1

An inventory of vascular plants identified on the Sefton Coast

Philip H. Smith November 2005

Unpublished report to Sefton Coast Partnership

Introduction & Methods

Five years ago, a provisional inventory of vascular plants (species, sub-species and hybrids) identified on the Sefton Coast, Merseyside, was drawn up (Smith 1999a). It listed a total of 971 taxa within the Sefton Coast Management Scheme (now Sefton Coast Partnership) area, of which 881 (90.7%) were recorded in the sand-dune system and 733 (75.5%) in the candidate Special Area of Conservation (cSAC). Some 290 taxa (29.9%) were thought to be non-native to the area and only 14 (1.4%) were considered extinct.

Intensive field-work in recent years (and especially in 2004 and 2005) for the proposed new Flora of South Lancashire (vice-county 59) has resulted in a large number of new records, including many garden-escapes, and it was therefore felt appropriate to produce an up-to-date inventory on similar lines to the earlier one. However, since the boundaries of the cSAC have recently been redrawn to include most of the dune system, including dune-heath areas previously excluded, it was decided not to produce a separate list for the cSAC.

In addition to sources utilised in the provisional inventory (e.g. Savidge et al. 1963, the 1988 Sefton Coast N.V.C. survey, Ainsdale Sand Dunes and Cabin Hill NNR vascular plant lists, the New Atlas survey data and the Environmental Advisory Service data-base) much use has been made of the v.c. 59 tetrad records currently stored on CD, which forms part of the forthcoming new Flora of South Lancashire. The BSBI vice-county Recorder, D.P. Earl, and a previous Recorder, Ms V. Gordon were consulted and important records were also received from Ms S.E. Edmondson, P.S. Gateley and M.P. Wilcox. Determinations and/or confirmations were obtained from BSBI referees where necessary. In general, nomenclature follows the New Flora of the British Isles (Stace 1997) but other sources were used in a very few cases, for example Phillips & Rix (1989) for some alien shrubs.

Non-native or introduced native taxa are indicated by an asterisk; these include both archaeophytes and neophytes as shown in the New Atlas of the British & Irish Flora (Preston et al. 2002).. Notable taxa are also indicated (Nationally Rare, Nationally Scarce, Endangered, Vulnerable, Near Threatened and Species of Conservation Importance in North West England), making use of nationally agreed criteria and data published by the Regional Biodiversity Group for North West England (1999)

The current report also includes brief details on the status and main habitats of all the taxa (Appendix 1).

2

Results

A total of 1177 taxa was recorded in the Sefton Coast Partnership area, representing an increase of 206 (21.2%) on the 1999 study. Similarly, the new total for the sand-dune system is 1055 taxa, 174 (19.8%) more than the earlier report (Table 1). Quite a high proportion of this increase is due to alien plants, especially garden-escapes, the total of non-native taxa having risen by 145 (50.0%) from 290 to 435. For the coast as a whole, the proportion of alien taxa is now 37.0%, compared with 29.9% in 1999. The proportion for the sand-dune system is 33.0%, as opposed to 29.9% previously.

Nineteen additional sub-species were identified on the coast, while the number of hybrids has soared (by 67%) from 67 to 112, of which 97 occur in the dunes (Table 1).

Table 1 also shows that 177 notable taxa (11 introduced) were recorded. These comprise 15 Nationally Rare, 13 Nationally Scarce, 3 Endangered, 17 Vulnerable, 15 Near Threatened (some in more than one category) (Table 2) and 120 Species of Conservation Importance in North West England not included under other criteria.. In addition, two taxa found recently on the Sefton Coast are apparently new to the British Isles. Artemisia campestris ssp. maritima from Crosby dunes in 2004 is a Nationally Rare British native but only as ssp. campestris; Cotoneaster hurusawanus, a neophyte recorded at Birkdale Sandhills in 2003, has not been seen previously “in the wild” in Britain.. The identity of these plants was confirmed by BSBI referees.

A list of 39 taxa (8 introduced) considered to be extinct is shown in Table 3. This figure represents 3.3% of the coastal flora and is lower than in 1999 as 10 species thought to be lost have been rediscovered in the last six years.

Some of the larger genera are well represented in the study area. Particular efforts have been made to record Cotoneaster (14 taxa), Epilobium (16) and Salix (29), the diversity of the latter genus being quite remarkable and possibly unprecedented elsewhere in a similar area of lowland Britain. As studies are ongoing, other willows could soon be added. Also noteworthy are Carex (23 taxa), Juncus (18), Rubus (33) and Veronica (18).

Habitat analysis (Table 5) shows that by far the largest number and proportion (33.1%) of taxa is dependent on “disturbed ground”. In general, this is land that has been disturbed by human agency, such as trampling, use of motor-vehicles, tipping (especially of garden waste), dereliction and agriculture. Most of the non-native and introduced native plants are associated with this habitat type while the frequent presence of bare soil allows colonisation by ruderal species and annuals. Not unexpectedly, the next most important type is freshwater wetland, represented by dune-slacks, scrapes and ditches (18.7%). Many of the duneland specialists, such as Dactylorhiza incarnata ssp. coccinea, Parnassia palustris and Pyrola rotundifolia ssp. maritima, are associated with this habitat. The fixed-dune habitat is also important (14.5%), both this and humid dune- slacks being Priority Habitats in the EU Habitats Directive. Interestingly, mobile & embryo dunes (1.1%) and the strand-line (1.1%) support the lowest numbers of vascular 3 plants. This is presumably due to the fact that relatively few species have adapted to the severe environmental conditions associated with these habitats.

Discussion

Stace & Ellis (2004) give the total number of vascular taxa in v.c.59 (South Lancashire) as 2096, though this figure may now be somewhat out-of-date. Thus, in supporting 1177 taxa, the Sefton Coast Partnership area (7825ha) has a remarkable 56% of the entire vice- county vascular flora. The comparable figure for the 2100ha dune system is 50%. The Sefton Coast therefore contributes spectacularly to the vice-county flora, which itself is the most species-rich north of Worcestershire (Stace & Ellis 2004). This species-richness may be attributed to the wide range of habitats present, the abundance of calcareous substrates and also the geographical position of the coast which provides a home to species with both northern and southern distributions in Britain. Unfortunately, the richness of the Sefton Coast is not reflected in data presented in the New Atlas (Pearson et al. 2002). Fig. 6.1 in that publication indicates that fewer species have been recorded since 1970 in the three hectads that represent the coast than in the hectads immediately inland which consist largely of intensively farmed arable land. This seems to be because a great many coastal records have “gone missing” for reasons which are not apparent. At least 149 taxa known by me to have been present on the Sefton Coast since 1970, some commonly, have missing coastal hectad records.

While about one third of the coast’s vascular plants is non-native, this is not a particularly high figure in the national context. Thus, Stace & Ellis (2004) show that the average proportion of alien taxa in all British vice-counties is 40%, while in South Lancashire as a whole it is 50%. However, the number of neophytes becoming established on the coast is undoubtedly increasing, largely due to garden-waste dumping (personal observations) and, although the great majority consists of low-impact neophytes, a small number of invasive aliens is causing actual or potential problems (Smith 1999b). The slightly higher percentage of non-natives in the SCP area, as opposed to the dune system (Table 1), was also noted in the previous study and was put down to the greater proportion of ruderal habitat in the former area (Smith 1999a)

Only 39 vascular plants are known or are thought to have become extinct on the coast (3.3% of the flora), this being greatly outweighed by the many new taxa recorded in recent years (206 since 1999). The latter figure is all the more surprising in view of the past history of plant recording in Sefton, the dune system having long been a “Mecca” for botanists. However, the data probably reflect an increasing concentration on less well studied groups, such as aliens and hybrids.

The high species-richness of the study area is also reflected in the 177 notable taxa listed in the Inventory. The Regional Biodiversity Steering Group (1999) lists 474 notable vascular plants in the whole of North West England (Cheshire, Cumbria, Greater Manchester, Lancashire and Merseyside). The fact that the Sefton Coast supports a remarkable 37% of these reflects its very high conservation status (Smith 1999b). 4

Acknowledgements

Grateful thanks are due to D.P. Earl, Ms S.E. Edmondson, P.S. Gateley, Ms V. Gordon, and M.P. Wilcox for contributing records to this survey. P.S. Gateley and, especially M.P. Wilcox, made constructive, detailed and helpful comments on a draft of the manuscript.

References

Phillips, R. & Rix, M. 1989. Shrubs. The Garden Plant Series. Pan Macmillan. London.

Preston, C.D., Pearman, D.A. & Dines, T.D. (eds.) 2002. New Atlas of the British & Irish Flora. Oxford University Press. Oxford.

Regional Biodiversity Steering Group 1999. A Biodiversity Audit of North West England. 2 vols.

Savidge, J.P., Heywood, V.H. & Gordon, V. 1963. Travis’s Flora of South Lancashire. Liverpool Botanical Society, Liverpool.

Smith, P.H. 1999a. A provisional inventory of vascular plants for the Sefton Coast. Unpub. Report to the Sefton Coast Life Project.

Smith, P.H. 1999b. The Sands of Time. An introduction to the sand-dunes of the Sefton Coast. National Museums & Galleries on Merseyside. Liverpool.

Stace, C.A. 1997. New Flora of the British Isles. 2nd edition. Cambridge University Press. Cambridge.

Stace, C.A. & Ellis, R.G. 2004. Area and species-richness of British vice-counties. BSBI News 97 : 15 – 19.

Table 1. Summary of data from the vascular plant inventory of the Sefton Coast.

SCP area Sand-dune system Total no. of taxa 1177 1055 No. of species 997 900 No. of sub-species 68 58 No. of hybrids 112 97 Native taxa 742 707 Introduced taxa 435 348 % introduced taxa 37.0 33.0 Probably Extinct taxa 39 37 5

Nationally Rare 15 15 Nationally Scarce 13 13 Endangered 3 3 Vulnerable 17 16 Near Threatened 15 14 Species of Conservation Importance 120 114

Table 2. Nationally notable vascular taxa recorded on the Sefton Coast.

* = non-native or introduced native taxon

Taxon Local status NRNS EN VU NT Allium ampeloprasum* Extinct + Anagallis minima Extinct + Artemisia campestris maritima* Rare + + Baldellia ranunculoides Occasional + Blysmus compressus Occasional + Centaurium latifolium Extinct + Centaurium littorale Frequent + Chenopodium bonus-henricus Rare + Chrysanthemum segetum* Rare + Coincya monensis monensis Occasional + Corynephorus canescens Locally frequent + + Cuscuta epithymum Extinct + Cynoglossum officinale Frequent + Cyperus longus* Rare + Dactylorhiza incarnata coccinea Frequent + Dianthus deltoides* Rare + + Epipactis dunensis Frequent + Epipactis phyllanthes Occasional + Erodium lebelii Frequent + Euphrasia ostenfeldii Extinct + Filago vulgaris Rare + Fumaria purpurea Rare + Galeopsis speciosa Rare + Gentianella campestris Occasional + Herniaria glabra* Locally frequent + Hydrocharis morsus-ranae* Rare + Hyoscyamus niger* Rare + Hypochaeris glabra Rare + Juncus balticus Occasional + J. balticus × J. effusus Rare + J. balticus × J. inflexus Rare + Juncus compressus Extinct + 6

Lycopodiella inundata Extinct + + Marrubium vulgare* Extinct + Mentha pulegium* Rare + + Mibora minima Rare + Myriophyllum verticillatum Rare + Nepeta cataria* Rare + Oenanthe fistulosa Occasional + Orchis morio Locally abundant + Papaver argemone Extinct + Platanthera bifolia Rare + Potentilla argentea* Rare + Pyrola rotundifolia maritima Frequent + Salix ×angusensis Occasional + Salix ×doniana Rare + Salix ×friesiana Frequent + Salsola kali kali Occasional + Schoenoplectus pungens Rare + Silene otites Rare + + Spergula arvensis Occasional + Spiranthes spiralis Extinct + Stachys arvensis Rare + Teesdalia nudicaulis Rare + Viola canina canina Frequent + Vulpia fasciculata Abundant + Zostera marina Extinct + Total 57 (11 introduced) 15 13 3 17 15

NR = nationally rare; NS = nationally scarce; EN = endangered; VU = vulnerable; NT = near threatened.

Table 3. Vascular plants considered extinct on the Sefton Coast.

* = non-native or introduced native taxon

Taxon Last recorded Allium ampeloprasum* 1891, Formby Allium scordoprasum Early 1980s, Ainsdale Anagallis minima 1955, Ainsdale Antennaria dioica 1954/55, Ainsdale, Freshfield Arabis hirsuta Pre-1900, Formby, Crosby, Bootle Armeria arenaria* 1941, Ainsdale Blysmus rufus 1986, Birkdale Carex rostrata Pre-1982, Ainsdale Carex viridula ssp. brachyrrhyncha Pre-1963, Crosby to Southport 7

Centaurium latifolium 1872, Freshfield Coeloglossum viride 1890, Formby, Freshfield Coronopus squamatus* 1990, Blundellsands Cuscuta epithymum 1915, Freshfield Dactylorhiza ×wintoni 1949, Freshfield Elytrigia atherica No recent records (hybrids occur) Erigeron speciosus* 1951, Ainsdale, Birkdale Euphrasia ostenfeldii No post-war records Filago minima 1954-63, Formby, Birkdale Hieracium anglorum 1954, Freshfield Hieracium diaphanoides 1951, Freshfield Isolepis cernua 1914, Ainsdale, Freshfield Juncus compressus 1933, Ainsdale Lactuca tartarica* 1934, Freshfield Linaria dalmatica* 1954, Ainsdale Listera cordata 1989, Ainsdale Lycopodiella inundata Pre-1900, Formby Marrubium vulgare* 1930, near Ainsdale Myriophyllum alterniflorum 1932, Freshfield Oreopteris limbosperma 1989, Ainsdale Papaver argemone Pre-1963, Crosby, Blundellsands Pinguicula vulgaris 1914, Ainsdale Plantago media No recent records Reseda alba* 1927, Southport Salix ×multinervis Pre-1982, Ainsdale Salix ×pontederiana Pre-1982, Ainsdale Salvia verbenaca 1870, Waterloo Selaginella selaginoides 1953, Freshfield Spiranthes spiralis Pre-1900, Southport Zostera marina Pre-1900, Crossens, Formby, Altmouth

Table 4. Vascular plants previously thought to be extinct and rediscovered since 1999.

* = non-native or introduced native taxon

Taxon Recorded Ambrosia psilostachya* 2000, Birkdale Carex paniculata 2003, Birkdale Cotula coronopifolia* 2005, Marshside Epilobium ×rivulare 2004, Crosby Filago vulgaris 2000, Ainsdale Hieracium vagum Several recent records Hordeum jubatum* 2000, Birkdale 8

Hyoscyamus niger* 2000, Formby Point Onopordum acanthium* 2004, Blundellsands Senecio erucifolius 2004, Hesketh Golf Course

Table 5. Main habitats occupied by vascular taxa in the inventory.

Habitat No. of occurrences % Disturbed ground 466 33.1 Slacks, scrapes & ditches 263 18.7 Fixed-dunes 204 14.5 Dune-scrub 133 9.5 Dune-grassland 115 8.2 Woodland 108 7.7 Salt-marsh 47 3.3 Dune-heath 40 2.8 Mobile & embryo dunes 16 1.1 Strand-line 16 1.1

Appendix 1. Alphabetical list of vascular plants identified on the Sefton Coast up to March 2005 (critical determinations made by BSBI referees).

* = non-native or introduced taxon D = Occurs in the dune system NR = Nationally Rare NS = Nationally Scarce EN = Endangered VU = Vulnerable NT = Near Threatened SCI = Species of Conservation Importance in North West England

Taxon English Name Status Habitat

Abutilon theophastri* Velvetleaf Rare Disturbed ground Acer campestre Field Maple Rare Woodland D Acer platanoides* Norway Maple Occasional Woodland D Acer pseudoplatanus* Sycamore Abundant Woodland, Dune scrub D Achillea millefolium Yarrow Frequent Fixed dunes, Dune grassland D Achillea ptarmica Sneezewort Occasional Dune grassland, Dune heath D Aconitum x cammarum* Hybrid Monk’s-hood Rare Disturbed ground Aegopodium Ground-elder Frequent Dune grassland podagraria* Disturbed ground D 9

Aesculus Horse-chestnut Rare Woodland D hippocastanum* Aethusa cynapium Fool’s Parsley Rare Dune grassland D Agrimonia eupatoria Agrimony Occasional Dune grassland D Agrostis capillaris Common Bent Abundant Fixed dunes, Dune heath D Agrostis gigantea Black Bent Rare Dune grassland D Agrostis stolonifera Creeping Bent Abundant Dune slacks, Saltmarsh D Aira caryophyllea Silver Hair-grass Occasional Fixed dunes D Aira praecox Early Hair-grass Frequent Fixed dunes D Ajuga reptans Bugle Rare Woodland D Alchemilla filicaulis Lady’s-mantle Rare Dune grassland D vestita Alchemilla mollis* Lady’s-mantle Rare Disturbed ground, Dune slacks D Alchemilla vulgaris agg. Lady’s-mantle Rare Dune grassland D Alisma plantago- Water-plantain Occasional Dune slacks, Scrapes aquatica D Alliaria petiolata Garlic Mustard Frequent Woodland, track-sides D Allium ampeloprasum* Wild Leek Extinct Dune grassland D NS Allium roseum* Rosy Garlic Rare Dune slack, Sands Lake D Allium schoenoprasum* Chives Rare Disturbed ground Allium scordoprasum Sand Leek Extinct Fishermans Path D SCI Allium triquetum* Three-cornered Garlic Rare Disturbed ground Allium ursinum Ramsoms Rare Disturbed ground Allium vineale Wild Onion Occasional Dune grassland D Alnus cordata* Italian Alder Rare Planted? D Alnus glutinosa Alder Frequent Dune slacks, Dune scrub D Alnus incana* Grey Alder Rare Planted? D Alopecurus geniculatus Marsh Foxtail Occasional Dune slacks D Alopecurus pratensis Meadow Foxtail Occasional Dune grassland D Amaranthus retroflexus* Common Amaranth Rare Disturbed ground Ambrosia artemisiifolia* Ragweed Rare Disturbed ground D Ambrosia psilostachya* Perennial Ragweed Rare Fixed dunes, Birkdale D Amelanchier lamarckii* Juneberry Rare Dune heath D Ammi majus* Bullwort Rare Disturbed ground D Ammophila arenaria Marram Abundant Mobile dunes, Fixed dunes D 10

Amsinckia micrantha* Common Fiddleneck Rare Disturbed ground, Fixed dunes D Anacamptis pyramidalis Pyramidal Orchid Occasional Fixed dunes D SCI Anagallis arvensis Scarlet Pimpernel Occasional Disturbed ground, Fixed dunes D Anagallis minima SCI Chaffweed Extinct Fixed dunes D NT Anagallis tenella SCI Bog Pimpernel Occasional Dune slacks D Anchusa arvensis Bugloss Occasional Disturbed ground, Fixed dunes D Anemone apennina* Blue Anemone Rare Disturbed ground D Angelica archangelica* Garden Angelica Occasional Saltmarsh D

Angelica sylvestris Wild Angelica Frequent Dune slacks D Anisantha diandra* Great Brome Occasional Dune grassland D Anisantha sterilis Barren Brome Frequent Disturbed ground, Fixed dunes D Antennaria dioica Mountain Everlasting Extinct Fixed dunes D Anthoxanthum odoratum Sweet Vernal Grass Abundant Dune grassland, Fixed dunes D Anthriscus caucalis SCI Bur Parsley Occasional Dune grassland D Anthriscus sylvestris Cow Parsley Frequent Dune grassland D Anthyllis vulneraria Kidney Vetch Abundant Fixed dunes D Antirrhinum majus* Snapdragon Rare Disturbed ground D Aphanes arvensis Parsley-piert Frequent Fixed dunes D Aphanes australis SCI Slender Parsley-piert Rare Dune heath D Apium graveolens SCI Wild Celery Rare Dune slacks D Apium inundatum SCI Lesser Marshwort Occasional Scrapes D Apium nodiflorum Fool’s Water-cress Frequent Dune slacks, Scrapes D Aquilegia vulgaris* SCI Columbine Rare Fixed dunes D Arabidopsis thaliana Thale Cress Frequent Disturbed ground, Fixed dunes D Arabis hirsuta SCI Hairy Rock-cress Extinct Fixed dunes D Arbutus unedo* Strawberry-tree Rare Woodland Arctium minus Lesser Burdock Frequent Disturbed ground, Fixed dunes D Arenaria balearica* Mossy Sandwort Rare Disturbed ground Arenaria serpyllifolium Thyme-leaved Occasional Fixed dunes D leptoclados Sandwort Arenaria serpyllifolium Thyme-leaved Occasional Fixed dunes D serpyllifolium Sandwort Armeria arenaria* Jersey Thrift Extinct Fixed dunes D Armeria maritima Thrift Rare Saltmarsh D 11

Armoracia rusticana* Horse-radish Occasional Disturbed ground D Arrhenatherum elatius False Oat-grass Abundant Dune grassland, Dune slacks D Artemisia absinthium Wormwood Rare Disturbed Ground D SCI Artemisia campestris Field Wormwood Rare Fixed dunes D maritima* NR VU Artemisia vulgaris Mugwort Abundant Disturbed ground D Arum maculatum Lords-and-Ladies Rare Woodland D Asparagus officinalis Garden Asparagus Frequent Fixed dunes, officinalis* SCI Disturbed ground D Asplenium adiantum- Black Spleenwort Occasional Walls nigrum Asplenium ruta-muraria Wall-rue Occasional Walls Asplenium trichomanes Maidenhair Occasional Walls, Fixed dunes D quadrivalens Spleenwort Aster lanceolatus* Narrow-leaved Occasional Disturbed ground, Michaelmas-daisy Fixed dunes D Aster novi-belgii* Confused Frequent Disturbed ground, Michaelmas-daisy Fixed dunes, Dune slacks D Aster x salignus* Common Occasional Disturbed ground, Michaelmas-daisy Fixed dunes D Aster tripolium Sea Aster Frequent Saltmarsh, Dune Slacks D Aster x versicolor* Late Michaelmas- Rare Disturbed ground daisy Athyrium filix-femina Lady Fern Rare Dune scrub D Atriplex glabriuscula Babington’s Orache Rare Strand-line D Atriplex x Kattegat Orache Rare Saltmarsh gustafssoniana Atriplex laciniata SCI Frosted Orache Rare Strand-line D Atriplex littoralis Grass-leaved Orache Occasional Strand-line D Atriplex patula Common Orache Occasional Disturbed ground D Atriplex portulacoides Sea-purslane Occasional Saltmarsh D Atriplex prostrata Spear-leaved Orache Abundant Strand-line, Saltmarsh D Aubretia deltoidea* Aubretia Rare Fixed dunes D Aucuba japonica* Spotted Laurel Rare Woodland D Avena fatua* Wild-oat Occasional Disturbed ground Azolla filiculoides* Water Fern Rare Scrapes, Ditches D Baldellia ranunculoides Lesser Water-plantain Occasional Scrapes, Ditches D NT Ballota nigra Black Horehound Occasional Disturbed Ground D Barbarea intermedia* Medium-flowered Rare Disturbed ground 12

Winter-cress Barbarea vulgaris Winter-cress Occasional Disturbed ground D Bellis perennis Daisy Frequent Fixed dunes, Dune slacks D Berberis aggregata* Clustered Barberry Rare Dune scrub D Berberis darwinii* Darwin’s Barberry Rare Dune scrub D Berberis x stenophylla* Hedge Barberry Rare Dune scrub D Berberis thunbergii var. Purple Berberis Rare Dune scrub D atropurpurea* Berberis vulgaris* Barberry Rare Dune scrub D Bergenia crassifolia* Elephant-ears Rare Disturbed ground D Berula erecta Lesser Water-parsnip Occasional Dune slacks D Beta vulgaris maritima Sea Beet Frequent Strand-line D Betula x aurata Hybrid Birch Rare Dune scrub D Betula pendula Silver Birch Abundant Dune scrub, Dune heath D Betula pubescens Downy Birch Frequent Dune scrub, Dune heath D Bidens tripartita Trifid Bur-marigold Rare Dune slacks D Blackstonia perfoliata Yellow-wort Frequent Dune slacks D Blechnum spicant Hard-fern Rare Dune grassland D Blysmus compressus Flat-sedge Occasional Dune slacks D SCI VU Blysmus rufus SCI Saltmarsh Flat-sedge Extinct Dune slacks D Bolboschoenus Sea Club-rush Abundant Saltmarsh, Scrapes, maritimus Dune slacks D Botrychium lunaria SCI Moonwort Rare Fixed dunes D Brachyglottis Shrub Ragwort Rare Disturbed ground “Sunshine”* Brachypodium False-brome Occasional Woodland D sylvaticum Brassica napus oleifera* Oil-seed Rape Occasional Disturbed ground Brassica nigra* Black Mustard Occasional Disturbed ground D Brassica oleracea* Cabbage Rare Disturbed ground D Brassica rapa* Turnip Occasional Disturbed ground D Briza media Quaking-grass Occasional Dune grassland D Brodiaea sp.* Rare Disturbed ground Bromopsis inermis* Hungarian Brome Occasional Disturbed ground D Bromus hordeaceus Soft-brome Frequent Disturbed ground D Bromus x Lesser Soft-brome Rare Fixed dunes D pseudothominei Bryonia dioica White Bryony Rare Dune scrub D Buddleja davidii* Butterfly-bush Occasional Disturbed ground D Butomus umbellatus Flowering-rush Rare Ditches D Cakile maritima Sea Rocket Occasional Strand-line, Mobile 13

dunes D Calamagrostis epigejos Wood Small-reed Rare Dune slacks D Calendula officinalis* Pot Marigold Occasional Disturbed ground D Callitriche brutia SCI Pedunculate Water- Rare Scrapes, Ditches D starwort Callitriche stagnalis Common Water- Frequent Scrapes, Ditches D starwort Calluna vulgaris Heather Abundant Dune heath D Caltha palustris Marsh-marigold Occasional Ditches, Dune slacks D Calystegia x lucana Hybrid Bindweed Rare Saltmarsh D Calystegia pulchra* Hairy Bindweed Rare Disturbed ground D Calystegia sepium Hedge Bindweed Abundant Disturbed ground, Dune scrub, etc. D Calystegia sepium Hedge Bindweed Rare Saltmarsh D roseata Calystegia silvatica* Large Bindweed Abundant Disturbed ground, Dune scrub, etc. D Calystegia soldanella Sea Bindweed Rare Mobile dunes D SCI Campanula latifolia Giant Bellflower Rare Woodland D Campanula medium* Cantebury-bells Rare Disturbed ground D Campanula persicifolia* Peach-leaved Occasional Disturbed ground Bellflower Campanula Adria Bellflower Occasional Disturbed ground portenschlagiana* Campanula Trailing Bellflower Occasional Disturbed ground D poscharskyana* Campanula Creeping Bellflower Occasional Disturbed ground D rapunculoides* Campanula rotundifolia Harebell Frequent Fixed dunes D Capsella bursa-pastoris Shepherd’s-purse Frequent Disturbed ground D Cardamine flexuosa Wavy Bitter-cress Occasional Dune slacks D Cardamine hirsuta Hairy Bitter-cress Frequent Disturbed ground, Fixed dunes D Cardamine pratensis Cuckooflower Frequent Dune slacks D Carduus crispus Welted Thistle Rare Disturbed ground Carex flacca Glaucous Sedge Frequent Dune slacks D Carex acuta SCI Slender Tufted-sedge Rare Dune slacks D Carex acutiformis Lesser Pond-sedge Occasional Dune slacks D Carex arenaria Sand Sedge Abundant Fixed dunes, Disturbed ground, Dune heath D Carex caryophyllea Spring Sedge Rare Fixed dunes D Carex distans Distant Sedge Occasional Saltmarsh, Dune 14

slacks D Carex disticha SCI Brown Sedge Occasional Dune slacks D Carex extensa Long-bracted Sedge Frequent Saltmarsh D Carex hirta Hairy Sedge Occasional Dune slacks, Dune grassland D Carex nigra Common Sedge Frequent Dune slacks D Carex otrubae False Fox-sedge Frequent Dune slacks, Saltmarsh D Carex ovalis Oval Sedge Occasional Dune heath, Saltmarsh D Carex panicea Carnation Sedge Occasional Dune slacks D Carex paniculata Greater Tussock- Rare Dune slacks D sedge Carex pendula* Pendulous Sedge Rare Dune slacks D Carex pilulifera Pill Sedge Rare Dune heath D Carex pseudocyperus Cyperus Sedge Rare Dune slacks D SCI Carex remota Remote Sedge Rare Dune slacks D Carex riparia Greater Pond-sedge Rare Dune slacks D Carex rostrata Bottle Sedge Extinct Dune slacks D Carex viridula Yellow Sedge Extinct Dune slacks D brachyrrhyncha Carex viridula oedocarpa Yellow Sedge Rare Dune slacks D Carex viridula viridula Yellow Sedge Frequent Dune slacks D SCI Carlina vulgaris SCI Carline Thistle Frequent Fixed dunes D Castanea sativa* Sweet Chestnut Rare Woodland D Catabrosa aquatica SCI Whorl-grass Rare Ditches D Catapodium marinum Sea Fern-grass Rare Disturbed ground D Catapodium rigidum Fern-grass Occasional Disturbed Ground D Centaurea cyanus* Cornflower Rare Disturbed ground Centaurea montana* Perennial Cornflower Rare Fixed dunes D Centaurea nigra Common Knapweed Frequent Dune grassland D Centaurea scabiosa Greater Knapweed Rare Disturbed ground D Centaurium erythraea Common Centaury Frequent Dune slacks, Fixed dunes D Centaurium x Hybrid Centaury Occasional Dune slacks D intermedium Centaurium latifolium Broad-leaved Extinct Fixed dunes D NR Centaury Centaurium littorale NS Seaside Centaury Frequent Dune slacks D Centaurium pulchellum Lesser Centaury Occasional Dune slacks D SCI Centranthus ruber* Red Valerian Rare Disturbed ground Cerastium arvense x C. Hybrid Mouse-ear Rare Fixed dunes D 15 tomentosum* Cerastium arvense SCI Field Mouse-ear Rare Dune grassland D Cerastium diffusum Sea Mouse-ear Occasional Dune slacks, Fixed dunes D Cerastium fontanum Common Mouse-ear Abundant Dune grassland, Dune slacks, Fixed dunes D Cerastium fontanum Common Mouse-ear Occasional Dune grassland, Dune holosteoides slacks D Cerastium glomeratum Sticky Mouse-ear Frequent Disturbed ground D Cerastium Little Mouse-ear Frequent Fixed dunes, semidecandrum Disturbed ground D Cerastium tomentosum* Snow-in-summer Frequent Disturbed ground, Fixed dunes D Ceratocapnos claviculata Climbing Corydalis Occasional Woodland D Ceratophyllum Rigid Hornwort Rare Scrapes D demersum SCI Ceterach officinarum Rusty-back Rare Walls Chaenomeles speciosa* Japanese Quince Rare Fixed dunes D Chaenorhinum minus Small Toadflax Rare Disturbed ground D Chaerophyllum temulum Rough Chervil Rare Fixed dunes D Chamerion Rosebay Willowherb Abundant Dune grassland, Fixed angustifolium dunes, Disturbed ground D Chelidonium majus Greater Celandine Occasional Disturbed ground D Chenopodium album Fat-hen Frequent Disturbed ground D Chenopodium bonus- Good-King-Henry Rare Disturbed ground D henricus VU Chenopodium Many-seeded Rare Disturbed ground polyspermum* Goosefoot Chenopodium rubrum Red Goosefoot Occasional Strand-line, Disturbed SCI ground D Chichorium intybus* Chicory Rare Disturbed ground Chionodoxa forbesii* Glory-of-the-snow Occasional Disturbed ground, Fixed dunes D Chionodoxa sardensis* Lesser Glory-of-the- Occasional Disturbed ground, snow Fixed dunes D Chrysanthemum Corn Marigold Rare Disturbed ground D segetum* VU Cicerbita macrophylla* Blue Sow-thistle Rare Disturbed ground Cicerbita plumieri* Hairless Blue-sow- Rare Disturbed ground thistle Circaea lutetiana Enchanter’s- Rare Woodland D nightshade Cirsium arvense Creeping Thistle Abundant Disturbed ground, Dune grassland, Dune 16

slacks D Cirsium palustre Marsh Thistle Occasional Dune slacks D Cirsium vulgare Spear Thistle Frequent Dune grassland, Dune slacks D Claytonia perfoliata* Spring Beauty Abundant Dune Scrub, Disturbed ground D Claytonia sibirica* Pink Purslane Occasional Woodland D Clematis vitalba Traveller’s-joy Rare Dune scrub D Cochlearia anglica English Scurvygrass Frequent Saltmarsh D Cochlearia danica Danish Scurvygrass Frequent Disturbed ground D Coeloglossum viride Frog Orchid Extinct Fixed dunes D SCI Coincya monensis Isle of Man Cabbage Occasional Mobile dunes D monensis NS Colutea arborescens* Bladder-senna Rare Disturbed ground D Conium maculatum Hemlock Occasional Disturbed ground D Convallaria majalis* Lily-of-the-valley Occasional Woodland D Convolvulus arvensis Field Bindweed Occasional Dune grassland, Disturbed ground D Conyza canadensis* Canadian Fleabane Frequent Disturbed ground D Cornus alba* White Dogwood Rare Dune scrub D Cornus sanguinea Dogwood Rare Dune scrub D Coronopus didymus* Lesser Swine-cress Occasional Disturbed ground D Coronopus squamatus* Swine-cress Extinct Disturbed ground D

Cortaderia selloana* Pampas-grass Rare Disturbed ground D Corylus avellana Hazel Rare Dune scrub D Corynephorus canescens Grey Hair-grass Locally Fixed dunes D NR NT frequent Cotoneaster dielsianus* Diel’s Cotoneaster Rare Dune scrub D Cotoneaster divaricatus* Spreading Rare Dune scrub D Cotoneaster Cotoneaster franchetii* Franchet’s Rare Dune scrub D Cotoneaster Cotoneaster frigidus* Tree Cotoneaster Rare Dune scrub D Cotoneaster Hjelmqvist’s Rare Dune scrub D hjelmqvistii* Cotoneaster Cotoneaster Wall Cotoneaster Rare Dune scrub D horizontalis* Cotoneaster Cotoneaster Rare Fixed dune D hurusawanus* Cotoneaster lacteus* Late Cotoneaster Rare Disturbed ground Cotoneaster rehderi* Bullate Cotoneaster Rare Dune scrub D Cotoneaster salicifolius* Willow-leaved Rare Woodland D Cotoneaster 17

Cotoneaster simonsii* Himalayan Occasional Dune scrub D Cotoneaster Cotoneaster splendens* Showy Cotoneaster Rare Dune scrub D Cotoneaster sternianus* Stern’s Cotoneaster Rare Fixed dunes D Cotoneaster x watereri* Waterer’s Cotoneaster Rare Dune scrub D Cotula coronopifolia* Buttonweed Rare Dune slacks D Crambe cordifolia* Greater Sea-kale Rare Disturbed ground Crambe maritima SCI Sea-kale Occasional Shingle beach D Crassula helmsii* New Zealand Rare Scrapes D Pigmyweed Crataegus x media Hybrid Hawthorn Rare Fixed dunes D Crataegus monogyna Hawthorn Abundant Dune scrub, Fixed dunes, Dune grassland D Crepis biennis SCI Rough Hawk’s-beard Rare Disturbed ground D Crepis capillaris Smooth Hawk’s-beard Frequent Fixed dunes, Dune slacks, Dune grassland D Crepis vesicaria* Beaked Hawk’s-beard Rare Disturbed ground Crinum x powellii* Powell’s Cape-lily Rare Disturbed ground Crithmum maritimum Rock Samphire Occasional Shingle beach D SCI Crocosmia x Montbretia Occasional Disturbed ground, crocosmiiflora* Fixed dunes D Crocosmia masoniorum* Giant Montbretia Rare Mobile dunes D Crocus speciosus* Bieberstein’s Crocus Rare Disturbed ground Crocus vernus* Spring Crocus Occasional Disturbed ground, Fixed dunes D Cruciata laevipes Crosswort Rare Disturbed ground D xCupressocyparis Leyland Cypress Occasional Disturbed ground D leylandii* Cuscuta epithymum VU Dodder Extinct Fixed dunes D Cymbalaria muralis* Ivy-leaved Toadflax Rare Shingle beach D Cynara cardunculus var. Globe Artichoke Rare Disturbed ground scolymus* Cynoglossum officinale Hound’s-tongue Frequent Fixed dunes D SCI Cynosurus cristatus Crested Dog’s-tail Frequent Dune grassland D Cyperus longus* SCI Galingale Rare Ditches, Dune slacks NT D Cytisus scoparius Broom Occasional Dune heath, Fixed dunes D Cytisus striatus* Hairy-fruited Broom Rare Dune scrub D Dactylis glomerata Cock’s-foot Abundant Dune grassland D Dactylorhiza fuchsii Common Spotted- Occasional Dune slacks, Dune 18

orchid grassland D Dactylorhiza x grandis Hybrid Marsh-orchid Occasional Dune slacks, Dune grassland D Dactylorhiza incarnata Early Marsh-orchid Frequent Dune slacks D coccinea NS Dactylorhiza incarnata Early Marsh-orchid Occasional Dune slacks D incarnata SCI Dactylorhiza x Hybrid Marsh-orchid Rare Dune slacks D kerneriorum Dactylorhiza Southern Marsh- Frequent Dune slacks, Dune praetermissa orchid grassland D Dactylorhiza purpurella Northern Marsh- Occasional Dune slacks, Dune SCI orchid grassland D Dactylorhiza x wintoni Hybrid Marsh-orchid Extinct Dune slacks D Danthonia decumbens Heath-grass Frequent Dune heath D Datura stramonium* Thorn-apple Rare Disturbed ground Daucus carota Wild Carrot Frequent Fixed dunes, Dune grassland D Deschampsia cespitosa Tufted Hair-grass Occasional Dune grassland, Dune cespitosa heath D Deschampsia flexuosa Wavy Hair-grass Abundant Dune heath D Descurainia sophia Flixweed Occasional Disturbed ground Dianthus barbatus* Sweet-William Rare Disturbed ground D Dianthus deltoides* NS Maiden Pink Rare Disturbed ground D NT Digitalis purpurea Foxglove Occasional Woodland D Diplotaxis muralis Annual Wall-rocket Frequent Disturbed ground D Diplotaxis tenuifolia Perennial Wall-rocket Rare Disturbed ground D Dipsacus fullonum* Teasel Occasional Disturbed ground Doronicum x excelsum* Harpur-Crewe’s Rare Disturbed ground D Leopard’s-bane Dryopteris affinis Scaly Male-fern Occasional Woodland D Dryopteris carthusiana Narrow Buckler-fern Occasional Dune heath D Dryopteris dilatata Broad Buckler-fern Frequent Woodland, Fixed dunes D Dryopteris filix-mas Male-fern Frequent Woodland, Fixed dunes D Echinochloa crus-galli* Cockspur Rare Disturbed ground Echinops bannaticus* Blue Globe-thistle Rare Disturbed ground Echium vulgare Viper’s-bugloss Occasional Shingle beach, Disturbed ground D Eleagnus x ebbingii* Hybrid Eleagnus Rare Disturbed ground D Eleagnus macrophylla* Broad-leaved Oleaster Rare Dune scrub D Eleagnus umbellata* Spreading Oleaster Rare Dune scrub D Eleocharis palustris Common Spike-rush Abundant Dune slacks, Scrapes 19

D Eleocharis quinqueflora Few-flowered Spike- Frequent Dune slacks D SCI rush Eleocharis uniglumis x Hybrid Spike-rush Rare Dune slacks D E. palustris Eleocharis uniglumis Slender Spike-rush Rare Dune slacks D SCI Elodea canadensis* Canadian Waterweed Occasional Scrapes, Ditches D Elodea nuttallii* Nuttall’s Waterweed Rare Scrapes, Ditches D Elytrigia atherica Sea Couch Extinct Saltmarsh D Elytrigia juncea Sand Couch Abundant Embryo dunes D Elytrigia x laxa Hybrid Couch Occasional Embryo dunes D Elytrigia x obtusiuscula Hybrid Couch Rare Disturbed Ground Elytrigia repens Common Couch Frequent Saltmarsh, Dune slacks, Disturbed ground D Elytrigia repens arenosa Common Couch Rare Strand line D Empetrum nigrum Crowberry Rare Dune heath D Epilobium brunnescens* New Zealand Rare Disturbed ground D Willowherb Epilobium ciliatum x E. Hybrid Willowherb Occasional Dune slacks D obscurum Epilobium ciliatum* American Willowherb Frequent Dune slacks, Disturbed ground D Epilobium x dacicum Hybrid Willowherb Rare Dune slacks D Epilobium x erroneum Hybrid Willowherb Rare Dune slacks D Epilobium hirsutum Great Willowherb Frequent Dune slacks, Disturbed ground D Epilobium x limosum Hybrid Willowherb Rare Dune slacks D Epilobium montanum Broad-leaved Frequent Dune slacks, Willowherb Disturbed ground D Epilobium montanum x Hybrid Willowherb Rare Dune slacks D E. ciliatum Epilobium obscurum Short-fruited Frequent Dune slacks, Willowherb Disturbed Ground D Epilobium palustre Marsh Willowherb Occasional Dune slacks D Epilobium parviflorum Hoary Willowherb Frequent Dune slacks, Disturbed ground D Epilobium parviflorum x Hybrid Willowherb Rare Dune slacks D E. ciliatum Epilobium x rivulare Hybrid Willowherb Rare Dune slacks D Epilobium x Hybrid Willowherb Rare Disturbed ground subhirsutum Epilobium tetragonum Square-stalked Occasional Dune slacks, Willowherb Disturbed ground D 20

Epipactis dunensis NR Dune Helleborine Frequent Dune slacks, Fixed dunes, Woodland D Epipactis helleborine Broad-leaved Rare Woodland D Helleborine Epipactis palustris SCI Marsh Helleborine Frequent Dune slacks D Epipactis phyllanthes NS Green-flowered Occasional Woodland, Dune Helleborine slacks D Equisetum arvense Field Horsetail Frequent Disturbed Ground, Dune slacks D Equisetum x dycei Hybrid Horsetail Rare Dune slacks D Equisetum fluviatile Water Horsetail Frequent Dune slacks, Scrapes D Equisetum x litorale Hybrid Horsetail Occasional Dune slacks D Equisetum palustre Marsh Horsetail Frequent Dune slacks, Scrapes D Equisetum variegatum Variegated Horsetail Occasional Dune slacks D SCI Erigeron acer Blue Fleabane Frequent Fixed dunes D Erigeron glaucus* Seaside Daisy Occasional Fixed dunes, Disturbed ground D Erigeron speciosus* Garden Erigeron Extinct Disturbed ground D Eriophorum Common Cottongrass Occasional Dune slacks D angustifolium Erodium x anaristatum Hybrid Stork’s-bill Occasional Fixed dunes D Erodium cicutarium Common Stork’s-bill Frequent Fixed dunes, Disturbed ground D Erodium lebelii NS Sticky Stork’s-bill Frequent Fixed dunes D Erophila verna Common Abundant Fixed dunes, Whitlowgrass Disturbed ground D Erucastrum gallicum* Hairy Rocket Rare Disturbed ground Eryngium maritimum Sea-holly Frequent Mobile dunes D SCI Erysimum Treacle Mustard Rare Disturbed ground D cheiranthoides* Erysimum cheiri* Wall-flower Rare Disturbed ground Eschscholzia Californian Poppy Occasional Disturbed ground D californica* Euonymus europaeus Spindle Rare Dune scrub D Euonymus japonicus* Evergreen Spindle Rare Dune scrub D Eupatorium cannabinum Hemp-agrimony Occasional Dune slacks D Euphorbia characias* Mediterranean Spurge Rare Disturbed ground Euphorbia cyparissias* Cypress Spurge Occasional Fixed dunes D Euphorbia esula* Leafy Spurge Rare Disturbed ground D Euphorbia exigua SCI Dwarf Spurge Rare Disturbed ground Euphorbia helioscopia Sun Spurge Occasional Disturbed ground D 21

Euphorbia lathyris* Caper Spurge Rare Disturbed ground D Euphorbia paralias SCI Sea Spurge Frequent Mobile dunes D Euphorbia peplus Petty Spurge Occasional Disturbed ground D Euphorbia portlandica Portland Spurge Frequent Fixed dunes D SCI Euphorbia Twiggy Spurge Rare Disturbed ground D pseudovirgata* Euphorbia waldsteinii* Waldstein’s Spurge Rare Disturbed ground D Euphrasia nemorosa Eyebright Frequent Dune slacks, Fixed dunes D Euphrasia nemorosa x E. Eyebright Rare Fixed dunes D tetraquetra Euphrasia officinalis Eyebright Frequent Dune slacks, Fixed agg. dunes D Euphrasia ostenfeldii Eyebright Extinct Dune slacks D NR Euphrasia tetraquetra Eyebright Occasional Dune slacks D SCI Fagus sylvatica Beech Occasional Woodland D Fallopia baldschuanica* Russian-vine Occasional Dune scrub D Fallopia x bohemica* Conolly’s Knotweed Occasional Disturbed ground D Fallopia convolvulus Black-bindweed Occasional Disturbed ground D Fallopia japonica* Japanese Knotweed Occasional Disturbed ground D Fallopia sachalinensis* Giant Knotweed Rare Disturbed ground D Festuca arenaria SCI Rush-leaved Fescue Occasional Mobile dunes D Festuca arundinacea Tall Fescue Frequent Dune grassland, Dune slacks D Festuca brevipila* Hard Fescue Rare Fixed dunes D Festuca ovina agg. Sheep’s-fescue Abundant Dune heath, Fixed dunes D Festuca ovina ovina Sheep’s Fescue Abundant Dune heath, Fixed dunes D Festuca pratensis Meadow Fescue Occasional Fixed dunes, Dune grassland D Festuca rubra agg. Red Fescue Abundant Fixed dunes, Dune grassland D Festuca rubra juncea Red Fescue Occasional Saltmarsh D Festuca rubra litoralis Red Fescue Abundant Saltmarsh D Festuca rubra Red Fescue Frequent Disturbed ground D megastachys* xFestulpia hubbardii Hybrid Fescue Rare Fixed dunes D Ficus carica* Fig Rare Disturbed ground D Filago minima SCI Small Cudweed Extinct Fixed dunes D Filago vulgaris SCI NT Common Cudweed Rare Fixed dunes D Filipendula ulmaria Meadowsweet Frequent Dune slacks, Dune 22

grassland D Filipendula vulgaris* Dropwort Rare Disturbed ground D Foeniculum vulgare* Fennel Rare Disturbed ground D Forsythia x intermedia* Forsythia Occasional Dune scrub D Fragaria vesca Wild Stawberry Occasional Fixed dunes D Fragaria x ananassa* Garden Strawberry Occasional Disturbed ground D Frangula alnus SCI Alder Buckthorn Rare Dune scrub D Fraxinus excelsior Ash Occasional Woodland D Fuchsia magellanica* Fuchsia Rare Dune scrub D Fumaria bastardii Tall Ramping- Occasional Disturbed ground D fumitory Fumaria muralis Common Ramping – Frequent Disturbed ground D fumitory Fumaria officinalis Common Fumitory Frequent Disturbed ground D Fumaria purpurea NS Purple Ramping- Rare Disturbed ground D fumitory Gaillardia aristata* Blanketflower Rare Disturbed ground D Gaillardia x grandiflora* Blanketflower Rare Disturbed Ground D Galanthus nivalis* Snowdrop Occasional Woodland, Disturbed ground D Galeopsis angustifolia Red Hemp-nettle Rare Disturbed ground SCI Galeopsis bifida Bifid Hemp-nettle Occasional Disturbed ground D Galeopsis speciosa VU Large-flowered Rare Disturbed ground D Hemp-nettle Galeopsis tetrahit Common Hemp-nettle Occasional Disturbed ground D Galinsoga quadriradiata* Shaggy-soldier Occasional Disturbed ground D Galium aparine Cleavers Abundant Dune scrub, Disturbed ground D Galium palustre Common Marsh- Frequent Dune slacks, Scrapes bedstraw D Galium saxatile Heath Bedstraw Frequent Dune heath D Galium verum Lady’s Bedstraw Frequent Fixed dunes D Gallium mollugo Hedge Bedstraw Rare Disturbed ground Gaultheria mucronata* Prickly Heath Rare Dune heath D Genista tinctoria Dyer’s Greenweed Rare Fixed dune D Gentianella amarella Autumn Gentian Occasional Fixed dunes, Dune slacks D Gentianella campestris Field Gentian Occasional Dune slacks D SCI VU Geranium dissectum Cut-leaved Crane’s- Occasional Disturbed ground D bill Geranium lucidum Shining Crane’s-bill Occasional Disturbed ground D Geranium x Purple Crane’s-bill Rare Disturbed ground D magnificum* 23

Geranium molle Dove’s-foot Crane’s- Abundant Fixed dunes, bill Disturbed ground D Geranium x oxonianum* Druce’s Cranes-bill Occasional Disturbed ground, Fixed dunes D Geranium phaeum* Dusky Crane’s-bill Rare Disturbed ground D Geranium pratense* Meadow Crane’s-bill Occasional Fixed dunes, Disturbed ground D Geranium pusillum SCI Small-flowered Rare Fixed dunes D Crane’s-bill Geranium pyrenaicum* Hedgerow Crane’s- Occasional Fixed dunes, bill Disturbed ground D Geranium robertianum Herb-Robert Frequent Disturbed ground, Dune scrub D Geranium sanguineum* Bloody Crane’s-bill Occasional Disturbed ground, Fixed dunes D Geum rivale Water Avens Rare Dune slacks D Geum urbanum Wood Avens Occasional Disturbed ground D Glaucium flavum SCI Yellow Horned-poppy Frequent Shingle beach D Glaux maritima Sea-milkwort Abundant Saltmarsh, Dune slacks D Glechoma hederacea Ground-ivy Frequent Disturbed ground, Dune slacks D Glyceria declinata Small Sweet-grass Rare Ditches Glyceria fluitans Floating Sweet-grass Occasional Scrapes, Ditches D Glyceria maxima Reed Sweet-grass Rare Ditches D Glyceria maxima Reed Sweet-grass Rare Scrape D variegata* Gnaphalium uliginosum Marsh Cudweed Frequent Reclaimed saltmarsh Dune slacks D Gymnadenia conopsea Fragrant Orchid Rare Dune slacks D SCI Gypsophila paniculata* Baby’s-breath Rare Disturbed ground Hedera helix Irish Ivy Frequent Woodland D “Hibernica”* Hedera helix helix Common Ivy Abundant Woodland D Helianthus annuus* Sunflower Rare Disturbed ground D Helianthus x laetiflorus* Perennial Sunflower Rare Disturbed ground D Helichrysum sp.* Everlastingflower Rare Disturbed ground D Helictotrichon pubescens Downy Oat-grass Occasional Fixed dunes D Heliopsis scabra* Heliopsis Rare Disturbed ground Helleborus viridis* Green Hellebore Rare Fixed dunes D Hemerocallis fulva* Orange Day-lily Rare Disturbed ground D Hemerocallis Yellow Day-lily Rare Disturbed ground lilioasphodelus* Heracleum Giant Hogweed Occasional Disturbed ground D 24 mantegazzianum* Heracleum sphondylium Hogweed Frequent Dune grassland D Herniaria glabra NR Smooth Rupturewort Frequent Roadside verge D Hesperis matronalis* Dame’s-violet Occasional Woodland, Disturbed ground D Heuchera sanguinea* Coral-bells Rare Disturbed ground Hieracium anglorum Hawkweed Extinct Fixed dunes D Hieracium diaphanoides Hawkweed Extinct Fixed dunes D Hieracium diaphanum Hawkweed Rare Fixed dunes D Hieracium exoptericum Hawkweed Rare Fixed dunes D Hieracium sabaudum Hawkweed Rare Fixed dunes D Hieracium umbellatum Hawkweed Abundant Fixed dunes, Dune grassland D Hieracium vagum Hawkweed Extinct? Fixed dunes D Hieracium vulgatum Hawkweed Rare Fixed dunes D Hippophae rhamnoides* Sea-buckthorn Abundant Dune scrub, Dune slacks D Hippuris vulgaris SCI Mare’s-tail Occasional Scrapes, Ditches D Holcus lanatus Yorkshire-fog Abundant Dune slacks, Dune grassland D Holcus mollis Creeping Soft-grass Frequent Woodland D Honckenya peploides Sea Sandwort Frequent Strand-line, Shingle beach D Hordeum distichon* Two-rowed Barley Rare Disturbed ground D Hordeum jubatum* Foxtail Barley Rare Disturbed ground D Hordeum murinum Wall Barley Frequent Disturbed ground D Hordeum vulgare Six-rowed Barley Occasional Disturbed ground D Hottonia palustris SCI Water Violet Rare Ditches, Scrape D Humulus lupulus* Hop Occasional Dune scrub, Disturbed ground D Hyacinthoides Spanish Bluebell Frequent Woodland, Disturbed hispanica* ground D Hyacinthoides non- Bluebell Occasional Woodland, Disturbed scripta SCI ground D Hyacinthoides x Hybrid Bluebell Abundant Woodland, Disturbed variabilis* ground D Hyacinthus orientalis* Hyacinth Occasional Fixed dunes, Disturbed ground D Hydrocharis morsus- Frogbit Rare Scrapes D ranae* SCI VU Hydrocotyle vulgaris Marsh Pennywort Abundant Dune slacks D Hyoscyamus niger* VU Henbane Rare Disturbed ground D Hypericum Tutsan Occasional Disturbed ground androsaemum SCI Hypericum calycinum* Rose-of-Sharon Rare Disturbed ground D 25

Hypericum hircinum* Stinking Tutsan Rare Disturbed ground D Hypericum humifusum Trailing St John’s- Rare Dune heath D SCI wort Hypericum perforatum Perforate St John’s- Occasional Dune grassland D wort Hypericum tetrapterum Square-stalked St Occasional Dune slacks D John’s-wort Hypochaeris glabra SCI Smooth Cat’s-ear Rare Fixed dunes D VU Hypochaeris radicata Cat’s-ear Abundant Fixed dunes, Dune grassland, Disturbed ground D Ilex x altaclerensis* Highclere Holly Occasional Woodland, Dune scrub D Ilex aquifolium Holly Frequent Woodland, Dune scrub, Fixed dunes D Impatiens glandulifera* Indian Balsam Occasional Ditches, Dune scrub D Inula conyzae SCI Ploughman’s- Occasional Fixed dunes D spikenard Iris foetidissima* Stinking Iris Rare Fixed dunes D Iris germanica* Bearded Iris Occasional Disturbed ground D Iris pseudacorus Yellow Iris Frequent Ditches, Scrapes, Dune slacks D Iris sibirica* Siberian Iris Rare Disturbed ground D Isolepis cernua SCI Slender Club-rush Extinct Dune slacks D Isolepis setacea Bristle Club-rush Occasional Dune slacks D Juglans regia* Walnut Rare Woodland D Juncus acutiflorus Sharp-flowered Rush Occasional Dune grassland D Juncus ambiguus SCI Frog Rush Frequent Saltmarsh D Juncus articulatus Jointed Rush Abundant Dune slacks D Juncus balticus x J. Hybrid Baltic Rush Rare Dune slacks, Scrapes inflexus NR D Juncus balticus NS Baltic Rush Occasional Dune slacks D Juncus bufonius Toad Rush Frequent Dune slacks, Saltmarsh, Disturbed ground D Juncus bulbosus Bulbous Rush Rare Dune slacks D Juncus compressus SCI Round-fruited Rush Extinct Dune slacks D NT Juncus conglomeratus Compact Rush Occasional Dune grassland, Dune heath, Dune slacks D Juncus effusus Soft Rush Frequent Dune slacks, Dune heath D Juncus gerardii Saltmarsh Rush Abundant Saltmarsh, Dune 26

slacks D Juncus inflexus Hard Rush Frequent Dune slacks, Dune grassland, Saltmarsh D Juncus maritimus SCI Sea Rush Occasional Saltmarsh, Dune slacks D Juncus x obotritorum Hybrid Baltic Rush Rare Dune slacks, Scrapes NR D Juncus squarrosus Heath Rush Frequent Dune heath D Juncus subnodulosus Blunt-flowered Rush Occasional Dune slacks D SCI Juncus x surrejanus Hybrid Rush Rare Dune heath D Juncus tenuis* Slender Rush Occasional Dune slacks, Disturbed ground D Juniperus communis* Juniper Rare Dune scrub D SCI Kerria japonica* Kerria Rare Disturbed ground D Knautia arvensis Field Scabious Rare Disturbed ground Kniphofia uvaria* Red-hot-poker Occasional Fixed dunes D Koeleria macrantha Crested Hair-grass Rare Dune grassland D Laburnum anagyroides* Laburnum Occasional Dune scrub D Lactuca serriola Prickly Lettuce Rare Disturbed ground Lactuca tatarica* Blue Lettuce Extinct Dune grassland D Lagarosiphon major* Curly Waterweed Occasional Scrapes D Lagurus ovatus* Hare’s-tail Rare Fixed dunes, Mobile dunes D Lamiastrum galeobdolon Yellow Archangel Frequent Woodland, Disturbed argentatum ground D Lamium album White Dead-nettle Frequent Disturbed ground D Lamium amplexicaule Henbit Dead-nettle Occasional Disturbed ground D Lamium hybridum Cut-leaved Dead- Occasional Disturbed ground D nettle Lamium maculatum* Spotted Dead-nettle Occasional Disturbed ground D Lamium purpureum Red Dead-nettle Occasional Disturbed ground D Lapsana communis Nipplewort Occasional Woodland D Larix sp.* Larch Rare Woodland D Lathyrus latifolius* Broad-leaved Frequent Fixed dunes, Everlasting-pea Disturbed ground, Dune scrub D Lathyrus nissolia SCI Grass Vetchling Rare Dune grassland D Lathyrus pratensis Meadow Vetchling Frequent Dune grassland D Lathyrus tuberosus* Tuberous Pea Occasional Fixed dunes D Lavandula x intermedia* Garden Lavender Rare Fixed dunes D Lavatera thuringiaca* Garden Tree-mallow Occasional Disturbed ground D Lemna minor Common Duckweed Occasional Scrapes, Ditches D 27

Lemna trisulca Ivy-leaved Duckweed Occasional Scrapes, Ditches D Leontodon autumnalis Autumn Hawkbit Frequent Dune slacks, Dune grassland D Leontodon hispidus Rough Hawkbit Rare Disturbed ground D Leontodon saxatilis Lesser Hawkbit Abundant Dune slacks, Fixed dunes D Lepidium campestre SCI Field Pepperwort Rare Disturbed ground D Lepidium draba* Hoary Cress Occasional Fixed dunes, Disturbed ground D Lepidium heterophyllum Smith’s Pepperwort Rare Disturbed ground D Leucanthemum x Shasta Daisy Occasional Disturbed ground, superbum* Fixed dunes D Leucanthemum vulgare Oxeye Daisy Occasional Dune grassland D Leucojum aestivum Summer Snowflake Rare Disturbed ground pulchellum* Leycesteria formosa* Himalayan Rare Disturbed ground Honeysuckle Leymus arenarius Lyme-grass Abundant Embryo dunes D Ligustrum ovalifolium* Garden Privet Occasional Dune scrub D Ligustrum vulgare Wild Privet Occasional Fixed dunes D Lilium pyrenaicum* Pyrenean Lily Rare Woodland D Limnanthes douglasii* Meadow-foam Rare Disturbed ground Linaria dalmatica* Balkan Toadflax Extinct Disturbed ground D Linaria purpurea* Purple Toadflax Occasional Disturbed ground, Fixed dunes D Linaria vulgaris Common Toadflax Occasional Disturbed ground, Dune grassland D Linum bienne SCI Pale flax Rare Disturbed ground Linum catharticum Fairy Flax Frequent Fixed dunes, Dune slacks D Linum usitatissimum* Flax Rare Strandline D Listera cordata SCI Lesser Twayblade Extinct Woodland D Listera ovata Common Twayblade Occasional Dune grassland D Lithospermum officinale Common Gromwell Rare Fixed dunes D SCI Littorella uniflora Shoreweed Occasional Scrapes D Lobelia erinus* Garden Lobelia Rare Strandline D Lobularia maritima* Sweet Alison Occasional Disturbed ground D Lolium x boucheanum Hybrid Rye-grass Occasional Disturbed ground Lolium multiflorum* Italian Rye-grass Occasional Disturbed ground D Lolium perenne Perennial Rye-grass Abundant Dune grassland, Dune slacks, Saltmarsh D Lonicera japonica* Japanese Honeysuckle Rare Disturbed ground D Lonicera nitida* Wilson’s Rare Woodland Honeysuckle 28

Lonicera periclymenum Honeysuckle Frequent Dune scrub, Woodland D Lonicera pileata* Box-leaved Rare Disturbed ground Honeysuckle Lonicera xylosteum* Fly Honeysuckle Rare Disturbed ground Lotus corniculatus Common Bird’s-foot- Abundant Fixed dunes, Dune trefoil slacks D Lotus pedunculatus Greater Bird’s-foot- Frequent Dune slacks, Dune trefoil grassland D Lunaria annua* Honesty Frequent Woodland, Disturbed ground D Lupinus arboreus* Tree Lupin Occasional Fixed dunes D Lupinus polyphyllus* Garden Lupin Rare Disturbed ground D Lupinus x regalis* Russell Lupin Occasional Disturbed ground D Luzula campestris Field Wood-rush Frequent Fixed dunes D Luzula multiflora Heath Wood-rush Frequent Dune heath D congesta Luzula multiflora Heath Wood-rush Frequent Dune heath D multiflora Lychnis coronaria* Rose Campion Occasional Disturbed ground D Lychnis flos-cuculi Ragged Robin Occasional Dune grassland D Lycium barbarum* Duke of Argyll’s Occasional Dune scrub, Disturbed Teaplant ground D Lycium chinense* Chinese Teaplant Rare Disturbed ground D Lycopersicon Tomato Occasional Disturbed ground, esculentum* Strandline D Lycopodiella inundata Marsh Clubmoss Extinct Dune slacks D NS EN Lycopus europaeus Gypsywort Frequent Dune slacks, Scrapes D Lysimachia nummularia Creeping-Jenny Rare Disturbed ground D Lysimachia punctata* Dotted Loosestrife Occasional Dune grassland D Lysimachia vulgaris Yellow Loosestrife Occasional Ditches, Dune grassland D Lythrum salicaria Purple-loosestrife Frequent Dune slacks, Dune grassland D Mahonia aquifolium* Oregon-grape Occasional Dune scrub D Malus domestica* Apple Occasional Dune scrub, Woodland D Malus sylvestris Crab-apple Rare Dune scrub D Malva alcea* Greater Musk-mallow Rare Disturbed ground D Malva moschata Musk-mallow Occasional Dune grassland D Malva neglecta SCI Dwarf Mallow Rare Disturbed ground D Malva sylvestris Common Mallow Frequent Disturbed ground D Marrubium vulgare* NS White Horehound Extinct Disturbed ground D 29

Matricaria discoidea* Pineapple-weed Occasional Disturbed ground D Matricaria recutita Scented Mayweed Occasional Disturbed ground D Matthiola incana* Hoary Stock Rare Disturbed ground Medicago arabica* Spotted Medick Rare Disturbed ground Medicago lupulina Black Medick Frequent Disturbed ground D Medicago sativa sativa* Lucerne Rare Disturbed ground Medicago sativa varia* Sand Lucerne Rare Disturbed ground Medicago sativa* Lucerne Occasional Disturbed ground D Melilotus albus* White Melilot Occasional Disturbed ground D Melilotus altissimus* Tall Melilot Frequent Disturbed ground D Melilotus officinalis* Common Melilot Frequent Disturbed ground D Melissa officinalis* Balm Occasional Fixed dunes D Mentha aquatica Water Mint Abundant Dune slacks, Scrapes D Mentha arvensis Corn Mint Occasional Disturbed ground D Mentha x piperita Peppermint Occasional Disturbed ground D Mentha pulegium* NR Pennyroyal Rare Dune slacks D EN Mentha spicata* Spear Mint Occasional Disturbed ground D Mentha x verticillata Whorled Mint Occasional Disturbed ground D Mentha x villosa* Apple Mint Occasional Disturbed ground D Menyanthes trifoliata Bogbean Rare Dune slacks D Mibora minima NR Early Sand-grass Rare Fixed dunes D Miscanthus Miscanthus Rare Fixed dunes D sacchariflorus* Moehringia trinerva Three-nerved Occasional Fixed dunes D Sandwort Molinia caerulea Purple Moor-grass Rare Dune heath D Monotropa hypopitys Yellow Bird’s-nest Occasional Dune slacks D SCI Montia fontana Blinks Occasional Dune slacks D chondrosperma Muscari armeniacum* Garden Grape- Frequent Disturbed ground, hyacinth Fixed dunes D Muscari comosum* Tassel Hyacinth Rare Dune grassland D Myosotis arvensis Field Forget-me-not Occasional Fixed dunes, Disturbed ground D Myosotis discolor Changing Forget-me- Occasional Fixed dunes D not Myosotis laxa caespitosa Tufted Forget-me-not Frequent Dune slacks, Scrapes, Ditches D Myosotis ramosissima Early Forget-me-not Abundant Fixed dunes D SCI Myosotis scorpioides Water Forget-me-not Occasional Scrapes, Dune slacks D 30

Myosotis sylvatica* Wood Forget-me-not Occasional Disturbed ground D Myriophyllum Alternate Water- Extinct Ditches D alterniflorum SCI milfoil Myriophyllum spicatum Spiked Water-milfoil Frequent Scrapes, Ditches D Myriophyllum Whorled Water- Rare Ditches D verticillatum SCI VU milfoil Myrrhis odorata* Sweet Cicily Rare Disturbed ground D Narcissus cultivars* Garden Daffodil Abundant Dune grassland, Disturbed ground D Narcissus poeticus* Pheasant’s-eye Frequent Dune grassland, Daffodil Disturbed ground D Narcissus Daffodil Frequent Dune grassland, pseudonarcissus* Disturbed ground D Narcissus tazetta* Bunch-flowered Rare Disturbed ground D Daffodil Nardus stricta Mat-grass Frequent Dune heath, Dune grassland D Nepeta cataria SCI VU Cat-mint Rare Disturbed ground Nepeta x faassenii* Garden Cat-mint Rare Disturbed ground Nicandra physalodes* Apple-of-Peru Rare Disturbed ground Nicotiana rustica* Wild Tobacco Rare Disturbed ground Nicotiana x sanderae* Sweet Tobacco Rare Disturbed ground Nigella damascena* Love-in-a-mist Rare Disturbed ground Nymphaea alba White Water-lily Rare Scrapes D Nymphaea cultivar* Water-lily Rare Scrapes D Nymphoides peltata* Fringed Water-lily Rare Scrapes D SCI Odontites vernus Red Bartsia Frequent Dune slacks, Dune grassland D Oenanthe aquatica SCI Fine-leaved Water- Rare Dune slacks D dropwort Oenanthe crocata Hemlock Water- Frequent Dune slacks, Scrapes, dropwort Ditches D Oenanthe fistulosa SCI Tubular Water- Occasional Dune slacks, Scrapes, VU dropwort Ditches D Oenanthe lachenalii SCI Parsley Water- Occasional Saltmarsh D dropwort Oenothera biennis x O. Hybrid Evening- Rare Disturbed ground D fallax* primrose Oenothera biennis x O. Hybrid Evening- Rare Disturbed ground D glazioviana* primrose Oenothera biennis* Common Evening- Occasional Fixed dunes, primrose Disturbed ground D Oenothera cambrica x O. Hybrid Evening- Rare Disturbed ground D glazioviana* primrose 31

Oenothera cambrica* Small-flowered Rare Disturbed ground Evening-primrose Oenothera fallax x O. Hybrid Evening- Rare Fixed dunes, biennis* primrose Disturbed ground D Oenothera fallax x O. Hybrid Evening- Rare Fixed dunes. glazioviana* primrose Disturbed ground D Oenothera fallax* Intermediate Evening- Abundant Fixed dunes, primrose Disturbed ground D Oenothera glazioviana x Hybrid Evening- Rare Fixed dunes, O. fallax* primrose Disturbed ground D Oenothera glazioviana* Large-flowered Abundant Fixed dunes, Evening-primrose Disturbed ground D Olearia x haastii* Daisybush Rare Disturbed ground Olearia macrodonta* New Zealand Holly Rare Dune scrub D Onobrychis viciifolia* Sainfoin Rare Disturbed ground Ononis repens Common Restharrow Abundant Fixed dunes, Dune slacks D Ononis spinosa SCI Spiny Restharrow Rare Disturbed ground D Onopordum acanthium* Cotton Thistle Rare Disturbed ground D Ophioglossum vulgatum Adder’s-tongue Occasional Dune slacks D SCI Ophrys apifera Bee Orchid Occasional Dune slacks, Dune grassland D Orchis morio SCI NT Green-winged Orchid Rare Dune grassland D Oreopteris limbosperma Lemon-scented Fern Extinct Woodland D Ornithogalum Star-of-Bethlehem Occasional Dune grassland, angustifolium* Disturbed ground D Ornithopus perpusillus Bird’s-foot Occasional Dune heath D SCI Orobanche minor SCI Common Broomrape Occasional Fixed dunes, Dune grassland D Osmanthus delavayi* Delavay Treeolive Rare Woodland D Osmunda regalis Royal Fern Rare Dune heath, Ditches D Oxalis articulata* Pink-sorrel Occasional Disturbed ground D Oxalis corniculata* Procumbent Yellow- Rare Disturbed ground D sorrel Panicum miliaceum* Common Millet Rare Disturbed ground D Papaver argemone SCI Prickly Poppy Extinct Disturbed ground D VU Papaver dubium Long-headed Poppy Frequent Disturbed ground D Papaver dubium lecoqii Babington’s Poppy Rare Disturbed Ground Papaver Oriental poppy Occasional Disturbed ground D pseudoorientale* Papaver rhoeas Common Poppy Frequent Disturbed ground D 32

Papaver somniferum* Opium Poppy Occasional Disturbed ground D Parapholis strigosa Hard-grass Abundant Saltmarsh D Parentucellia viscosa Yellow Bartsia Occasional Dune slacks, Scrapes SCI D Parietaria judaica Pellitory-of-the-wall Occasional Disturbed ground D Parnassia palustris SCI Grass-of-Parnassus Frequent Dune slacks, Scrapes D Parthenocissus Virginia-creeper Rare Dune scrub D quinquefolia* Pastinaca sativa Wild Parsnip Abundant Fixed dunes, Dune grassland D Pedicularis palustris SCI Marsh Lousewort Rare Dune slacks D Pelagonium x Scarlet Geranium Rare Disturbed ground D hybridum* Pentaglottis Green Alkanet Frequent Disturbed ground D sempervirens* Persicaria amphibia Amphibious Bistort Occasional Scrapes, Ditches D Persicaria Red Bistort Rare Disturbed ground amplexicaulis* Persicaria hydropiper Wall-pepper Rare Disturbed ground D Persicaria lapathifolia Pale Persicaria Occasional Disturbed ground D Persicaria maculosa Redshank Frequent Disturbed ground D Petasites fragrans* Winter Heliotrope Rare Disturbed ground Petunia x hybrida* Petunia Rare Disturbed ground Phalaris arundinacea Reed Canary-grass Frequent Scrapes, Dune Slacks, Dune grassland D Phalaris canariensis* Canary-grass Rare Disturbed ground Philadelphus x Mock-orange Occasional Dune scrub D virginalis* Philadephus coronarius* Mock-orange Rare Dune scrub D Phleum arenarium SCI Sand Cat’s-tail Frequent Fixed dunes D Phleum bertolonii Smaller Cat’s-tail Rare Dune grassland D Phleum pratense Timothy Frequent Dune grassland D Phragmites australis Common Reed Frequent Dune slacks, Scrapes D Phyllitis scolopendrium Hart’s-tongue Occasional Walls, Woodland D Picea abies* Norway Spruce Occasional Woodland D Picea sitchensis* Sitka spruce Rare Woodland D Picris echioides* Bristly Oxtongue Rare Disturbed ground D Pilosella aurantiaca* Fox-and-cubs Rare Fixed dunes D Pilosella officinarum Mouse-ear-hawkweed Frequent Fixed dunes D agg. Pimpinella major SCI Greater Burnet- Rare Dune grassland D saxifrage Pimpinella saxifraga Burnet-saxifrage Occasional Dune grassland D 33

Pinguicula vulgaris Common Butterwort Extinct Dune slacks D Pinus contorta* Lodgepole Pine Abundant Woodland D Pinus nigra laricio* Corsican Pine Abundant Woodland D Pinus nigra nigra* Austrian Pine Occasional Woodland D Pinus pinaster* Maritime Pine Occasional Woodland D Pinus radiata* Monterey Pine Rare Woodland D Pinus sylvestris* Scot’s Pine Abundant Woodland D Pisum sativum* Garden Pea Rare Disturbed ground D Plantago coronopus Buck’s-horn Plantain Frequent Saltmarsh, Dune slacks, Disturbed ground D Plantago lanceolata Ribwort Plantain Abundant Dune slacks, Disturbed ground D Plantago major Greater Plantain Rare Dune slacks D intermedia Plantago major major Greater Plantain Frequent Dune slacks, Disturbed ground D Plantago maritima Sea Plantain Occasional Saltmarsh, Dune slacks D Plantago media Hoary Plantain Extinct Fixed dunes D Platanthera bifolia SCI Lesser Butterfly- Rare Dune grassland D VU orchid Poa annua Annual Meadow- Abundant Disturbed ground D grass Poa compressa SCI Flattened Meadow- Rare Fixed dunes D grass Poa humilis Spreading Meadow- Abundant Fixed dunes D grass Poa nemoralis Wood Meadow-grass Rare Woodland D Poa palustris* Swamp Meadow- Rare Dune slacks D grass Poa pratensis Smooth Meadow- Frequent Fixed dunes, Dune grass grassland D Poa trivialis Rough Meadow-grass Frequent Dune grassland, Disturbed ground D Polemonium caeruleum* Jacob’s-ladder Rare Disturbed ground D Polygala serpyllifolia Heath Milkwort Occasional Fixed dunes, Dune heath D Polygala vulgaris Common Milkwort Frequent Fixed dunes D Polygonatum x Garden Solomon’s- Occasional Woodland D hybridum* seal Polygonatum Solomon’s-seal Rare Woodland D multiflorum* Polygonatum odoratum* Angular Solomon’s- Rare Woodland D seal 34

Polygonum arenastrum Equal-leaved Occasional Disturbed ground D Knotgrass Polygonum arviculare Knotgrass Frequent Disturbed ground D Polygonum oxyspermum Ray’s Knotgrass Occasional Strandline D raii SCI Polypodium interjectum Intermediate Rare Fixed dunes D Polypody Polypodium vulgare Polypody Abundant Fixed dunes, Woodland D Polystichum setiferum Soft Shield-fern Rare Woodland D Populus alba* White Poplar Abundant Dune scrub, Woodland D Populus x canadensis* Hybrid Black-poplar Frequent Dune scrub, Woodland D Populus x canescens* Grey Poplar Abundant Dune scrub, Woodland D Populus x jackii* Balm of Gilead Abundant Dune scrub, Woodland D Populus nigra “italica”* Lombardy Poplar Occasional Woodland, Dune scrub D Populus tremula Aspen Occasional Woodland D Potamogeton berchtoldii Small Pondweed Rare Ditches D SCI Potamogeton crispus Curled Pondweed Rare Ditches, Scrapes D Potamogeton gramineus Various-leaved Occasional Scrapes, Dune slacks SCI Pondweed D Potamogeton natans Broad-leaved Occasional Scrapes D Pondweed Potamogeton pectinatus Fennel Pondweed Abundant Lagoon Potamogeton Bog Pondweed Rare Dune slacks D polygonifolius SCI Potamogeton pusillus Lesser Pondweed Rare Ditches D SCI Potentilla anglica Trailing Tormentil Occasional Fixed dunes, Dune grassland D Potentilla anserina Silverweed Frequent Dune slacks, Dune grassland D Potentilla argentea* NT Hoary Cinquefoil Rare Disturbed ground D Potentilla erecta Tormentil Frequent Dune heath D Potentilla x mixta Hybrid Cinquefoil Occasional Dune grassland D Potentilla palustris Marsh Cinquefoil Occasional Dune slacks D Potentilla recta* Sulphur Cinquefoil Rare Dune grassland D Potentilla reptans Creeping Cinquefoil Frequent Dune grassland, Fixed dunes, Dune heath D Primula veris Cowslip Rare Dune grassland D 35

Primula vulgaris Primrose Occasional Woodland, Dune grassland D Prunella vulgaris Selfheal Frequent Dune slacks, Dune grassland D Prunus avium Wild Cherry Occasional Woodland, Dune scrub D Prunus cerasus* Dwarf Cherry Rare Dune heath D Prunus domestica Bullace Rare Dune scrub D institia* Prunus domestica* Wild Plum Rare Dune scrub D Prunus laurocerasus* Cherry Laurel Rare Dune scrub D Prunus lusitanica* Portugal Laurel Rare Dune scrub D Prunus serotina* Rum Cherry Rare Dune scrub D Prunus spinosa Blackthorn Occasional Dune scrub D Pseudosasa japonica* Arrow Bamboo Occasional Disturbed ground D Pteridium aquilinum Bracken Occasional Fixed dunes D Puccinellia distans SCI Reflexed Salt-marsh- Occasional Saltmarsh D grass Puccinellia maritima Common Saltmarsh- Abundant Saltmarsh, Strandline, grass Embryo dunes D Pulicaria dysenterica Common Fleabane Frequent Dune slacks D Pyracantha coccinea* Firethorn Rare Dune scrub D Pyrola minor SCI Common Wintergreen Rare Woodland D Pyrola rotundifolia Round-leaved Frequent Dune slacks D maritima NS Wintergreen Pyrus communis* Pear Rare Woodland D Quercus cerris* Turkey Oak Occasional Woodland D Quercus ilex* Evergreen Oak Rare Woodland D Quercus petraea Sessile Oak Occasional Woodland, Dune scrub, Dune heath D Quercus robur Pedunculate Oak Frequent Woodland, Dune scrub, Dune heath D Quercus x rosacea Hybrid Oak Occasional Woodland, Dune scrub, Dune heath D Quercus rubra* Red Oak Rare Woodland D Ranunculus acris Meadow Buttercup Frequent Dune grassland D Ranunculus aquatilis Common Water- Occasional Scrapes, Ditches D crowfoot Ranunculus baudotii Brackish Water- Occasional Saltmarsh, Scrapes D SCI crowfoot Ranunculus bulbosus Bulbous Buttercup Frequent Fixed dunes D Ranunculus circinatus Fan-leaved Water- Rare Ditches D SCI crowfoot Ranunculus ficaria Lesser Celandine Frequent Woodland, Disturbed bulbifer ground D 36

Ranunculus ficaria Lesser Celandine Frequent Woodland, Disturbed ficaria ground D Ranunculus flammula Lesser Spearwort Frequent Dune slacks D Ranunculus hederaceus Ivy-leaved Crowfoot Rare Dune slacks Ranunculus lingua Greater Spearwort Occasional Scrapes, Dune slacks D Ranunculus parviflorus Small-flowered Rare Disturbed ground Buttercup Ranunculus repens Creping Buttercup Abundant Dune slacks, Dune grassland, Disturbed ground D Ranunculus sardous SCI Hairy Buttercup Rare Disturbed ground Ranunculus sceleratus Celery-leaved Frequent Dune slacks, Scrapes Buttercup Saltmarsh, Ditches D Ranunculus Thread-leaved Water- Occasional Ditches, Scrapes D trichophyllus SCI crowfoot Raphanus raphanistrum Sea Radish Frequent Disturbed ground, maritimus Embryo dunes D Raphanus raphanistrum Wild Radish Occasional Disturbed ground, raphanistrum Embryo dunes D Raphanus sativus* Garden Radish Occasional Disturbed ground Rapistrum rugosum* Bastard Cabbage Rare Disturbed ground Reseda alba* White Mignonette Extinct Disturbed ground Reseda lutea Wild Mignonette Occasional Disturbed ground Shingle beach D Reseda luteola Weld Occasional Disturbed ground D Rheum x hybridum* Rhubarb Rare Disturbed ground Rhinanthus minor Yellow-rattle Frequent Dune grassland, Fixed dunes, Dune slacks D Rhinanthus minor Yellow-rattle Rare Dune slacks D stenophyllus SCI Rhododendron Rhododendron Occasional Woodland D ponticum* Rhus typhina* Stag’s-horn Sumach Occasional Disturbed ground D Ribes alpinum* Mountain Currant Rare Dune scrub D Ribes nigrum* Black Currant Occasional Dune scrub D Ribes rubrum* Red Currant Occasional Dune scrub D Ribes sanguineum* Flowering Currant Occasional Dune scrub D Ribes uva-crispa* Gooseberry Occasional Dune scrub D Robinia pseudoacacia* False-acacia Rare Woodland Rorippa nasturtium- Water-cress Frequent Ditches D aquaticum Rorippa palustris Marsh Yellow-cress Occasional Dune slacks D Rorippa sylvestris Creeping Yellow- Occasional Dune slacks D cress 37

Rosa “Hollandica”* Dutch Rose Occasional Disturbed ground, Fixed dunes D Rosa arvensis Field Rose Rare Fixed dunes D Rosa caesia glauca Glaucous Dog-rose Rare Dune scrub D Rosa caesia x R. Hybrid Dog-rose Rare Dune scrub D sherardii Rosa x dumalis Hybrid Dog-rose Occasional Dune scrub D Rosa x dumetorum Hybrid Dog-rose Rare Dune scrub D Rosa ferruginea* Red-leaved Rose Occasional Dune scrub D Rosa multiflora* Many-flowered Rose Rare Dune heath D Rosa x nitidula Hybrid Dog-rose Rare Dune scrub D Rosa pimpinellifolia SCI Burnet Rose Occasional Fixed dunes D Rosa x rothschildii Hybrid Dog-rose Rare Dune scrub D Rosa rubiginosa SCI Sweet-briar Occasional Dune scrub D Rosa rugosa* Japanese Rose Frequent Disturbed ground, Dune scrub D Rosa sherardii Sherard’s Downy-rose Rare Dune scrub D Rubus armeniacus* “Himalayan Giant” Frequent Disturbed ground D Rubus bartonii Bramble Abundant Woodland D Rubus caesius Dewberry Abundant Fixed dunes, Dune grassland, Dune slacks D Rubus caesius x ? Hybrid Dewberry Occasional Disturbed ground D Rubus cardiophyllus Bramble Frequent Woodland D Rubus cissburiensis* Bramble Occasional Woodland D Rubus criniger Bramble Occasional Woodland D Rubus dasyphyllus Bramble Frequent Woodland D Rubus echinatus Bramble Rare Woodland D Rubus elegantispinosus* Bramble Rare Disturbed ground Rubus errabundus Bramble Frequent Woodland D Rubus fruticosus agg. Bramble Abundant Dune Scrub, Disturbed ground D Rubus gratus Bramble Rubus idaeus Raspberry Occasional Disturbed ground D Rubus idaeus x R. Hybrid Raspberry Rare Disturbed ground D vitifolius* Rubus laciniatus Bramble Frequent Woodland D Rubus latifolius Bramble Rare Disturbed ground Rubus lindleianus Bramble Frequent Woodland D Rubus loganobaccus* Loganberry Rare Dune grassland D Rubus nemoralis Bramble Frequent Woodland D Rubus neubouldii Bramble Rare Disturbed ground Rubus polyanthemus Bramble Occasional Disturbed ground Rubus pruinosus Bramble Rare Disturbed ground D Rubus robiae Bramble Occasional Woodland D 38

Rubus scissus Bramble Rubus sprengalii Bramble Frequent Woodland D Rubus subtercanens Bramble Occasional Woodland D Rubus tricolor* Chinese Bramble Rare Disturbed ground D Rubus tuberculatus Bramble Abundant Fixed dunes, Dune grassland D Rubus ulmifolius Bramble Occasional Disturbed ground Rubus vestitus Bramble Occasional Disturbed ground D Rubus wheldonii Bramble Rare Dune heath D Rubus wirralensis Bramble Occasional Disturbed ground Rumex x abortivus Hybrid Dock Rare Disturbed ground D Rumex acetosa Common Sorrel Frequent Dune grassland D Rumex acetosella Sheep’s Sorrel Frequent Dune grassland, Dune heath D Rumex conglomeratus Clustered Dock Frequent Ditches, Dune slacks D Rumex crispus Curled Dock Abundant Disturbed ground D Rumex crispus crispus Curled Dock Abundant Disturbed ground D Rumex crispus littoreus Curled Dock Frequent Saltmarsh D Rumex hydrolapathum Water Dock Rare Ditches D SCI Rumex maritimus SCI Golden Dock Rare Disturbed ground D Rumex obtusifolius Broad-leaved Dock Abundant Disturbed ground D Rumex x pratensis Hybrid Dock Occasional Disturbed ground D Rumex sanguineus Wood Dock Occasional Woodland, Ditches D Rumex x schulzei Hybrid Dock Rare Disturbed ground Ruppia maritima Beaked Tasselwort Frequent Marine Lake Ruscus aculeatus* Butcher’s-broom Rare Fixed dunes D Sagina apetala Annual Pearlwort Frequent Disturbed ground D Sagina apetala erecta Annual Pearlwort Frequent Disturbed ground D Sagina maritima Sea Pearlwort Occasional Saltmarsh, Dune slacks D Sagina nodosa Knotted Pearlwort Frequent Dune slacks D Sagina procumbens Procumbent Pearlwort Abundant Disturbed ground D Salicornia Long-spiked Frequent Saltmarsh D dolichostachya Glasswort Salicornia europaea Glasswort Frequent Saltmarsh D Salicornia fragilis Yellow Glasswort Occasional Saltmarsh D Salicornia ramosissima Purple Glasswort Frequent Saltmarsh D Salix acutifolia* Siberian Violet- Rare Dune scrub D willow Salix alba White Willow Occasional Woodland, Dune scrub D Salix x angusensis NR Hybrid Willow Frequent Dune scrub, Dune slacks D 39

Salix aurita Eared Willow Rare Dune heath D Salix x calodendron Holme Willow Rare Dune scrub D Salix caprea Goat Willow Occasional Dune scrub, Dune slacks D Salix cinerea cinerea Grey Willow Rare Dune slacks D Salix cinerea oleifolia Grey Willow Abundant Dune scrub, Dune slacks D Salix daphnoides* European Violet- Occasional Dune scrub D willow Salix x doniana NR Hybrid Willow Rare Dune scrub, Dune slacks D Salix eleagnos* Olive Willow Rare Disturbed ground Salix x forbyana Fine Osier Frequent Dune scrub D Salix fragilis Crack Willow Occasional Woodland, Dune scrub D Salix x friesiana NR Hybrid Willow Frequent Dune slacks D Salix x multinervis Hybrid Willow Extinct Dune slacks D Salix pentandra Bay Willow Occasional Dune slacks, Dune scrub D Salix x pontederiana Hybrid Willow Extinct Dune scrub D Salix purpurea Purple Willow Occasional Dune scrub D Salix purpurea Purple Willow Rare Dune Scrub D lambertiana Salix x reichardtii Hybrid Willow Occasional Dune scrub D Salix repens Creeping Willow Abundant Dune slacks, Fixed dunes D Salix x rubens Hybrid Crack-willow Occasional Dune scrub, Dune slacks D Salix x rubra Green-leaved Willow Rare Dune scrub D Salix x sepulcralis* Hybrid Willow Rare Disturbed ground Salix x sericans Broad-leaved Osier Frequent Dune scrub D Salix x smithiana Silky-leaved Osier Occasional Dune scrub D Salix x subsericea Hybrid Willow Occasional Dune slacks, Dune scrub D Salix triandra Almond Willow Rare Dune slack D Salix viminalis Osier Frequent Dune scrub D Salsola kali kali SCI VU Prickly Saltwort Occasional Strandline D Salvia verbenaca Wild Clary Extinct Disturbed ground Sambucus nigra Elder Frequent Dune scrub D Samolus valerandi SCI Brookweed Frequent Dune slacks D Sanguisorba minor Fodder Burnet Rare Disturbed ground muricata* Sanguisorba officinalis Great Burnet Rare Fixed dunes D Santolina Lavender-cotton Occasional Fixed dunes, chamaecyparissus* Disturbed ground D 40

Saponaria officinalis* Soapwort Frequent Disturbed ground D Sasaella ramosa* Hairy Bamboo Rare Disturbed ground D Saxifraga granulata Meadow Saxifrage Rare Dune grassland D Saxifraga x polita* False Londonpride Rare Disturbed ground D Saxifraga tridactylites Rue-leaved Saxifrage Frequent Fixed dunes D Saxifraga x urbium* Londonpride Rare Disturbed ground D Schoenoplectus lacustris Common Club-rush Rare Dune slacks D SCI Schoenoplectus pungens Sharp Club-rush Rare Dune slacks, NR Saltmarsh D Schoenoplectus Grey Club-rush Frequent Scrapes, Dune slacks, tabernaemontani SCI Saltmarsh D Schoenus nigricans SCI Black Bog-rush Rare Dune slacks D Scrophularia auriculata Water Figwort Occasional Dune slacks, Disturbed ground D Scrophularia nodosa Common Figwort Occasional Woodland D Scutellaria galericulata Skullcap Rare Dune slacks D Sedum acre Biting Stonecrop Frequent Fixed dunes, Disturbed ground D Sedum album* White Stonecrop Occasional Fixed dunes, Disturbed ground D Sedum anglicum SCI English Stonecrop Rare Fixed dunes D Sedum “Herbstfreude”* Sedum “Autumn Joy” Occasional Disturbed ground, Fixed dunes D Sedum rupestre* Reflexed Stonecrop Occasional Disturbed ground D Sedum spectabile* Butterfly Stonecrop Occasional Disturbed ground D Sedum spurium* Caucasian Stonecrop Rare Disturbed ground D Sedum telephium* Orpine Occasional Disturbed ground D Selaginella selaginoides Lesser Clubmoss Extinct Dune slacks D SCI Senecio x albescens* Hybrid Ragwort Occasional Disturbed ground D Senecio cineraria* Silver Ragwort Rare Disturbed ground D Senecio erucifolius Hoary Ragwort Extinct Fixed dunes D Senecio jacobaea Common Ragwort Abundant Fixed dunes, Dune grassland, Disturbed ground D Senecio squalidus* Oxford Ragwort Occasional Disturbed ground, Mobile dunes D Senecio sylvaticus Heath Groundsel Occasional Woodland, Disturbed ground D Senecio x viscidulus Hybrid Groundsel Rare Disturbed ground D Senecio viscosus Sticky Groundsel Occasional Disturbed ground D Senecio vulgaris Groundsel Frequent Disturbed ground, Mobile dunes D Sherardia arvensis Field Madder Occasional Fixed dunes D 41

Silene dichotoma* Forked Catchfly Rare Disturbed ground D Silene dioica Red Campion Frequent Woodland D Silene x hampeana Hybrid Campion Occasional Woodland D Silene latifolia alba White Campion Frequent Disturbed ground D Silene otites NR EN Spanish Catchfly Rare Fixed dunes D Silene uniflora SCI Sea Campion Rare Disturbed ground D Silene vulgaris vulgaris Bladder Campion Occasional Disturbed ground D Sinapis arvensis Charlock Occasional Disturbed ground D Sisymbrium altissimum* Tall Rocket Occasional Disturbed ground D Sisymbrium officinale Hedge Mustard Frequent Disturbed ground D Sisymbrium orientale* Eastern Rocket Occasional Disturbed ground D Sisyrinchium Blue-eyed-grass Rare Dune slacks D bermudiana* Sisyrinchium Yellow-eyed-grass Rare Disturbed ground D californicum* Skimmia japonica* Skimmia Rare Dune scrub D Smyrnium olusatrum* Alexanders Rare Disturbed ground D Solanum dulcamara Bittersweet Frequent Dune scrub D Solanum nigrum Black Nightshade Occasional Disturbed ground D Solanum nigrum Black Nightshade Rare Disturbed ground schultesii* Solanum tuberosum* Potato Occasional Disturbed ground D Soleirolia soleirolii* Mind-your-own- Rare Disturbed ground business Solidago canadensis* Canadian Goldenrod Frequent Disturbed ground D Solidago gigantea* Early Goldenrod Occasional Disturbed ground D Solidago virgaurea Goldenrod Rare Dune slacks D Sonchus arvensis Perennial Sow-thistle Frequent Dune slacks, Dune grassland D Sonchus asper Prickly Sow-thistle Frequent Disturbed ground D Sonchus oleraceus Smooth Sow-thistle Frequent Disturbed ground D Sorbus aria “lutescens”* Whitebeam cultivar Rare Disturbed ground Sorbus aria agg.* Common Whitebeam Occasional Dune scrub D Sorbus aucuparia Rowan Frequent Dune scrub D Sorbus croceocarpa* Broad-leaved Rare Dune scrub D Whitebeam Sorbus intermedia* Swedish Whitebeam Occasional Dune scrub D Sparganium emersum Unbranched Bur-reed Rare Scrape D Sparganium erectum Branched Bur-reed Frequent Scrapes, Ditches D Spartina anglica Common Cord-grass Abundant Saltmarsh D Spergula arvensis VU Corn Spurrey Frequent Disturbed ground D Spergularia marina Lesser Sea-spurrey Frequent Saltmarsh D Spergularia media Greater Sea-spurrey Frequent Saltmarsh D Spinacea oleracea* Spinach Rare Disturbed ground D Spiranthes spiralis SCI Autumn Lady’s- Extinct Fixed dunes D 42

NT tresses Spirea x billardii* Billard’s Bridewort Occasional Dune scrub D Spiraea x cinerea* A Bridewort Rare Disturbed Ground Spirea douglasii* Steeple-brush Occasional Dune scrub D Stachys arvensis NT Field Woundwort Rare Disturbed ground D Stachys palustris Marsh Woundwort Occasional Dune slacks, Disturbed ground D Stachys sylvatica Hedge Woundwort Occasional Disturbed ground D Stellaria graminea Lesser Stitchwort Occasional Dune grassland D Stellaria media Common Chickweed Abundant Disturbed ground D Stellaria pallida Lesser Chickweed Occasional Fixed dunes, Disturbed ground D Stellaria uliginosa Bog Stitchwort Rare Dune slacks D Suaeda maritima Annual Sea-blite Frequent Saltmarsh D Succisa pratensis Devil’s-bit Scabious Occasional Dune slacks, Dune grassland D Symphoricarpos albus* Snowberry Frequent Dune scrub D Symphoricarpos x Pink Snowberry Occasional Dune scrub D chenaultii* Symphytum “Hidcote Hidcote Comfrey Rare Disturbed ground Blue”* Symphytum officinale Common Comfrey Rare Disturbed ground D Symphytum orientale* White Comfrey Rare Disturbed ground Symphytum x Russian Comfrey Occasional Disturbed ground D uplandicum* Syringa vulgaris* Lilac Frequent Dune scrub D Tagetes patula* French Marigold Rare Disturbed ground Tamarix gallica* Tamarisk Rare Dune scrub D Tamus communis Black Bryony Rare Dune scrub D Tanacetum parthenium* Feverfew Occasional Disturbed ground D Tanacetum vulgare Tansy Occasional Disturbed ground D Taraxacum Dandelion Rare Disturbed ground D brachyglossum Taraxacum euryphyllum Dandelion Rare Disturbed ground D Taraxacum faeroense Dandelion Rare Disturbed ground D Taraxacum glaucinum Dandelion Rare Disturbed ground Taraxacum laevigatum Dandelion Frequent Fixed dunes, Disturbed ground D Taraxacum Dandelion Rare Disturbed ground D longisquameum Taraxacum officinale Dandelion Abundant Disturbed ground, agg. Fixed dunes D Taraxacum spectabile Dandelion Rare Disturbed ground D Taxus baccata* Yew Occasional Woodland D Teesdalia nudicaulis SCI Shepherd’s Cress Rare Fixed dunes D 43

NT Tellima grandiflora* Fringe-cups Rare Disturbed ground Teucrium scorodonia Wood Sage Frequent Fixed dunes D Thalictrum flavum SCI Common Meadow- Occasional Dune grassland D rue Thalictrum minus Lesser Meadow-rue Occasional Fixed dunes D Thlapsi arvense Field Penny-cress Occasional Disturbed ground Thymus polytrichus SCI Wild Thyme Occasional Fixed dunes D Tilia cordata* Small-leaved Lime Rare Woodland D Tilia x europaea* Lime Occasional Woodland D Torilis japonica Upright Hedge- Occasional Disturbed ground D parsley Tragopogon pratensis Goat’s-beard Frequent Dune grassland D Tragopogon pratensis Goat’s-beard Frequent Dune grassland D minor Trifolium arvense Hare’s-foot Clover Frequent Fixed dunes D Trifolium campestre Hop Trefoil Occasional Fixed dunes D Trifolium dubium Lesser trefoil Frequent Fixed dunes, Dune slacks D Trifolium fragiferum Strawberry Clover Occasional Dune slacks D SCI Trifolium hybridum* Alsike Clover Occasional Disturbed ground D Trifolium medium Zigzag Clover Occasional Disturbed ground Trifolium pratense Red Clover Abundant Dune grassland, Dune slacks D Trifolium repens White Clover Abundant Dune slacks, Fixed dunes D Trifolium striatum SCI Knotted Clover Rare Disturbed ground D Triglochin maritimum Sea Arrowgrass Frequent Saltmarsh, Dune slacks D Triglochin palustre SCI Marsh Arrowgrass Occasional Dune slacks D Tripleurospermum Scentless Mayweed Frequent Disturbed ground D inodorum Tripleurospermum Sea Mayweed Frequent Strandline, Disturbed maritimum ground D Trisetum flavescens SCI Yellow Oat-grass Occasional Dune grassland D Tristagma uniflorum* Spring Starflower Occasional Disturbed ground, Fixed dunes D Triticum aestivum* Bread Wheat Occasional Disturbed ground D Triticum turgicum* Rivet Wheat Rare Disturbed ground D Tropaeolum majus* Nasturtium Rare Disturbed ground D Tulipa gesneriana* Garden Tulip Frequent Disturbed ground, Fixed dunes D Tussilago farfara Colt’s-foot Frequent Disturbed ground, Dune slacks D 44

Typha angustifolia Lesser Bulrush Occasional Ditches, Dune slacks D Typha latifolia Bulrush Frequent Dune slacks, Ditches, Scrapes D Ulex europaeus Gorse Abundant Dune heath, Fixed dunes D Ulex minor SCI Dwarf Gorse Rare Dune scrub D Ulmus glabra Wych Elm Occasional Woodland, Dune scrub D Ulmus procera English Elm Occasional Woodland, Dune scrub D Urtica dioica Common Nettle Abundant Disturbed ground, Dune scrub D Urtica urens Small Nettle Occasional Disturbed ground D Vaccinium myrtillus Bilberry Rare Valeriana dioica SCI Marsh Valerian Rare Dune slacks D Valeriana officinalis Common Valerian Occasional Dune slacks D Valerianella locusta SCI Common Cornsalad Occasional Fixed dunes D Verbascum densiflorum* Dense-flowered Rare Disturbed ground D Mullein Verbascum nigrum Dark Mullein Rare Disturbed ground Verbascum phlomoides* Orange Mullein Rare Fixed dunes D Verbascum thapsus Great Mullein Occasional Disturbed ground, Fixed dunes D Verbascum virgatum Twiggy Mullein Rare Disturbed ground SCI Veronica agrestis Green Field- Occasional Disturbed ground D speedwell Veronica anagallis- Blue Water-speedwell Occasional Dune slacks, Scrapes, aquatica Ditches D Veronica arvensis Wall Speedwell Frequent Fixed dunes D Veronica austriaca* Large Speedwell Rare Disturbed ground D Veronica beccabunga Brooklime Occasional Ditches, Scrapes D Veronica catenata Pink Water-speedwell Rare Dune slacks D Veronica chamaedrys Germander Speedwell Occasional Fixed dunes D Veronica filiformis* Slender Speedwell Occasional Grassland Veronica hederifolia Ivy-leaved Speedwell Occasional Disturbed ground, hederifolia SCI Woodland D Veronica hederifolia Ivy-leaved Speedwell Frequent Disturbed ground, lucorum Woodland D Veronica longifolia x V. Hybrid Speedwell Occasional Disturbed ground D spicata* Veronica longifolia* Garden Speedwell Rare Disturbed ground D Veronica montana Wood Speedwell Occasional Woodland D Veronica officinalis Heath Speedwell Occasional Fixed dunes, Dune 45

heath D Veronica persica* Common Field- Frequent Disturbed ground D speedwell Veronica scutellata Marsh Speedwell Rare Dune slacks D Veronica serpyllifolia Thyme-leaved Occasional Fixed dunes D Speedwell Veronica spicata* Spiked Speedwell Rare Disturbed ground D Viburnum davidii* David Viburnum Rare Disturbed ground D Viburnum lantana* Wayfaring-tree Rare Dune scrub D Viburnum opulus* Guelder Rose Occasional Dune scrub D Viburnum tinus* Laurustinus Rare Disturbed ground Vicia cracca Tufted Vetch Abundant Dune grassland D Vicia faba* Broad Bean Rare Disturbed ground D Vicia hirsuta Hairy Tare Occasional Disturbed ground, Dune grassland D Vicia lathyroides SCI Spring Vetch Frequent Fixed dunes D Vicia sativa nigra Common Vetch Frequent Fixed dunes, Dune grassland D Vicia sativa sativa* Common Vetch Rare Disturbed ground, Dune grassland D Vicia sativa segetalis* Common Vetch Occasional Disturbed ground, Dune grassland D Vicia sepium Bush Vetch Occasional Dune scrub D Vinca major* Greater Periwinkle Frequent Disturbed ground, Woodland D Vinca minor* Lesser Periwinkle Rare Disturbed ground D Viola x wittrockiana* Garden Pansy Occasional Disturbed ground D Viola arvensis Field Pansy Occasional Disturbed ground D Viola canina canina SCI Heath Dog-violet Frequent Fixed dunes D NT Viola odorata* Sweet Violet Rare Disturbed ground D Viola riviniana Common Dog-violet Occasional Woodland D Viola tricolor curtisii Wild Pansy Occasional Fixed dunes D SCI Vitis vinifera* Grape-vine Rare Fixed dunes D Vulpia bromoides Squirreltail Fescue Rare Disturbed ground D Vulpia fasciculata NS Dune Fescue Abundant Fixed dunes, Disturbed ground D Vulpia myuros SCI Rat’s-tail Fescue Rare Disturbed ground D Weigela florida* Weigelia Rare Disturbed ground Yucca filamentosa* Yucca Rare Disturbed ground D Zannichellia palustris Horned Pondweed Rare Ditches D SCI Zostera marina SCI NT Eelgrass Extinct Saltmarsh