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Vascular Plants

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Vascular Plants Innovaons of early (non-seed) vascular plants LYCOPHYTES Extant land plants charophytes mosses liverworts Gnetales angiosperms conifers ferns Ginkgo lycophytes hornworts cycads 8,500 10,000 100 1,200 12,000 300 1 90 700 300,000 seed plants vascular plants land plants Slide courtesy of Sarah Mathews, Harvard Univ. Vascular plant lineages LAND PLANTS NON-VASCULAR PLANTS Hepaticophyta (liverworts) Bryophyta (mosses) Anthocerophyta (hornworts) VASCULAR PLANTS SEEDLESS PLANTS Lycophyta (lycophytes) Psilotophyta (whisk ferns) Equisetophyta (horsetails) Pteridophyta (ferns) SEED PLANTS GYMNOSPERMS Cycadophyta (cycads) Ginkgophyta (ginkgo) ConifersRedwood group (junipers et al.) Pinophyta (pines et al.) Gnetophyta (gnetophytes) ANGIOSPERMS Anthophyta (angiosperms) Lycophytes were abundant and massive during the Carboniferous (~300mya) © 2005 Dennis C. Murphy. Vascular Plants (Tracheophytes): Synapomorphies • Sporophyte is dominant, becomes free living and long-lived, and is substan&ally larger than the gametophyte • Branched sporophyte– more capacity for photosynthesis and reproducon. • Fluid-conduc&ng (vascular) systems: xylem (water and minerals) and phloem (food transport) • Lignified secondary walls; added rigidity to plant organs and ssues • Differen&aon of sporophyte into shoot (true stem and leaves) and roots (with endodermis) Conduc&ve cells of vascular plants: Xylem and Phloem TREND: Lycophytes have Protosteles Cronk 2.15 Lycophytes have microphylls microphyll leaf trace stem long. section stem cross section leaf cross section Lycophyte sporophytes a c a. Isoetes b. Selaginella c. Lycopodium d. Huperzia b d Lycophyte Gametophytes under ground above ground dependent on symbiotic fungus photosynthetic h[p://www.csupomona.edu/~jcclark/classes/bot125/resource/graphics/lyc_lycopodium_gametophyt.html Sporangia A B Angel Maden h[p://www.arthurhaines.com/Florae_Novae_Angliae/Lycopodiaceae/Lycopodium-obscurum-strobilus.jpg Heterospory has evolved within Lycophytes Homosporous = one type of sporangium produces one type of spore, which produces a bisexual gametophyte. - Lycopodiaceae (Huperzia, Lycopodium) George Shepherd Heterosporous = two types of sporangia (micro- and megasporangium) produce two types of spores (micro- and megaspores), which produce male (micro-) and female (mega-) gametophytes, respec&vely. - Isoetes, Selaginella h[p://www.botany.hawaii.edu/faculty/webb/bOT311/bOT311-00/LycoRepro/LycoRepro-1.htm h[p://bo&t.botany.wisc.edu/Resources/botany/Lycophytes/ TREND: Homospory to Heterospory Heterospory evolved independently in ____________, ____________and___________ Selaginella Selaginella Life Cycle Isoetes h[p://www.plantsystemacs.org/users/robbin/10_6_05/upload98/Isoetes_lithophila.JPG Isoetes Gametophytes h[p://www.plantsystemacs.org/imgs/robbin/r/Isoetaceae_Isoetes_riparia_36071.html h[p://www.plantsystemacs.org/imgs/robbin/r/ Isoetaceae_Isoetes_riparia_36073.html Unique Features of Lycophytes • Sporophytes: – Leaves are microphylls – Dichotomous branching (from apical meristem) in stems and roots – Stem and roots have protosteles – Primary root system is lost; adven=ous roots originate from inside stem (from the pericycle) – Sporangia are associated with leaves called sporophylls; organized into a strobilus (cone) or concentrated on areas of the stem. • Gametophyte: – minute, photosynthe&c or not, oken associated with fungus; may have rhizoids – bisexual with antheridia and archegonia (in homosporous lycophytes) or unisexual and endosporic (heterosporous lycophytes) Vocabulary Tracheids, vessel elements Sieve cell, sieve tube member Stele, protostele Microphyll Sporophyll Strobilus/ strobili Dichotomous branching Endodermis, pericycle Adven&&ous roots Heterospory: microsporangia (microspores, microgametophytes), megasporangia (megaspores, megagametophytes) Endosporic gametophyte .
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