Defending TJCSG Proposals Final
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Bunker Busters: Washington's Drive for New Nuclear Weapons
BRITISH AMERICAN SECURITY INFORMATION COUNCIL BASIC RESEARCH REPORT Bunker Busters: Washington’s Drive for New Nuclear Weapons Mark Bromley, David Grahame and Christine Kucia Research Report 2002.2 July 2002 B U N K E R B U S T E R S British American Security Information Council The British American Security Information Council (BASIC) is an independent research organisation that analyses international security issues. BASIC works to promote awareness of security issues among the public, policy makers and the media in order to foster informed debate on both sides of the Atlantic. BASIC in the UK is a registered charity no. 1001081 BASIC in the US is a non-profit organization constituted under section 501(c)(3) of the US Internal Revenue Service Code. Acknowledgements The authors would like to thank the many individuals and organisations whose advice and assistance made this report possible. Special thanks go to David Culp (Friends Committee on National Legislation) and Ian Davis for their guidance on the overall research and writing. The authors would also like to thank Martin Butcher (Physicians for Social Responsibility), Nicola Butler, Aidan Harris, Karel Koster (PENN-Netherlands), Matt Rivers, Paul Rogers (Bradford University), and Dmitry Polikanov (International Committee of the Red Cross) for valuable advice on the report. Support This publication was made possible by grants from the Carnegie Corporation of New York, Colombe Foundation, Compton Foundation, Inc., The Ford Foundation, W. Alton Jones Foundation, Polden Puckham Charitable Trust, Ploughshares Fund, private support from the Rockefeller Family, and the Joseph Rowntree Charitable Trust. Bunker Busters: Washington’s Drive for New Nuclear Weapons By Mark Bromley, David Grahame and Christine Kucia Published by British American Security Information Council July 2002 Price: $10/£7 ISBN: 1 874533 46 6 2 F O R E W O R D Contents Foreword: Ambassador Jonathan Dean .............................................................. -
Jerome Wiesner Was a Creative Force at MIT for the Last Half Century
NATIONAL ACADEMY OF SCIENCES JEROME BERT WIESNER 1915–1994 A Biographical Memoir by LOUIS D. SMULLIN Biographical Memoirs, VOLUME 78 PUBLISHED 2000 BY THE NATIONAL ACADEMY PRESS WASHINGTON, D.C. Copyright by Karsh, Ottawa JEROME BERT WIESNER May 30, 1915–October 21, 1994 BY LOUIS D. SMULLIN EROME WIESNER—JERRY to almost everybody—led an excit- J ing and productive life and, more than most, he made a difference. His career, the offices he held and the honors he received are spelled out in the MIT obituary notice at the time of his death. As interesting and impressive as is the list of offices and honors, even more interesting is his transformation from a young engineer just out of college to an “electronic warrior” during World War II, to a “cold warrior” during the early days of the “missile gap,” and finally to a leading spokesman for the nuclear test ban and a worker for nuclear disarmament. Jerry and his younger sister, Edna, were the children of Joseph and Ida Wiesner, each of whom had come to the United States at about the turn of the century. To escape having to take violin lessons, at age nineteen, Joseph had run away from his parents in Vienna in about 1892 and had shipped out to places as far away as Alaska and the California gold fields before landing in New York. (Edna remembers her father telling stories about meeting and drinking with Jack London in Alaska.) Ida had come from Romania to New York with her younger sister. She worked in the gar- ment industry and then as a housekeeper until she and 3 4 BIOGRAPHICAL MEMOIRS Joseph met and married in 1914. -
Feature Multiple Means to an End: a Reexamination of President Kennedy’S Decision to Go to the Moon by Stephen J
Feature Multiple Means to an End: A Reexamination of President Kennedy’s Decision to Go to the Moon By Stephen J. Garber On May 25, 1961, in his famously special “Urgent National Needs” speech to a joint session of Congress, President John E Kennedy made a dramatic call to send Americans to the Moon “before this decade is out.”’ After this resulted in the highly successful and publicized ApoZZo Program that indeed safely flew humans to the Moon from 1969-1972, historians and space aficio- nados have looked back at Kennedy’s decision in varying ways. Since 1970,2 most social scientists have believed that Kennedy made a single, rational, pragmatic choice to com- CHAT WITH THE AUTHOR pete with the Soviet Union in the arena of space exploration Please join us in a “chat session” with the au- as a way to achieve world prestige during the height of the thor of this article, Stephen J. Garber. In this “chat session,” you may ask Mr. Garber or the Quest Cold War. As such, the drama of space exploration served staff questions about this article, or other ques- simply as a means to an end, not as an goal for its own sake. tions about research and writing the history of Contrary to this approach, some space enthusiasts have spaceflight. The “chat” will be held on Thursday, argued in hindsight that Kennedy pushed the U.S. to explore December 9,7:00CDT. We particularly welcome boldly into space because he was a visionary who saw space Quest subscribers, but anyone may participate. -
Project Apollo: Americans to the Moon John M
Chapter Two Project Apollo: Americans to the Moon John M. Logsdon Project Apollo, the remarkable U.S. space effort that sent 12 astronauts to the surface of Earth’s Moon between July 1969 and December 1972, has been extensively chronicled and analyzed.1 This essay will not attempt to add to this extensive body of literature. Its ambition is much more modest: to provide a coherent narrative within which to place the various documents included in this compendium. In this narrative, key decisions along the path to the Moon will be given particular attention. 1. Roger Launius, in his essay “Interpreting the Moon Landings: Project Apollo and the Historians,” History and Technology, Vol. 22, No. 3 (September 2006): 225–55, has provided a com prehensive and thoughtful overview of many of the books written about Apollo. The bibliography accompanying this essay includes almost every book-length study of Apollo and also lists a number of articles and essays interpreting the feat. Among the books Launius singles out for particular attention are: John M. Logsdon, The Decision to Go to the Moon: Project Apollo and the National Interest (Cambridge: MIT Press, 1970); Walter A. McDougall, . the Heavens and the Earth: A Political History of the Space Age (New York: Basic Books, 1985); Vernon Van Dyke, Pride and Power: the Rationale of the Space Program (Urbana, IL: University of Illinois Press, 1964); W. Henry Lambright, Powering Apollo: James E. Webb of NASA (Baltimore: Johns Hopkins University Press, 1995); Roger E. Bilstein, Stages to Saturn: A Technological History of the Apollo/Saturn Launch Vehicles, NASA SP-4206 (Washington, DC: Government Printing Office, 1980); Edgar M. -
Gallery of USAF Weapons Note: Inventory Numbers Are Total Active Inventory Figures As of Sept
Gallery of USAF Weapons Note: Inventory numbers are total active inventory figures as of Sept. 30, 2011. ■ 2012 USAF Almanac Bombers B-1 Lancer Brief: A long-range, air refuelable multirole bomber capable of flying intercontinental missions and penetrating enemy defenses with the largest payload of guided and unguided weapons in the Air Force inventory. Function: Long-range conventional bomber. Operator: ACC, AFMC. First Flight: Dec. 23, 1974 (B-1A); Oct. 18, 1984 (B-1B). Delivered: June 1985-May 1988. IOC: Oct. 1, 1986, Dyess AFB, Tex. (B-1B). Production: 104. Inventory: 66. Aircraft Location: Dyess AFB, Tex.; Edwards AFB, Calif.; Eglin AFB, Fla.; Ellsworth AFB, S.D. Contractor: Boeing, AIL Systems, General Electric. Power Plant: four General Electric F101-GE-102 turbofans, each 30,780 lb thrust. Accommodation: pilot, copilot, and two WSOs (offensive and defensive), on zero/zero ACES II ejection seats. Dimensions: span 137 ft (spread forward) to 79 ft (swept aft), length 146 ft, height 34 ft. B-1B Lancer (SSgt. Brian Ferguson) Weight: max T-O 477,000 lb. Ceiling: more than 30,000 ft. carriage, improved onboard computers, improved B-2 Spirit Performance: speed 900+ mph at S-L, range communications. Sniper targeting pod added in Brief: Stealthy, long-range multirole bomber that intercontinental. mid-2008. Receiving Fully Integrated Data Link can deliver nuclear and conventional munitions Armament: three internal weapons bays capable of (FIDL) upgrade to include Link 16 and Joint Range anywhere on the globe. accommodating a wide range of weapons incl up to Extension data link, enabling permanent LOS and Function: Long-range heavy bomber. -
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Memorial Tributes: Volume 8 JEROME BERT WIESNER 290 Copyright National Academy of Sciences. All rights reserved. Memorial Tributes: Volume 8 JEROME BERT WIESNER 291 Jerome Bert Wiesner 1915-1994 By Paul E. Gray In or out of public positions, he never stopped caring or working for the country's good. He never thought it was not his problem . [He] performed the office of public citizen better than any contemporary I know. Anthony Lewis The New York Times October 28, 1994 Jerome B. Wiesner—engineer, educator, adviser to presidents and the young, passionate advocate for peace, and public citizen—died on October 21, 1994, at his home in Watertown, Massachusetts, at the age of seventy-nine. Throughout his life, he applied his intellect and wisdom and energy to improve the many institutions with which he was involved, to ameliorate the problems clouding the future of humankind, and to make the world a better, safer, more humane home to all its citizens. Jerry was born in Detroit, Michigan, on May 30, 1915—the son of a shopkeeper—and grew up in nearby Dearborn, where he attended the public schools. He attended the University of Michigan at Ann Arbor, where he earned bachelor of science degrees in electrical engineering and mathematics in 1937, the master of science degree in electrical engineering in 1938, and the doctor of philosophy degree in electrical engineering in 1950. Copyright National Academy of Sciences. All rights reserved. Memorial Tributes: Volume 8 JEROME BERT WIESNER 292 He began his professional career in 1937 as associate director of the University of Michigan broadcasting service, and in 1940 moved to the Acoustical Record Library of the Library of Congress, where he served as chief engineer. -
29.4 Commentary
commentary Dreaming of clean nukes Can the Pentagon defend its plans for new nuclear bombs? 50% or more reduction in destructive radius. Michael A. Levi But if a ‘containable’ nuclear bomb would Is the US nuclear arsenal sufficient to address deliver such reduced destructive power,might US DOE/SPL today’s security challenges? The Pentagon designers not better focus on delivering a con- apparently thinks not. A new report1 from its ventional warhead to greater depths instead? Defense Science Board (DSB) argues that This leads us to a third problem: the pene- “nuclear weapons are needed that produce tration depths that the DSB promises are much lower collateral damage”. It lends either overly optimistic4 or oddly cautious. support to proposals to build new nuclear Unstated assumptions about the targets can weapons for attacking underground facilities. be misleading. Simply because a device To a point, such ‘bunker busters’ are nothing can penetrate 30 metres in limestone, it does new — the B-53 bomb, first deployed in the not mean that it will do so in harder granite. early 1960s, can destroy underground targets, Elsewhere, the study looks at how multiple although it creates lethal radioactive fallout bombs dropped into the same hole can make that covers hundreds of thousands of square the hole deeper,but ignores the possibility that kilometres. The new proposals promise more this will make containment more difficult. effective weapons with reduced fallout. But And when the study proposes convincing the DSB overstates the extent to which that is methods for increasing penetration, it begs an possible, and gives the comparative potential Containing underground explosions is not easy. -
Bombs, Guns and Missiles (And CPP Investments)
Bombs, Guns and Missiles (and CPP Investments) Delivery Systems: B-1, B-2, B-52 ll 115 of the weapons listed be- AGM = Air to Ground Missile low are aboard the major deliv- Contractor: Boeing (formerly AIM = Air Intercept Missile Aery systems with components McDonnell Douglas) and/or services provided by Canadian BGM = Ballistic Guided Missile AGM-88A HARM BLU = Bomb Live Unit companies that are highlighted on pages CPP Investmentü 11 to 30 of this issue of Press for Con- CBU = Cluster Bomb Unit This high-speed antiradiation missile version! Not all of the prime contrac- GBU = Guided Bomb Unit tors of these weapons could be deter- (HARM) is a more advanced version GPS = Global Positioning System mined. Nine were found to be produced of the AGM-45 “Shrike.” It finds and directly by the U.S. government. Of the MW = Multipurpose Weapon destroys enemy radar-equipped, air 73 weapons listed here – whose defense systems and uses a 143.5 lb nongovernment, prime contractors could be determined, 59 Direct Fragmentation warhead. were built by prime contractors in which the Canada Pen- Delivery Systems: EA-6, F-14, F-15, F-16, F-117, Tornado sion Plan has investments, i.e., 81%. Contractor: Raytheon [Texas Instruments] AGM-89 SRAM CPP Investmentü AGM-45 Shrike CPP Investmentü This 2240-lb. Short Range Attack Missile (SRAM) has a The “Shrike” guided missile finds and destroys radar trans- 170 kiloton W69 warhead and uses an inertial guidance mitters that are directing missiles at warplanes. It uses a system. Its maximum range is about 115 miles. -
GBU-28C/B Deep Throat LGB/GPS [BLU-122/B] (USAF, 2007)
GBU-28C/B Deep Throat LGB/GPS [BLU-122/B] (USAF, 2007) Guided Weapon Type: Guided Weapon Weight: 2268.0 kg Length: 7.6 m Span: 1.68 m Length: 7.6 m Diameter: 0.36 Generation: None Properties: Weapon - INS w/ GPS Navigation, Weapon - Pre-Briefed Target Only Targets: Surface Vessel, Land Structure - Soft, Land Structure - Hardened Sensors / EW: - Laser Spot Tracker (LGB) - (Paveway II CCG, Fixed Only) Laser Spot Tracker (LST), LST, Laser Spot Tracker, Max range: 0 km Weapons / Loadouts: - GBU-28C/B Deep Throat LGB/GPS [BLU-122/B] - (USAF, 2007) Guided Weapon. Surface Max: 7.4 km. Land Max: 7.4 km. OVERVIEW: The GBU-28C/B Deep Throat is a short-range, GPS and laser guided gravity bomb designed for enhanced penetration against hardened and buried targets. DETAILS: The Guided Bomb Unit-28 (GBU-28) bomb is designed to penetrate hardened targets before exploding, and is reported as being capable of penetrating 30 meters of earth or 6 meters of concrete. Warhead weight is approximately 304 kilograms. The weapon has a reported CEP of 9 meters. NOTES: The GBU-28C/B incorporates an improved guidance that uses both GPS-aided navigation and laser guidance. The 5,000-pound class BLU-122 warhead provides improved lethality and penetration over the earlier BLU-113 warhead. SOURCES: Raytheon Paveway III. (n.d.). Retrieved from http://www.designation-systems.net/dusrm/app5/paveway-3.html ; Guided Bomb Unit-28 (GBU-28) Bunker Buster - Smart Weapons. (n.d.). Retrieved from http://fas.org/man/dod-101/sys/smart/gbu-28.htm ; Guided Bomb Unit-28 Page: 1/2 http://cmano-db.com/weapon/251/ GBU-28C/B Deep Throat LGB/GPS [BLU-122/B] (USAF, 2007) (GBU-28) Bunker Buster - Smart Weapons. -
Neri Oxman Material Ecology
ANTONELLI THE NERI OXMAN CALLS HER DESIGN APPROACH MATERIAL ECOLOGY— A PROCESS THAT DRAWS ON THE STRUCTURAL, SYSTEMIC, AND AESTHETIC WISDOM OF NATURE, DISTILLED AND DEPLOYED THROUGH COMPUTATION AND DIGITAL FABRICATION. THROUGHOUT HER TWENTY- ECOLOGY MATERIAL NERI OXMAN NERI OXMAN YEAR CAREER, SHE HAS BEEN A PIONEER OF NEW MATERIALS AND CONSTRUCTION PROCESSES, AND A CATALYST FOR DYNAMIC INTERDISCIPLINARY COLLABORATIONS. WITH THE MEDIATED MATTER MATERIAL GROUP, HER RESEARCH TEAM AT THE MIT MEDIA LAB, OXMAN HAS PURSUED RIGOROUS AND DARING EXPERIMENTATION THAT IS GROUNDED IN SCIENCE, PROPELLED BY VISIONARY THINKING, AND DISTINGUISHED BY FORMAL ELEGANCE. ECOLOGY PUBLISHED TO ACCOMPANY A MONOGRAPHIC EXHIBITION OF OXMAN’S WORK AT THE MUSEUM OF MODERN ART, NEW YORK, NERI OXMAN: MATERIAL ECOLOGY FEATURES ESSAYS BY PAOLA ANTONELLI AND CATALOGUE HADAS A. STEINER. ITS DESIGN, BY IRMA BOOM, PAYS HOMAGE TO STEWART BRAND’S LEGENDARY WHOLE EARTH CATALOG, WHICH CELEBRATED AND PROVIDED RESOURCES FOR A NEW ERA OF AWARENESS IN THE LATE 1960S. THIS VOLUME, IN TURN, HERALDS A NEW ERA OF ECOLOGICAL AWARENESS—ONE IN WHICH THE GENIUS OF NATURE CAN BE HARNESSED, AS OXMAN IS DOING, TO CREATE TOOLS FOR A BETTER FUTURE. Moma Neri Oxman Cover.indd 1-3 9.01.2020 14:24 THE NERI OXMAN MATERIAL ECOLOGY CATALOGUE PAOLA ANTONELLI WITH ANNA BURCKHARDT THE MUSEUM OF MODERN ART, NEW YORK × Silk Pavilion I Imaginary Beings: Doppelgänger Published in conjunction with the exhibition Published by Neri Oxman: Material Ecology, at The Museum of The Museum of Modern Art, New York Modern Art, New York, February 22–May 25, 2020. 11 West 53 Street CONTENTS Organized by Paola Antonelli, Senior Curator, New York, New York 10019 Department of Architecture and Design, www.moma.org and Director, Research and Development; and Anna Burckhardt, Curatorial Assistant, © 2020 The Museum of Modern Art, New York 9 FOREWORD Department of Architecture and Design Certain illustrations are covered by claims to copyright cited on page 177. -
Bunker Busters”: Sources of Confusion in the Robust Nuclear Earth Penetrator Debate
Order Code RL32599 CRS Report for Congress Received through the CRS Web “Bunker Busters”: Sources of Confusion in the Robust Nuclear Earth Penetrator Debate January 10, 2005 Jonathan Medalia Specialist in National Defense Foreign Affairs, Defense, and Trade Division Congressional Research Service ˜ The Library of Congress “Bunker Busters”: Sources of Confusion in the Robust Nuclear Earth Penetrator Debate Summary The Robust Nuclear Earth Penetrator (RNEP), often called a “bunker buster,” is at present the subject of a cost and feasibility study to determine if either of two nuclear bombs, the B61 and the B83, could be modified, mainly by adding a heavy, pointed case, so as to be able to penetrate perhaps 10 meters into earth or rock. This penetration would increase the weapon’s ability, by a factor of 20 to 50, to destroy hardened and deeply buried facilities. The Department of Defense has expressed concern that potential U.S. adversaries are using such facilities because the 1991 and 2003 wars in Iraq demonstrated that U.S. precision conventional weapons can readily destroy facilities that are above the surface or buried at shallow depth. If the study shows RNEP to be feasible and affordable, and if the President and Congress approve, RNEP could move from a study to development and, perhaps, deployment. The RNEP debate has received much attention and spawned much confusion. This report examines sources of confusion in this debate. Part of the difficulty in analyzing this debate is that the RNEP study raises large and complex issues. Should the United States improve its ability to destroy buried targets, or are there offsetting reasons not to? What would be the targets for RNEP, and by what measures should its military effectiveness be judged? How reliable are estimates of collateral damage resulting from RNEP? “Urban myths” have grown up around RNEP. -
Seeds of Discovery: Chapters in the Economic History of Innovation Within NASA
Seeds of Discovery: Chapters in the Economic History of Innovation within NASA Edited by Roger D. Launius and Howard E. McCurdy 2015 MASTER FILE AS OF Friday, January 15, 2016 Draft Rev. 20151122sj Seeds of Discovery (Launius & McCurdy eds.) – ToC Link p. 1 of 306 Table of Contents Seeds of Discovery: Chapters in the Economic History of Innovation within NASA .............................. 1 Introduction: Partnerships for Innovation ................................................................................................ 7 A Characterization of Innovation ........................................................................................................... 7 The Innovation Process .......................................................................................................................... 9 The Conventional Model ....................................................................................................................... 10 Exploration without Innovation ........................................................................................................... 12 NASA Attempts to Innovate .................................................................................................................. 16 Pockets of Innovation............................................................................................................................ 20 Things to Come ...................................................................................................................................... 23