produce a hollow sound when tapped with a solid object, indicates the presence of 2. Plant the balled wildlings/seedlings in holes 76-102 decay. cm deep with 2 x 2 m spacing. Damage Press the soil around the wildlings to make it firm and in close contact with the roots. It must be realized Prevalent in plantations. that large planting holes with plenty of refilled soil helps root development, results in higher initial growth and Causal Organism greatly increases the survival rate especially in dry sites. Decay fungi usually attack the heartwood 3. Seedlingslwildlings should be outplanted at the start producing a hollow center. A wide variety of of the rainy season. The proper time to start Basidiomycetes and a few Ascomycetes can cause outplanting is when enough rain has fallen to moisten decay of living trees. Species of Fornes, Polyporus, thoroughly the top soil of 15 to 20 cm deep. It is safe Lenzites, Ganoderma, and Stereum are quite common.

49 o",."·,~ Control

1. Prevent occurence of injuries or wounds. Damage 2. Prune infected branches. Prevalent in plantations. 3. Harvest the stand before decay becomes extensive or critical. Control

4. Trees which have extensive decay should be felled. Similar with stemlbranch rot.

5. Remove the fruiting bodies on infected trees and adjacent dead ones and burn them. References

6. Eradicate trees which are susceptible and not Agpaoa. A. et al. 1975. Manual of Reforestation and Erosion economically important. and Erosion Control for the Philippines. Compiled by H. J. Meidelt, German Agency for Technical Cooperation, 7. In establishing new plantations. substitute other LTD. p. 5-69. species which are resistant to decay. 8asada, R. M. 1979. Effects of Seed Size on Germination. Root Rot Seedling Survival and Height Growth of White Lauan (Shorea contorta Vidal). Sylvatrop Phil. For. Res. J. Symptom 40:77-80.

Affected trees usually have unhealthy-appearing ______and 0.1. Peregrino. 1980. Germination of White crown. The leaves may turn yellow. curl and fall off Lauan (Shorea contorta Vidal) Seeds Collected at easily. The crown may die gradually or suddenly. Different Times During Seedfall. Sylvatrop Phil. For. Res. depending upon the extent of injury. Mycelium and/or J. 50:655-660. fruiting bodies are present at or about the base of the affected trees. Cerna dela, P. and S. Abarquez. 1965. Planting White Lauan [Pentacme contorta (Vid.) Merr. & Rolfe) in Cebu Causal Organism Reforestation Project by Direct Seeding and by Nursery- Raised Seedlings. Phil. Jour. For. 16 (3-4): 179-181. The disease is caused by a wide variety of Basidiomycetes, species of Fornes, Polyporus, etc. Guzman de. E. D. 1978. Control and Prevention of Seedlings and Tree Disease. Conservation Circular. 14/9-10. Dept. of For. Extension, UPLB, College, Laguna. 7-8 p. 51 ".

. . ~.. ~ Maun, M. M. 1981. Early Growth and Development of White Lauan (Shorea contorta Vidal) Under Different Soil Covers. Sylvatrop Phil. For. Res. Jour. 6(2): 39-48.

Penonia, C. O. 1972. Fifteen-year Growth and Mortality of White Lauan (Pentacme contorta Vid. Merr. & Rolfe) Wildlings Planted Bare Root in Impalutao, Impasugong, Bukidnon. Bureau of Forestry.

Seeber, G. et at. 1979. Dendrological Characters of Important Forest Trees from Eastern Mindanao. Phil. German Rain Forest Dev. Proj. Printed in Germany. pp. 133.

fruiting twig

Representative sketches of Bagtikan tree and fruiting twig. RISE Research Information Series on Ecosystems. popularly Vol. 25 No. 2-3 known as RISE. is a compilation of the most recent May-Dee and relevant information to provide technical support 2013 to major programs of the DENR particularly on reforestation. rehabilitation of degraded areas. upland development and coastal zone management.

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