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Cambridge University Press 978-0-521-36429-4 - A History of Polish Christianity Jerzy Kloczowski Index More information

Index

Main subject entries are arranged in alphabetical order. Subheadings beneath the main subject headings are arranged in chronological order to reﬂect the development of themes. The designa- tion ‘King’ or ‘Queen’ after the name of an individual indicates that they were King or Queen of Poland.

Aachen rule 17 Armenians 91, 132 abortion 341 August III, King 130, 134 Academy of Catholic Theology (Akademia Augustine, St, Rule of 18, 24 Teologee Katolickiej, ATK) 313, 320 Augustinian Canons 61 Action Française, Pius XI condems 263 Augustinian Friars or Hermits: thirteenth Adalbert, Bishop (representative of Holy century 33, 41; seventeenth and Roman Emperor Otto III at Kievan eighteenth centuries 143 court) 10 Austria: policy towards Poland, eighteenth Adalbert, St see Wojciech, St century 130–1; Maria Theresa, Empress Adamski, Stanislaw, Bishop 299 of Austria 192; Joseph II, Emperor of Adventists 275, 301, 313 Austria 170, 172, 192; policies affecting Albertines xxxv, 245 the churches after Austrian Partition Alexander (Bishop of Plock) 25 190–2, 198; diplomatic relations with the Alexander I, Tsar (1801–25) 191, 193–4 Vatican, nineteenth century 206; see also Anabaptists 86, 94, 98, 104 Partitions ancestor worship 9 Austria-Hungary, views of nationalism 214 Andrew Swierad, St 14 Angela Merici, St xxxvi Bamberg, bishop of (St Otto) 11, 16 Anglican Church and Anglicanism 209, 262 baptism 11–12, 23, 47 Anna (wife of Henryk Pobozny) 43 Baptists 168, 275, 301, 313 anti-Semitism 277-9; communist era 332; Bar, Confederation of 134, 181–2, 183 post-communist era 343 Baroque culture 149–51; religious aspects Anti-Trinitarians see Polish Brethren 136, 151–63 Antoniewicz, Karol (1807–52, Jesuit), folk Barycz, Henryk, on Baroque scientific missions 223 achievements 150 Apostolate of Prayer 287 Basel, Council of (1431–49) 71, 72, 74 Apostolic administrators, state replaces by Basilians (Order of St Basil) 118, 132, 138, 149 capitular vicars (1951) 316 Baudoin, Gabriel Piotr (1717–68), children’s Archconfraternity of Christian Mothers 244 work 143–4 archdeaconries, development, thirteenth Bautzen, peace treaty (1018) 6 century 38, 138; see also Catholic Beatrice, prioress of Strzelno 26 Church in Poland Belarus see Byelorussia Arian register 155 Belgium, independence 211–15 Arians see Polish Brethren Benedict, St 2, 3; Rule of 18, 24 Armenian Catholic Church in Poland, Second Benedict XIV, Pope (1740–58) 170, 180, 206 Republic 270 Benedict XV, Pope (1914–22) 256

362

Index 363

Benedictine monks, establishment of abbeys religious relations with Poland, fifteenth 19 century 57; importance and influence of Benedictine nuns: spiritual leadership in Hussitism 82;effects of Catholic Catholic reform 116; seventeenth and Reform 162–3; relations with Catholic eighteenth centuries 142, 144, 145 (fig. 6) Church, before and during Second Benedykt (monk and friend of St Wojciech) World War 265–6 13–14 Bohemian Brethren 103–4, 107 Bereza Kartuska (internment camp) 269 Bojamow (work camp, Second World War) Bergman, Ingmar 254 299 Bernard of Clairvaux, St 25; and the cult of Bojanowski, Edmund (protector of Sisters of the Virgin Mary 78 the Immaculate Conception of Mary) Bernardines, Order of xxxv, 61, 109–10 226–7 Bernardino of Sienna, St xxxv, 61 Boleslaw Chroby (Boleslaus the Brave), King Bialecka, Roza (Maria Kolumba) (1838–87) 6, 7, 12, 14, 21 227 Boleslaw Krzywousty (Boleslaus the Bialy, Leszek, Prince (Leszek the White) 36 Wry-Mouthed), King 6, 7 Bible 84–5; translation into Polish 121 Boleslaw Rogatka (prince of Legnika), penance Bibliotheca Fratrum Polonorum 105 for imprisonment of Tomasz (bishop of Bilczewiski, Jozef (bishop of Lwow, 1900–23) Wroclaw) 49 243 Boleslaw Smialy (Boleslaus the Bold), King Birkowski, Fabian (1566–1636), funeral 6, 7, 15–16 orations 160 Boleslaw Wstydliwy (Boleslaus the Chaste), bishops: election, thirteenth century 36; Duke 43 political influence and diocesan Boleslawiuz, Klemens, The Terrible Echo of the administration, thirteenth century 37–8; Last Trumpet 154 assistant bishops, thirteenth century 38; Bologna University 31, 66 election and political power, fifteenth Boniface, St, missions to Germany 3 century 58–9; constitutional standing, books: production 25, 63; academic context, Reformation period 109; reform of fourteenth and fifteenth centuries Orthodox bishops, sixteenth century 69–70; publishing, in Reformation 117; relations with the monarchy, period 91; see also publishing industry seventeenth and eighteenth centuries Borromeo, Carlo, St (archbishop of Milan), 137–8; as servants of the state, after reform of Church of Milan 87–8 Partition 198; co-operation between, Bosco, John, St 245 Second Republic 280; Second World Boy-Zelenski, Tadeusz, on Catholic Church’s War 299; see also cathedral chapters, identification with the state 294–5 dioceses Brandenburg, Lutheran Church established Biskupiec, Jan, Bishop, publishes legal (c. 1540) 97 handbook (1434–41) 65 Braniewo, Jesuits establish college 110, 111 Bismarck, Otto Edward Leopold von, Brojce (Wielkopolska) 99 Kulturkampf 206, 231–2 Bronislawa (thirteenth-century nun) 44 Black Death 50 Brothers Hospitallers, Order of xxxv; invited Black Madonna 61, 83 to settle at Zagosc by Prince Henryk Blaszynski, Wojciech (parish priest in Sidzina Sandomieerski 19; seventeenth and at Bebia Bora), and religious revival, eighteenth centuries 143; see also nineteenth century 224 hospitals Blizinski, Waclaw (parish priest of Liskow in Brothers of the Order of St John of God, the Kalisz region, 1900–39) 244 seventeenth and eighteenth centuries Blonski, Jan, and Catholic reform’s success 144 114, 115 Brothers of St Michael the Archangel, Second Bogurodzica (song reflecting the cult of Jesus Republic 282 Christ and the Virgin Mary) 78–9 Bruno-Boniface, St 14 Bohemia: influence on Poland in tenth Brzesc (Radziwillowska) Bible 121 century 10–11; cultural influence, Brzetyslaw (Czech prince), incursions into fourteenth and fifteenth centuries 53; Poland 6

364 Index

Brzostowski, Pawel, establishment of peasant period 110; see also bishops, dioceses republic at Merecz 188–9 cathedral schools, fourteenth and fifteenth Brzozowski, Stanislaus (1878–1911) 249 centuries 66 Bugenhagen, Johann, establishment of Catholic Action 256, 259, 285–6, 290, 295; Lutheran Church Order in Western Wyszynski’s involvement with 315 Pomerania 97 Catholic Association, and Irish nationalism Bureau of Information and Propaganda of the 212 Home Army (Biuro Informacjii i Catholic Church in Poland: bishoprics and Propagandy Armii Krajowej) 306 provinces, eleventh and twelfth burial practices 23, 48 centuries xi (map 3); and Orthodox Bursche, Juliusz (1862–1942) 274, 276, 301 Church, fifteenth century xiii (map 5); Butler, Joseph, The Analogy of Religion Natural and Uniate Church (1770) xv (map 7); and Revealed (1736) 168 Latin and Greek rites, and Orthodox Byelorussia (Belarus) xxxvii, 57, 220 Church, nineteenth century xix (map Byzantium and Byzantine Empire: cultural 11); 1918–39 xx (map 12); Greek influence over Poland, eleventh and Catholic Church (1918–39) xxi (map 13); twelfth centuries 24;influence on 1999 xxiii (map 15); structure and church architecture 26–7; Turkish organisation, tenth–twelfth centuries conquest 51; see also Constantinople, 14–20; organisation, thirteenth century Roman Empire 35–9; structures, fourteenth and fifteenth centuries 59–65; parishes 60; Calastanctius, Joseph, St xxxvi importance of education 65–8; reform, calendar, Christianisation 75, 77–8 links with academic culture, fourteenth calvaries 157–8 and fifteenth centuries 69–74; property, Calvin, John 85–6, 92, 102–3 nobility’s control, fifteenth century 76; Calvinism 102–6, 107 geographical proximity to Protestant and Camaldolensians, Order of xxxv, 14, 141, 142 Orthodox Churches 107–8; (fig. 5) Reformation period 108–16; return to, Camblak, Gregory 74 sixteenth century 112–16; relations with Canada, Polish diaspora 292, 322 Orthodox Church, sixteenth and Canaletto the Younger, Bernardo Belotto seventeenth centuries 116–18; (1721–80) 145 (fig. 6) organisation, seen as support for the Capistrano, Giovanni, St 147 state, seventeenth and eighteenth Capuchins, Order of 128; pastoral work, centuries 135–41; clergy, seventeenth seventeenth and eighteenth centuries and eighteenth centuries 140–1; 143; and nationalism, nineteenth attitudes towards freemasonry 167; century 225–6;influence on women’s relations with the state, during the involvement in the Orders 246–7; Partitions 191–3, 195–9;effects of twentieth century 255; see also Austrian reforms after Partition 192; Franciscans, Orders of effects of Russian reforms after Partition Carafa, Giovanni Pietro (Pope Paul IV) xxxvi 193–4; missions, nineteenth century 201; Caritas Academica 327 social and political views, nineteenth Caritas (charity organisation) 305, 314, 315, century 201, 202–4, 205–8; links with 322 popular religion 208–10; views of Carmelites, Orders of: thirteenth century 41; nationalism 211–15; links with Polish seventeenth and eighteenth centuries nationalism 215–31; reactions to the 142, 143; Discalced Carmelites 143; intelligentsia and working classes 234–5; artistic patronage in Baroque era 151 and the intelligentsia, nineteenth and Carthusians, seventeenth century 141 twentieth centuries 247–52; twentieth cathedral chapters, eleventh and twelfth century 254–68; nationalist support for centuries 17, 24–6; rights to elect linked with anti-Semitism 278; during bishops 36, 59; libraries, fourteenth and the Second Republic 279–88, income fifteenth centuries 69; importance and expenditure 284–5, secular diminishes, seventeenth and eighteenth organisations 285–8, and education centuries 137; reputation, Reformation 288–91, responsibility for Polish

Index 365

diaspora 291–3, nationalist Christian Enlightment 164, 167–9 identification with Poland 293–4; Christian Social Association (Chrzescijanskie Second World War 298–301, 308, and Stowarzyszenie Spoleczne) 318 resistance movements 303–4; communist Christian Social Party (Austria) 214 era, confrontation with communism Christian Theological Academy 308–9, 310–11, restoration of churches (Chrzescijanska Akademia Teologiczna) 313, provision of priests 314, relations 313 with state 315–20, priesthood 323–4, Christian Union of National Unity (Chjena) and the introduction of democracy 296 332–6; post-communist era 338–40, Christian Workers, Association of 235 342–4; see also archdeaconries, dioceses, Christmas, fourteenth and fifteenth centuries Orthodox–Catholic relations, papacy 77 Catholic Enlightenment 169–71, 175–8 Christ’s Society for the Emigrants 292 Catholic League 285 chronicles, eleventh and twelfth centuries Catholic Reform: intellectual achievements 27–9 120–2;effects 126–9; success in Baroque Church of the Seventh Day Adventists 275, era 152–3, 162 301, 313 Catholic revival 208–9, 242–9 Church–state relations: cultural links, eleventh Catholic Union 235 and twelfth centuries 26–9; fifteenth Catholic University of Lublin see under Lublin century 59; standing of the primate of Catholic Youth Workers 259 Gniezno, fourteenth and fifteenth Catholic–Orthodox relations 54; fifteenth centuries 65; in Europe, Reformation century xiii (map 5), in period 85–6, 88; in Poland-Lithuania, Poland-Lithuania 73–4, 83; sixteenth and Reformation period 92–3; during the seventeenth centuries 116–18; Enlightenment 169–73; during the nineteenth century, Latin and Greek Partitions (1772–95) xvii (map 9), rites xix (map 11); mutual withdrawal of 190–200; nineteenth century 201, 202; excommunication 262 Second Republic 279–80, 283, 293–7; Catholics, religious intolerance during civil communist era 315–20 wars, seventeenth and eighteenth churches: building during Roman mission in centuries 131–5 tenth century 12; eleventh and twelfth Cebi, Sabbataj (leader of the Sabbateim) 133 centuries 17–19, 25, 26–7; fourteenth Central Agency in Poland of the and fifteenth centuries 61–3, 62 (fig. 3); Government-in-Exile (Delegatura Rzadu restoration, communist era 313; na Kraj) 304, 306 building, 1980s 335 Centre (Catholic political party in Prussia) 214 ChZZ (Christian Employees Union of the Charlemagne, Holy Roman Emperor Polish Republic) 288 (800–14), coronation 3 Cieszyn (Teschen), duchy 97, 98 Charles IV, Holy Roman Emperor (1355–78), Cistercians 18; farming methods 20; spread establishment of Prague University over Poland, twelfth and thirteenth 65–6 centuries 25, 39–40; seventeenth Chelmno, diocese (1815) 197; bishop of see century 141 Hosius civil wars, seventeenth and eighteenth Chenu, Marie Dominique 258 centuries 129–35, 136 Chicago (USA), Polish immigration and parish Clement XIV, Pope (1765–74), dissolves the networks 233, 234 Jesuit Order (1773) 171–2 Chief Welfare Council (Rada Glowwa clergy: parish clergy, thirteenth century 31; Opiekuncza) 305 legal status under canon law, thirteenth children 80; religious education of 128–9, century 36; conflict with mendicant 243 friars 42; anti-clericalism, fourteenth Chmielowski, Adam (1845–1916, founder of and fifteenth centuries 52–3; Albertines) xxxv, 245 responsibilities under reform of the Chmielowski, Albert (blessed) 222 Church of Milan 88; taxation, Choromanski, Zygmunt, Bishop 318 Reformation period 92–3; marriage, Christian Democracy 264 demanded by the postulates (1555) 101;

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clergy (cont.) Congress of Vienna, restoration of Pius VII dependency on nobility 103; reputation, 205 Reformation period 109; training, conscience, freedom of, views of Wladyslaw sixteenth century 112; and patronage, Potocki 157 sixteenth century 113; standards of Constance, Council of (1414–18) 51, 53, 71, ministry after Catholic Reform 127–8; 72–3 evaluation, seventeenth and eighteenth Constantinople 1–2, 4, 51, 58 centuries 140–1; and education, Constitution of 3 May 1791 186–7 seventeenth and eighteenth centuries Copernicus, Nicolaus 165 146–7, 180; criticism by Wladyslaw coronations, regarded as sacramental 4 Potocki 157; role as viewed by the Corpus Christi festival 159, 237 (fig. 8) Catholic Enlightenment 169, 171; Cossack war 129–30 ministry, after Partition 198–9; and Cossacks, religious intolerance, seventeenth nationalism 213, 217–22; training, and eighteenth centuries 131 nineteenth century 243; numbers, Council of Help for the Jews (RZP) 306 twentieth century 255; Second Counter-Reformation 86–8 Republic: celibacy, in the Uniate Country Householders Circle, attitudes to Church 271, training 272, numbers Catholic Action 286 and education 280, membership of Country Youth Circle, attitudes to Catholic religious Orders 281–2, salaries and Action 286 social standing 283–4, relations with court culture 80 secular organisations 285–6; Second cremation 23 World War 300–1; resistance to Nazis Croatia, relations with the Catholic Church, 303–5, 306–7; communist era 314, Second World War 265 319–20, 323–6; post-communist era Crown Tribunal, opposition to Protestantism 338–9 113 Code Napoleon 195 cultural heritage, eleventh and twelfth Collegium Maius, Krakow university 67 centuries 24–9 (fig. 4) Cum primum (encyclical, 1832) 212, 218–19 Collegium Nobilium 180 Cyril, St, mission to the Slavs 2, 5 commenda 141 Cywinski, B. 252, 266–7 Commission on National Education 179, 181, Czacka, Elzbieta (Roza), Mother (leader of 182–3 Sister Servants of the Cross) 250, 291 Commonwealth, definition xxxvii Czaplinek (Wielkopolska) 99 communion, receipt in both kinds 74, 101–2; Czarnowski, Stefan, views of folk culture and see also Mass religion 239 Communists (Bartoszki), Order of xxxv; 143, Czarny, Mikolaj Radziwill (financier of 146 publication of Protestant Bible) 121 community, role in popular religion, Czartoryski, Adam Jerzy 193, 194 thirteenth century 45, 47 Czartoryski, Florian, Bishop, oppositon to conciliarism 51; Krakow University’s support persecution of witches 155 for 70–3; support for, sixteenth Czartoryski, Jerzy, Prince 123 century 101 Czechoslovakia, relations with Catholic Concordat (between Polish state and Vatican, Church before and during Second World 1993) 340, 341 War 265–6 Confederation of Bar 134, 181–2, 183 Czerwinsk (monastery in Mazovia) 18 Confederation of Warsaw, Statute of General Czeslaw (thirteenth-century missionary) 43 Toleration (1573) 94 Czestochowa diocese, seminary 282 Conference of the Polish Episcopate (1921) 292 Dabrowski, Bronislaw, Bishop 318 Confessio fidei catholicas christianae (Hosius) Dabski, Stanislaw, ecclesiastical preferment to 108 successive bishoprics 138 confraternities, Second Republic 287 Dachau (death camp) 299 Congar, Yves 258 Dagome (Pomerania) 5 Congress Kingdom xxxvii Dante Alighieri 31–2

Index 367

Darowska, Marcelina (1827–1911, founder of Dominik, Konstanty (Suffragan Bishop of the Sisters of the Mary Family) 227, 246 Chelmo) 299 deaneries: development, thirteenth century Druzbicki, Kacper (1590–1662, Jesuit mystic) 38; seventeenth and eighteenth 122 centuries 138–9 Dunin, Marcin (1774–1842, archbishop of death, fear of, in Baroque religious culture Poznan), nationalism 220 154–6 Dymek, Walenty, Bishop 299 Debno (church) 63 deism 165, 175, 180 Easter, observance, eleventh and twelfth denominations: late sixteenth century xiv centuries 23 (map 6); world distribution of 225; ecclesiology, twentieth century 258–9 relations among, communist era 332; eclecticism, in the Polish Enlightenment post-communist era 337–40 179–80 Descartes, Rene´ 165 ecumenism: and the Catholic Church 261–2; Detkens, Edward (educationalist) 289 post-Second World War 312–13 devotio moderna 52, 84, 114 education: eleventh and twelfth centuries diaspora, Polish 292, 321–3 25–6, 31; fourteenth and fifteenth dioceses: establishment, eleventh century 17; centuries 65–8; Jesuit involvement, in administration, thirteenth century 37–8; Catholic Reform 110–12, 122; seventeenth and eighteenth centuries seventeenth and eighteenth centuries 136–9; boundaries reformed, 1815 140, 141; religious Orders’ involvement 197–8; re-organisation, Second 145–9; and the Polish Enlightenment Republic 280; re-organisation, 1972 179–83; Russian reforms after Partition 320; see also bishops, cathedral chapters, 193, 194; religious Orders’ involvement, Catholic Church in Poland, Orthodox nineteenth and twentieth centuries 245; Churches Second Republic: clergy and religious Dionizy (Konstantyn Waledynski, 1876–1962, Orders 280, 281–2, 283, and the metropolitan of the Autocephalaus Catholic Church 288–91; resistance to Orthodox Church in Poland) 302 Nazi policy 304–5; communist era: for Directorate of the Civilian Struggle priesthood 319–20, priesthood’s (Kierownicto Walki Cywlnej, KWC) responsibility 323; see also seminaries; 304 universities Discalced Carmelites see Carmelites, Orders of Egidius, Cardinal (bishop of Tusculum, papal disuniates 117–18 legate) 16 Divini Redemptoris (papal encyclical, 1937) 257 Elblag (grammar school), competition with Dlugosz, Jan (1415–80, historian), Annales Jesuit schools 99, 111 (Historica Polonica) 55, 59 Eleusis (moral movement) 250–1 Dmowski, Roman 291; and conflict between Elizabethan Sisters, and nationalism, nationalists and Jews 276–7 nineteenth century 226 Dobrava (wife of Mieszko I) 5, 10 Engels, Friedrich, and Polish nationalism Dominic, St 32 229 Dominicans, Black Friars, Order of 32, 33, England: Christian missions 3; Church–state 109–10, 282; invited to settle in Poland relations, Reformation period 88; 40–1; training as confessors 42; promote latitudinarianism 166–7; Methodism canonisation of St Stanislaw 44; 168; revival of Catholic hierarchy, fourteenth and fifteenth centuries 61; nineteenth century 201 education, fourteenth and fifteenth Enlightenment 164–73; reactions against centuries 65–6; Fonseca’s criticisms 208 124; pastoral work, seventeenth and Episcoporum Poloniae coetus (Paul VI) 320 eighteenth centuries 143; involvement in Erasmian reforms, influence on Catholic academic education, Second Republic Church in Poland 108 291; pastoral work among students, Erasmus, Desiderius 92 communist era 327 Ermland see Warmia Dominicans, nuns, and nationalism, Eucharist 48; cult, Baroque era 158, nineteenth century 226 159–60

368 Index

Eucharistic Crusade for children 287 Friars Minor 32–3, 62, 255; pastoral Eugenius IV, Pope (1431–47) 74 work, seventeenth and eighteenth Evangelical Church 274, 301, 312 centuries 143; Second Republic 282; Evangelical Reformed Church 313 Tertiary movement, Second Republic Evangelical-Augsburg-Helvetic Church 274 287; twentieth century 252; Evangelical-Lutheran Church 274 Conventuals 255; work with the Polish Evangelical-Uniate Churches 274 diaspora 292; see also Capuchins, Order of Falkenberg, John 72–3 Frank, Yakov, and Frankists 133–4 farming, Church’s use of Western methods Frankish Empire, alliance with the Western 19–20 Roman Empire 3 Felician Sisters xxxv–xxxvi; and nationalism, fraternities of compassion 189 nineteenth century 226; work with the freemasonry 166–7; in Poland 177–8; Polish diaspora 292 repressed in Russia (1822) 194; in the Felinski, Zygmunt Szczçsny (archbishop of Duchy of Warsaw 195; militant Warsaw), nationalism 221 secularism, nineteenth century 204 Felix V, Pope (or Anti-Pope, 1439–49) 71 French Revolution, effects on the Church Feuillants xxxv 172–3 Ficeck, Jan (parish priest of Piekary), mission Friars see mendicant Orders against drunkenness 222–3 Fribourg University (Switzerland) 248 Five Polish Brethren 14 Front of Poland’s Revival (Front Odrodzenia Fleury, Claude, Catechisme Historique 179–80 Polski, FOP) 306 Florence, Union of (1439) 51, 57, 74 Fulman, Marian Leon (bishop of Lublin and folk culture, and religious life, nineteenth chancellor of the Catholic University) century 236–42 305 folk missions, Jesuit involvement, nineteenth funerals, celebration, Baroque era 160 century 223 Fonseca, Damian (Spanish Dominican) 123, Galicia xxxvii; annexation by Austria 124 191–2; nationalism 213, 215, 216, 220–1, Foucauld, Charles de 260 232–3; Church’s mission against Four Years’ Diet (1788–92) 186–7, 188, 189; drunkenness 223; training of clergy, attitudes to Orthodox Churches 183–4; nineteenth century 243; parochial life, Fourth Lateran Council (1215) 30, 32; nineteenth century 244 promotion of confession 42, 46; Galileo Galilei 165 regulations regarding marriage 48; Gallus Anonymus (chronicle) 14, 22–3, 27–8 influence 51 Gamalski, Serafin, opposition to persecution France: and Council of Trent reforms 127, of witches 155 128, 129;influence over religious Orders, Garczynski, Stefan, Anatomia Rzeczypospolitej seventeenth and eighteenth centuries Polskiej [The Anatomy of the Polish 143–4; Jansenist and Jesuit opposition to Commonwealth] 135, 178, 188 the Enlightenment 168–9; Napoleon’s Gawlina, Jozef (field bishop), responsibility for religious policy 166; freemasonry 167; Polish diaspora, communist era 304, religious policies in the Duchy of 321, 322 Warsaw 195–6; social divisions, Gdansk xxxviii, 90, 98, 99; grammar school, nineteenth century 205; Third competition with Jesuit schools 111; Republic, opposition to Catholic religious affiliations during civil wars Church 206; Catholic revival, 134; Splett, bishop of Gdansk 298 nineteenth century 209; ultramontism Gdansk, St Mary’s Church 63 212–13; Polish diaspora 292, 322, 323 General-Gouvernment xxxvii; control of the Francis of Assisi, St 32–3 Churches 299, 301–2, 305 Franciscans, Orders of: Observant Geneva, as Christian community under Franciscans xxxv, 61, 255; thirteenth Calvin 85–6 century 41, 43, 44; promote Gerbod, Paul, Imperialism of the Learned canonisation of St Stanislaw 44; Cultures 208 fourteenth and fifteenth centuries 61; Germanisation, effects on Polish nationalism

Index 369

and religious life 231–3 Grabowski, Stanislaw 196 Germans: in Polish-Lithuanian community, Great Millenary Novena (1957) 324 Reformation period 90; Protestantism Great Schism 50–1; Poland supports Roman identified with, nineteenth and twentieth papacy 71 centuries 273–6 Greek Catholic Church, and nationalism Germany: Christianisation 3; as threat to 214 Polish independence, tenth century Gregorian reforms 4–5 10–14; colonisation of Poland, thirteenth Gregory VII, Pope (1073–85) 4–5, 15 century 34; and Cistercians in Poland Gregory XVI, Pope (1831–46) 201, 205–6, 40; and mendicant friars in Poland 214, 218–19 41–2; and spread of Lutheran Church Grunwald (Tannenberg), battle (1410) 57 98–9; episcopalianism 170–1; Bismarck’s Gustaw, Romuald 328 opposition to the Church 206, 231–2; Gutkowski, Jan (bishop of Podlasie), attitudes laity’s role in Catholic Church 259; to November Rising (1830) 218, 220 Polish diaspora 292, 322; Third Reich and Poland 297–308; see also Prussia Habsburgs 94 Gero, Margrave 10 Hadziacz, Treaty of (1658) 129 Gerson, John 70 Halicz, See (Red Ruthenia), creation 54 Gertrud, Princess (daughter of Mieszko II), Hassidim see Jews spirituality 20–1 Helsinki Agreement 318 Getter, Matylda (superior, Franciscan Sisters Henry Brodaty (Henry the Bearded) 44 of the Virgin Mary’s Family) 306–7 Henry II (Holy Roman Emperor) 14 Gierek, Edward 310 Henry VIII (King of England) 88 Gietrzwald (pilgrimages) 239 Henrykow, Book 9, 40 Gieysztor, Aleksander, Christianisation of heresy, western Europe, thirteenth century Polish culture 75 30–1, 32 Gilson, Etienne 258 Herman, Wladyslaw 25 Glos wolny wolnosc ubezpieczajacy [A Free Voice Herman, Zbigniew (son of Wladyslaw Insuring Freedom] 178 Herman) 25–6 Gniezno xxxvii; ecclesiastical province Hildegard of Bingen, St 26 founded (999–1000) 6, 12; archdiocese Hinka, Andrzej, and Slovakian nationalism of Magdeberg attempts to control 17; 214 parish churches 18; endowment 19;as historicism, in the Polish Enlightenment unifying force, thirteenth century 34; 179–80 increase in number of parishes, thirteenth Hitler, Adolf 297; see also Nazism century 37; primate’s standing, Hlebowicz, Henryk (educationalist) 289 fourteenth and fifteenth centuries 65; Hlond, August, Cardinal (1881–1948, seventeenth and eighteenth centuries archbishop of Gniezno and Warsaw, 136–7; archbishops of see Hlond, Jakub, primate of Poland) 280, 313, 314–15; Kietlicz, Pelka, Podoski, Skotniki, views on anti-Semitism 278–9, 280, 313, Swinka, Wyszynski, Uchaa¨ski; see also 314–15; organises diocesan finances primates 284–5; supports Catholic Action 285; Gniezno and Poznan (province, 1815) 195 concern for Polish diaspora 292; views Godlewski, Marceli (1865–1945, parish priest, on secular intelligentsia 293; views on All Saints, Warsaw) 235, 306 Church–state relations 295–6; exile Gomulka, Wladyslaw 310, 317 during Second World War 299; Gora Kalwaria (pilgrimage destination) 158 imprisonment (1942) 303–4; appointed Goral, Wladyslaw (Suffragan Bishop of procurator for Poland 311; dedication of Lublin) 305 Poland to the Immaculate Heart of the Gorski, Karol 150 Virgin Mary (1946) 323 Gorzow: re-establishment of the Catholic Hodur, Franciszek (1866–1953, founder of Church, communist era 314; diocesan Polish National Church) 240, 275 organisation (1972) 320 Hohenzollern, Albrecht von (Grand Master of Gothic art and cathedrals, thirteenth century Teutonic Order), secularisation of 31–2 Teutonic Order 96

370 Index

Holland, hierarchical expansion, nineteenth International Commission for the century 201 Comparative History of the Church 89 Holy Alliance 202 Ireland 212 Holy Communion see communion, Mass Isidore (metropolitan of Ruthenia) 74 Holy Ghost, canons of 43 Istan Bathory (Stefan Batory), King 94, 95 Holy Roman Empire: establishment 3; Italy: unification, papacy’s views 202; state’s attempts to dominate Latin relationship with Vatican (1929) 256 Christendom 5–6 Iuventus Christian Union (academic youth Holy Trinity (Holy Cross) (abbey) 18 organisation) 289 Home Army (Armia Krajowa) 304, 306 Ivan IV (Tsar-Emperor of Muscovy) 51 Hontheim, Nikolaus von (Justinus Febronius), Izaak (monk in monastery of Miedzyrzecze) De Statu Ecclesiae et legitima poteste Romani 14 pontificis (1763) 171 Izaslav (prince of Kiev) 21 Horneburg, Johann (last Catholic bishop of Lebus) 97 Jachimowski, T. (chaplain-in-chief, Home Hosius (Hozjusz, Stanislaw), Cardinal, bishop Army) 304 of Chelmno 108, 110 Jadwiga, St 44, 78 Hospital of the Infant Jesus (Warsaw), Jagiellon, King see Wladyslaw II foundation (1716) 144 Jagiellonian University of Krakow 320 Hospitallers see Brothers Hospitallers Jakub of Znin (archbishop of Gniezno) 25 hospitals 63–4; mendicant friars develop, Jakub z Paradyza (Jacob of Paradyz) 70, 71 thirteenth century 43; religious Orders’ Jalbrzykowski, Romuald (bishop of Wilno) involvement 283; see also Brothers 300 Hospitallers, Order of Jan of Dukla (beatified Bernadine) 61 Hozjusz, Stanislaw see Hosius Jan III Sobieski, King 130, 132; and humanists, religious interests 84–5, 92 development of Warsaw 150–1 Hungary, relations with Catholic Church, Jan Kazimierz (John Casimir), King 95, 130; before and during Second World War and the cult of the Virgin Mary 157; 265 vows renewed by Polish people (1956) Huss, Jan 53, 266 323–4 Hussitism 53, 57; Polish nobility fail to Jan (monk and friend of St Wojciech) 14 support 71–2; lack of support for 76; Jandolowicz, Marek (Carmelite involved in importance and influence 82 Bar movement) 182 Janik (archbishop of Gniezno) 25 icons 82–3 Jansenism 168–9; religious culture opposed Ignatius Loyola, Spiritual Exercises 114–15 to that of Jesuits 153–4; religious Imitation of Christ 52, 84–5 rigorism 162 Immaculate Conception 210 Janski, Bogdan (1807–40) 225 Immaculate Conception, Order of 246 January Rising (1863–4) 194, 195, 216, 221–2 Immaculate Heart of the Virgin Mary, Jarnuskiewicz, Jerzy Mieczyslaw 333 (fig. 10) Poland’s dedication to (1946) 323 Jaroszewicz, Florian, Matka Swietych – Polska immigration, late nineteenth century 233 [Poland, Mother of Saints] 149, 161 Incarnation, doctrine 31, 78 Jarupelek (son of Izaslav of Kiev) 21 Innocent III, Pope (1198–1216) 30, 31 Jaruzelski, Wojciech, General 336 Inquisition 76 Jasna Gora shrine 61, 82, 83, 157, 239, 289, Instaurare omnia in Christo (papal encyclical) 256 323, 324, 326 Integrists 207–8 Jedlicki, Jerzy, views on nationalism and intelligentsia: and Catholic Church, religious revival 230 nineteenth and twentieth centuries Jednota Warszwaska (Warsaw Unity) 234–5, 247–52; attitudes to Church 274 confraternities 287; Catholic Church’s Jednota Wilenska (Wilno Unity) Church 274 involvement in education, Second Jedrzejow (monastery in Malopolska), Republic 288–91; views of Church–state foundation 18 relations, Second Republic 293–7; Jehovah’s Witnesses 313, 337 communist era 327–8 Jelowiecki, Aleksander (1804–77) 225

Index 371

Jesuits 87, 89; sixteenth century 110–12, communist era 332; see also anti-Semitism 114–15, 116; Catholic reform and the John of the Cross, St, mysticism 169 collapse of Protestantism 119–20, 121–2, John of God, St xxxv 124, 125; and religious education, John XXIII, Pope (1958–63) 257, 262, 318 seventeenth century 129; oppose John Paul II, Pope (1978– ) (previously exploitation of peasants, sixteenth and cardinal and archbishop of Krakow) seventeenth centuries 130; college 258, 318, 319, 328, 332, 333 (fig. 10), 334; plundered at Torun (1724) 134; and social Catholicism 263, 264; shared seventeenth and eighteenth centuries European Christian roots 268; visits 143, 145, 146, 147, 148, 151; Polish Poland (1997) 343–4 mission 147, 148; artistic patronage in Jolenta (sister of Kinga) 43 Baroque era 151; religious culture Jordan, Bishop, appointed missionary to opposed to that of Jansenists 153–4; Poland 11 cults of the Most Holy Heart of Jesus and Joseph II, Emperor of Austria 170, 172, 192 of the Eucharist 158; opposition to the Enlightenment 168–9; opposition to, in kahals 184 the Enlightenment 170, 171–2; and Kajsiewicz, Hieronim (1812–86) 225 education, in the Polish Enlightenment Kalinowski, Rafal 222 170, 181; suppression and the Kalwaria Ujazdowska (pilgrimages) 158 Commission on Education 128, 182–3; Kalwaria Zebrzydowska (pilgrimages) 158 criticisms 185–6; policies towards, Kamien (diocese) 17; increase in parishes, during the Partitions 191; banished from thirteenth century 37 Russia (1820) 194; expulsion from Kanopnicka, Maria 249 Galicia (1840s) 221; folk missions, Kant, Immanuel 164 nineteenth century 223; and Karaim, Isaac, ben Abraham, on Polish nationalism in Galicia, nineteenth Reform 120 century 225; folk culture and religious Karaites, as element in Polish-Lithuanian life 237, 239;influence on revival of community, Reformation period 91 Catholic Church 244;influence on Karnkowski, Stanislaw (d. 1603) 137 women’s Orders 246; twentieth Karpowicz, Michal 189 century 256, 282; work with the Polish Karska, Jozefa (1824–60, founder of Sisters of diaspora 292; pastoral work among the Immaculate Conception of Mary) students, communist era 327 227 Jesus Christ, cult of the human Jesus: and cult Kasprowicz, Jan 249 of the Virgin Mary 78–82, 83; and the Katholikentag 259 humanists 92; eighteenth century Katowice diocese, seminary 282 157–8; nineteenth century 210, 237, 238 Kazimierz Jagiellon (Casimir Jagiellon), (fig. 9), 239; Second Republic 287 King 57 Jeszcze Polska nie zginela kie`dy my zyjemy (Polish Kazimierz Odnowiciel (Casimir the Restorer), national anthem) 174 King 6 Jeunesse Ouvrie`re Catholique ( JOC) 259 Kazimierz Sprawiedliwy (Casimir the Just), Jewish Religious Association 276–7 King 7, 27, 28 Jews: position under canon law, fourteenth Kazimierz Wielki (Casimir the Great), King and fifteenth centuries 64; settlement in 54, 57, 59, 65; restrictions on canon law Poland-Lithuania, Reformation period 64; foundation of Krakow University 90–1; Hassidim 133; religious and social (1364) 66, 67 position, eighteenth century 133–4; Kielce (collegiate church) 17 synagogues, Smadowa 184 (fig. 7); Kietlicz, Henryk (archbishop of Gniezno, Polish Enlightenment 184–5; 1199–1219) 34, 35–6, 39 separation 241; Second Republic Kiev (diocese), parishes, sixteenth century 60 276–8; acceptance by W. Kornilowicz Kiev (Kievan Rus): Christianisation 2; 291; Second World War 297–8, 301, dominance by Poland (1024–5) 6; 308; deportation (1942) 265; protection German influence in tenth century 10; by resistance movements 306–7; influence over Poland, eleventh and post-war Poland 312; attitudes to, twelfth centuries 24

372 Index

Kiev (province) 57 Krakow, Papal Theological Academy 320 Kinga (wife of Boleslaw Wstydliwy) 43 Krakow, St Andrew’s Church (convent) 43 Kisiel, Adam (Voivode of Kiev) 124 Krakow, St Mary’s Church 63 Kizka family, protectors of the Arians and Krakow University 66–7, 194; students, Calvinists 106 fifteenth century 67–8; academic Klepacz, Michal, Bishop 316 culture and Church reform, fourteenth Klub Inteligencji Katolickiej (KIK) 342 and fifteenth centuries 69–74; supports Kochanowski, Wespazjan 150, 157 conciliarism 70–3;influence on Koenigsberg University 96 reforms 108; competes with Jesuits’ Kolakowski, Leszek 328 educational work 111, 145 Kolbe, Maxymilian, St: educational and Krakow, Wawel hill, cathedral 63 publishing activities at Niepokalanow Krakow, Zwierzyniec (convent) 18–19 282; and the Militia of the Virgin Mary Krasicki, Ignacy (bishop of Warmia) 176, 177, 287; martyrdom 307 185 Kollataj, Hugo (1750–1812) 175, 185–6, 188, Krasinski, Walery 119 189–90 Krasinski, Zygmunt 230 Kolobrzeg (bishopric) 13 Kraszewski, Jozef Ignacy 230 Kominek, Boleslaw (archbishop of Wroclaw) Krolowa Apostolow [The Queen of the Apostles] 318 (Pallotine periodical) 245 Konarski, Stanislaw: O skutecznych rad sposobie Kruszwica (diocese) 13 [On Effective Councils] 178; Krystyn (cook in monastery of educational reforms in Piarist schools Miedzyrzecze) 14 180–1 Krzmieniec Lyceum 193 Konisski, Jerzy (bishop of Mohylev, 1755-95) Krzywousty, King 16–17, 18, 23 138 Krzyzanowice parish (Wislica), Kallataj’s Koprzywnica (monastery in Malopolska), reforms 189–90 foundation 18 Kulturkampf 201, 231–2 Kornilowicz, Wladislaw (1884–1946, Kuncewicz, Josaphet, St 118 educationist) 250, 290, 291, 315 Ku¨rbis, B. (historian) 15–16 Korsak, Kazimierz (nobleman who became a Kuznice school (Zakopane) 250 serf ) 162 Kosciuszko, Tadeusz 199, 200 Laborem exercens (papal encyclical) 263 Kossak, Zofia 306 Labuda, G. (historian) 15–16 Kossakowski, Jozef (bishop of Livonia) 187, Lacordaire, Henri-Dominique (1802-61) 212 189 Ladogorski, Tadeusz, and religious Kostka, Pawel 111 co-existence in Siberia, Kostka, Stanislaw, St 111 sixteenth–eighteenth centuries 98 Kowalski, Jan (Mariavite bishop) 275 laity: role in Catholic Church 259–61; Kowalski, Michal (Archbishop, Mariavite relations with clergy in secular parish Church) 302 organisations 285–6; Catholic Church’s Kozal, Michal, Suffragan Bishop of relations with 264; communist 326–32 Wloclawek 299 Lammenais, Fe´licite´ Robert de (1782–1854, Kozminski, Honorat (1829–1916) 226, 246–7, French ultramontist) 212–13, 219, 228 281 Landy, Zofia (Sister Teresa) (1894–1972) 291 Krakow xxxvii; archbishops of see John Paul Laski, Jan ( Johannes a Lasco) 103, 108 II, Sapieha; bishops of see Nanker, Laski (Catholic centre near Warsaw) 250, 291 Odrowaz, Olesniki, St Stanislaw, latitudinarianism 166–7; in Poland 175–6, Wincenty; cathedral library 26; and 177 Lutheranism 99 L’Avenir [The Future] (ultramontane Krakow (diocese): foundation 13; magazine) 212–13 endowment 19; church buildings law: thirteenth century 30, 34–5; canon law (c. 1500) 63 36, 38, 64–5; importance for clerical Krakow, Holy Trinity Church, Dominicans education, fourteenth and fifteenth establish monastery 41 centuries 66, 67; library collections, Krakow, Nova Huta 39, 328, 329, 330 fourteenth and fifteenth centuries 68–9

Index 373

lay communities, post-communist era 339 Louvain University (Belgium) 248, 258 Lazarists (Lazarites or Missionaries) xxxvi Lubac, Henri de 258 Lebus diocese, Lutheran Church established Lubin (abbey) 15 (1555) 97 Lublin xxxvii; bishops of see Fulman, Lecler, Joseph, taxation in sixteenth-century Wyszynski; Suffragan Bishop of see Goral Europe 94 Lublin, Catholic University of 250, 290, lectors, education, fourteenth and fifteenth 327–8, 333 (fig. 10); theological education, centuries 65 Second Republic 280; financial support Leczyca, synod (1180) 35 for 285; closure, Second World War Leczyca (collegiate church) 17 305; restoration after Second World Leczycki, Mikolaj (1574–1653, Jesuit mystic) War 311; communist era 319 122 Lublin, Holy Trinity, chapel (Lublin castle) 55, Ledochowski, Mieczyslaw (archbishop of 56 (fig. 2) Gniezno and Poznan) 232 Lublin, Treaty of (1569) 90 Lekno (monastery in Wielkpolska), Lublin, Union of (1569) xxxvii, 58 foundation 18 Lubomirski, Stanislaw Herakliusz 150, 151, Lengnich, Gotfryd (1689–1774) 178 157 Lent, observance, eleventh and twelfth Lubusz (Lebus) (diocese) 16, 17 centuries 22–3 Luck (bishopric): incorporation into Uniate Leo XIII, Pope (1878–1903) 202, 203, 206–7, Church 132; parishes, seventeenth and 212, 214, 232, 256 eighteenth centuries 139 Leopolita, Jan Nicz (publisher of the Bible in Ludmila (great-grandmother of Dobrava, wife Polish) 121 of Mieszko I) 10 Leszczynski, Prokop (Capuchin) 226 Luis of Granada 114–15 Leszczynski, Stanislaw 178 Lukomski, Stanislaw (opponent of August Lithuania: Grand Duchy as part of Hlond for the primacy) 295 Polish-Lithuanian Commonwealth Luskin, Stefan (Jesuit educationist) 183 xxxvii, 54–5, 57–8; Christianisation, Luther, Martin 85, 88, 92, 96; secularisation questioned by Teutonic Knights 72, 73; of Teutonic Order 96 religious affiliations, Reformation Lutheran Churches 96–9, 107, 338; period 100; as Calvinist province 106; nineteenth century and Second Polonisation, Baroque era 151, 152; Republic 273–4; Second World War nationalism and clerical support 214; 301 relations with the Catholic Church Lutoslawski, Kazimerz (1880–1924) 250, 251 264–5; racial conflict between Lutoslawski, Wincenty (1863–1954), and Lithuanians and Poles, effects on Church Eleusis 250–1 in Second World War 300 Luzyce (Lusatia) xxxvii Little Brothers 260 Lwow (Lviv) xxxvii, 60, 132, 136, 197 Little Office to the Immaculate Conception of Our Lwow Theological Academy (foundation, Lady 157 1928) 271 Little Servants 247 Lyszczynski, Kazimierz (nobleman accused of Little Sisters 260 atheism, 1689) 155 liturgical movement 260 liturgy, eleventh and twelfth centuries 25 Maciejowski, Bernard (d. 1608) (bishop of Living Rosary 226, 237 Krakow) 122, 137 Livonia diocese, seventeenth and eighteenth Magdeburg (archdiocese), attempts to control centuries 136–7 Gniezno 17 Lodz, Assumption of the Blessed Virgin Mary magic, effects on religious beliefs 45–6 parish and parish networks 233 Magni, Walerian (Capuchin at the court of Lodz, St Cross parish 223 Wladyslaw IV) 123 London Missionary Society 201 Magyars, settlement in Hungary 1 Louis of Anjou (King of Hungary) 54 Majewski, Alojzy (1863–1947), and the Louise Maria, Queen, invites Missionaries to Pallotines 245 Poland (1651) 143 Malkowski, Andrzej (1888–1919), and the Lourdes 210 scouting movement 251

374 Index

Malopolska xxxvii; religious affiliations, Friars, Bernardines, Carmelites, Reformation period 100; acceptance of Dominicans, Franciscans, monasticism, Calvinism 103, 106; Protestant Reformati, religious Orders influence, seventeenth and eighteenth messianism, and nationalism 227–31 centuries 136 Methodism 168 Manteuffel, Erazm (last Catholic bishop of Methodist Church, post-Second World War Kamien, 1521–44) 97 313 Maria Theresa, Empress of Austria 192 Methodius, St, mission to the Slavs 2, 5 Marian Fathers xxxvi, 116, 143, 144, 155, 245 Micewski, Andrzej, views on Stefan Wyszynski Marian sodality 287 319 Mariavites 240, 247, 275, 301, 302 Michnik, Adam, Kosciol, Iewica, dialogue (1977) Maritain, Jacques 258 328 Markiewicz, Bronislaw (1842–1913) 245 Mickiewicz, Adam 224, 225; Ksiçgi narodu i Martin V, Pope (1417–31) 51 pielgrzymstwa polskiego [Books of the Polish Marx, Karl 166, 229 Nation and Polish Pilgrims] 228, 229, Marxism, views of religion 204 230, 242; Pan Tadeusz 229, 242, 252 Mary, St, the Blessed Virgin: festivals 77–8; Miechow (monastery in Malopolska), and cults of Jesus Christ 78–82, 83; foundation 18 cults 157, and prayers for the dead 155, Miedniki (diocese), creation 55 nineteenth century 210, 236, 237, 239, Miedzyrzec (Wielkopolska) 99 240, Second Republic 287, communist Miedzyrzecze (monastery) 14 era 323–4, 326 Mieszko I 10–11 Marysienka, Queen (wife of Jan III Sobieski) Mieszko I (prince of the Polanie and Poland) 144, 151 5–6 Masaryk, Tomas Garrigue (president of Mieszko II Stary (Mieszko II the Old), King Czechoslovakia) 266 7, 13 Mass: lay participation, thirteenth century migrations (1939–49) xxii (map 14) 47; eleventh and twelfth centuries 22; Mikalaj z Blonia (Nicolaus of Blonie) 70 Baroque era 158–9, 162; in the Milan, Church of, reform under Archbishop vernacular 325; Konarsky’s concept of Carlo Borromeo 87–8 181; see also communion military Orders: establishment in Poland, Massalski, Ignacy (bishop of Wilno) 187 twelfth century 19; thirteenth century Mater et Magister (papal encyclical, 1961) 257 39; management of hospitals 63–4; Mateusz (monk in monastery of see also religious Orders, Teutonic Miedzyrzecze) 14 Knights Mateusz z Krakowa (Matthew of Krakow) Militia of the Virgin Mary 287 25, 67, 70 Mirari vos (encyclical, 1832) 213 Matulewicz-Matulaitis, Jerzy, and the Marian Missionaries, Order of (or Lazarites) xxxvi Fathers 245 missions and missionaries: Slavs 2; western Mazovia (Mazowsze) xxxvii; religious Europe 3; Cistercians, thirteenth affiliations, Reformation period 100 century 39; seventeenth and eighteenth Mazowiecki, Tadeusz (Prime Minister) 336, centuries 143, 146, 147, 148; religious 342 Orders’ involvement 147–8; and Mazuria xxxvii education, Polish Enlightenment 179, Mendelssohn, Moses 184 181; nineteenth-century expansion 201; mendicant Orders 32–3; thirteenth century and nationalism, nineteenth century 40–3; and popular religion 46–7, 49; 225–6; work with the Polish diaspora fourteenth and fifteenth centuries: 292 religious houses founded 61, importance Mit brennender Sorge (Pius XI, 1938) 257 of education 65–6, displacement as Mlada-Maria (sister of Dobrava, wife of teachers by clergy 70, teaching Mieszka I) 10, 11, 13 practices, and their influence 76; modernism 203, 207–8 Reformation period 109–10; pastoral Modrzewski, Andrzej Frycz 101, 108 work, seventeenth and eighteenth Mogilno (abbey) 15 centuries 142–3; see also Augustinian Mohacz (battle, 1526) 58

Index 375

Mohler, J. A. 259 nationalism: Catholic Church’s attitudes to Mohyla Academy 118 211–15; Church and Polish nationalism Mohyla, Piotr (metropolitan of the Orthodox 215–31; and religious revival, nineteenth Church, 1632–47) 118, 123 century 222–31; links with romanticism Mohylev (bishopric): Orthodox Church, and the Catholic revival 227–31, seventeenth and eighteenth centuries 248–52;effects of Russification and 132, 134; election of bishops, eighteenth Germanisation 231–2;effects of century 138; metropolis, during urbanisation 232–5; links with religious Partitions 193, 197 life and folk culture, twentieth century Mokronowski, Andrzej, General 177–8 242; and Catholic Church in eastern monarchy: sacral nature 4; becomes Europe, early twentieth century 264–8; elective 7; relations with bishops, Ukrainian nationalism, Second seventeenth and eighteenth centuries Republic 271; views about the Jews 137–8 276–9; identification of Catholic Church monasticism: Benedictine monasticism 3; with state, Second Republic 293–7 establishment in tenth and eleventh nationalities, in post-war Poland 311–12 centuries 13–14; as basis of Church Nazism: policies towards Poland 297–302;in organisation 15, 16; spread, eleventh France 304 and twelfth centuries 18–19; cultural Newman, John Henry (1801–90) 209, 259 influence, eleventh and twelfth Nicholas I, Tsar (1825–55) 194, 219 centuries 24–6; development, Nicholas V, Pope, recognition by Krakow Cistercians, thirteenth century 39–40; University (3 July 1449) 71 disbanding of monasteries, nineteenth Nie (anticlerical periodical) 343 century 195; see also Benedictines, Niepokalanow (City of the Immaculate) 307 Camaldolensians, Cistercians, mendicant Niepokalanow (Franciscan education college) Orders 282 Montalembert, Charles de (1810–70) 212 nobility: cultural influence, eleventh and Moravia, Christianisation 2, 5 twelfth centuries 26–7;influence over Morsztyn, Jan Andrzej 150, 157 Church, thirteenth century 36; and Morteska, Magdalena (1556–1631, Benedictine female monasticism 40; and marriage nun) 116, 142 48; family relationships 45; legal Most Holy Heart of Jesus (cult) 158 standing, fourteenth and fifteenth Most Sacred Heart of Jesus (cult) 287 centuries 58; control of parishes 60; Mother Earth (cult) 9 and canon law, fourteenth and fifteenth Mroczko, T. 27 centuries 64; support for conciliarism Munster, Anabaptist community 86 and rejection of Hussitism 71–2; Muscovy, Grand Duchy, as ‘Third Rome’ nationalism and Latin culture 73; 51; see also Russian Empire Reformation period 91–3; opposition to Mystici Corporis (papal encyclical, 1943) 259 religious absolutism, sixteenth century mysticism, fourteenth and fifteenth centuries 94, 95; religious affiliations, Reformation 52 period 100, 107; and Calvinism 103, 106, 107; Catholic conversion, sixteenth Nanker (bishop of Krakow, fourteenth century 112, 113, 114, 116; attitudes to century) 64–5 Catholic Reform 122–4, 125; Napoleon I (emperor of France): on usefulness exploitation of peasantry, sixteenth and of religious belief 166; religious policy seventeeth centuries 130, 133; support of 173; exiles Pius VII 205 religious Orders, seventeenth and Naruszecicz, Adam (Jesuit educationist) 183 eighteenth centuries 144; Polonisation Narutowicz, Gabriel (president of the Second in Lithuania and Ruthenia 151; cultural Republic), assassination (1922) 252, aspirations, eighteenth century 153; 293 relations with peasants, eighteenth National Church, Second World War 301 century 156, 161–2; educational interest, national monarchies, and the papacy, Polish Enlightenment 180; and fourteenth and fifteenth centuries 50 Confederation of Bar 181–2; and Polish National Workers’ Party 288 nationalism 215, 216

376 Index

Non abbiamo bisogno (Pius XI, 1931) 257 nobility’s attitude to at Council of Norbertines (Premonstratensians) 18 Constance 73; as threat to Catholic Northern War (1700–21) 130 Church, Reformation period 107–8; Norwid, Cyprian 230 seventeenth and eighteenth centuries November Rising (1830) 194, 195, 215, 132, 134–5; election of bishops 138; 218–19, 227–8; clerical attitudes to during the Polish Enlightenment 183–4; 217–19, 220 social and political views, nineteenth Nowowiejski, Antoni Julian, Bishop of Plock century 204; and nationalism 214; 299 Second Republic 271–3; Autocephalous nuns: continuity of female monastic Orthodox Church 272; Second World movement 18–19; and the nobility 26; War 302; post-Second World War thirteenth century 40, 43–4; spiritual 312; see also dioceses; Uniate Churches leadership, in Catholic reform 116; Orthodox–Catholic relations 54; fifteenth expansion of Orders after Catholic century xiii (map 5); in Reform 128; position in religious Poland-Lithuania 73–4, 83; sixteenth orders 143; and education 144, 146; and seventeenth centuries 116–18; Catholic revival, nineteenth century nineteenth century, Latin and Greek 209; and nationalism, nineteenth rites xix (map 11); mutual withdrawing century 226–7, 245–6; twentieth of excommunication 262; see also century 245–6, 255, 256, 282–3; work Catholic Church in Poland; Uniate with the Polish diaspora 292; Churches imprisonment in Bojanow work camp Orzechowski, Stanislaw 102; and union of (Second World War) 299; resistance to Catholic and Orthodox Church 116 Nazis 304, 305–6; religious standing, Orzeszkowa, Eliza 249 communist era 321; post-communist Ossolinski, Jerzy (chancellor to Wladyslaw era 339; see also list of Orders on IV) 123 xxxv–xxxvi Ostrogogs family, protectors of the Bohemian Nysa (Neisse), duchy 97, 98 Brethren 103 Ostrogski (Ostrozky), Konstanty Vasyl Oblates xxxvi; work with the Polish (1527–1608), reform of Orthodox diaspora 292 Church 117, 124 O’Connell, Daniel, and the Catholic Ostrorog (Ostrik) Academy, foundation Association in Ireland 212 (1580) 117 Oda (wife of Mieszko I) 13 Otto I (Holy Roman Emperor) , 3 Odnowiciel, King 14 Otto III (Holy Roman Emperor) 6, 12, 13 Odrodzenie (Revival) (academic youth Otto, Leopold (1819–82, Lutheran pastor) organisation) 289, 290 273–4 Odrowaz, Iwo (bishop of Krakow), invites Otto, St (bishop of Bamberg) 11, 16 Dominicans to Poland 41 Ozarowski, Wiktor (1799–1870) 224–5 Odrowaz, Jacek, St 41, 43, 54 Ofka (thirteenth-century nun) 44 Pacem in terris (papal encyclical, 1963) 257 Okonski, Wlodzimierz (Marianist) 304 Paderewski, Ignacy 269 Old Catholic Mariavite Church 275, 313 Padua university 66 Olesniki, Zbigniew (bishop of Krakow) 57, paganism: revolts as reactions to Roman 71, 72, 74 Church’s dominance of Poland 6; Olga, Princess of Kiev 10 religious beliefs 7–9; and effects of Opec, Balthazar, Zywot Pana Jezusa Krysta Christian beliefs, thirteenth century 45; 79–80 absorption into Christian calendar 75, Open Catholicism 342 77–8 Opole (Oppeln) 97 Palaeologan Renaissance 51 Oratorians 128 Pallotines (Pallotians or Pallottini) xxxvi, 245; Orchard Lake seminary (Detroit) 292 Second Republic 282; and the Polish Orthodox Churches: (1918–39) xxi (map 14); diaspora 322–3; pastoral work among parishes 60; position under canon law, students, communist era 327 fourteenth and fifteenth centuries 64; Pallotti, Vincent, St 224

Index 377

papacy: reforms, thirteenth century 30; and Paulinki, Franciszek (Pallotine priest) 304 the Great Schism 50–1, 71; nominations Pawlowski, Daniel (1623–73, Jesuit mystic) for bishoprics barred, fifteenth century 122 59; religious prestige, sixteenth century Pax (state-run religious organisation) 315, 102;influence over the Council of Trent 317–18, 327 126–7; relations with Polish Church, peasants: religious affiliations, Reformation seventeenth and eighteenth centuries period 100, 107, 109; exploitation, 137; ineffectiveness, eighteenth century sixteenth and seventeenth centuries 130, 170–1; social and political views, 133; religious life and relations with the nineteenth century 202–3, 205–8; papal nobility, eighteenth century 156, 161–2; infallibilty 206; and Polish nationalism proposals for reform of economic 218–19; twentieth century 256–8; standing, Polish Enlightenment 189–90; diplomatic policies, Second World War emancipation and nationalism 215, 216, 303; see also Catholic Church in Poland, 217; emancipation in Prussian Partition Roman Church and Holy See, Vatican, 223; peasant movement, Church’s and individual popes reactions to 235; and Catholic revival Papczynski, Stanislaw (1631–1701, founder of 242–3; involvement in secular the Marian Fathers) 116, 155 organisations, Second Republic 286, 287 Paradyz (Cistercian monastery) 43 Pelka (archbishop of Gniezno, 1232–58) 34 Paris University 31 penance: eleventh and twelfth centuries 23; parishes: development, thirteenth century 37; thirteenth century 48–9 structures, fourteenth and fifteenth Peter the Great, Tsar 118, 193 centuries 59–60; and religious Philip (papal legate in thirteenth century), and observance, thirteenth century 46, 47, baptismal rite (1279) 47 48, 49; schools, fourteenth and fifteenth Piarists xxxvi, 128; seventeenth and centuries 68; records, sixteenth eighteenth centuries 143, 145; cult of century 112; seventeenth and eighteenth the Most Holy Heart of Jesus 158; centuries: effects of the civil wars 136, and education, in the Polish organisation 139–40, religious Orders’ Enlightenment 179, 180–1; in the Duchy involvement 147; religious observance, of Warsaw 197 eighteenth century 156; reform, during Piasecki, Boleslaw (political leader of Pax) Polish Enlightenment 188–90;effects of 315, 317 urbanisation, late nineteenth century Pietism 167–8 233–4; Catholic Church revival, Pigon, Stanislaw (1885–1962), views of folk nineteenth and twentieth centuries culture 241–2 243–4; organisation, Second Republic pilgrimages: eighteenth century 157–8; 281; in the Polish diaspora 291–3; nineteenth century 239–40; promotion growth, communist era 320 among the student population 289–90 Parliament see Sejm Pilsudski, Jozef, Marshal 269, 291, 295 Parnow (diocese) (1815) 197 Piotrkow Ritual (1631) 158 Partitions: First Partition (1772) 134, 135, 182, Piramowicz, Grzegorz (1735–1801, Jesuit 187;effects 190–200; see also Austria, educationist) 176, 182–3 Prussian Partition, Russian Partition Pisa, Council (1409) 71 Paskievitch (Russian governor, 1830) 220 Pius VII, Pope (1800–23) 205 pastoral theology, academic concerns with 70 Pius IX, Pope (1846–78) 202, 206, 225 pastoral work: importance, in Polish Reform Pius X, Pope (1903–14) 207, 256 122; religious Orders, seventeenth and Pius XI, Pope (1922–39) 256–7, 259, 263–4, eighteenth centuries 142–4; priesthood’s 295 responsibility, communist era 323 Pius XII, Pope (1939–58) 257, 259; patronage: eleventh and twelfth centuries diplomatic policies 303; appoints 17–18; thirteenth century 37; Catholic Wyszynski as archbishop of Gniezo and reform influences, sixteenth century 113 Warsaw 315; and Polish diaspora in Paul VI, Pope (1963–78) 257–8, 262, 320 Germany 322 Paulines, Hungarian, fourteenth and fifteenth Plant Sisters 247 centuries 61 Plater-Zyberk, Cecylia 250

378 Index

Plezia, M. (historian) 15–16 Polish-Lithuanian Commonwealth x (map Plock xxxvii, 328, 330 2), xxxvii, 54–5, 57–8; Partitions era Plock (diocese and bishop of ) 15, 25, 136 (1815–1914) xviii (map 10); in the Pobozny, Henryk 43 Reformation period 90–5 Podlachia xxxvii Pomerania xxxviii Podoski, Gabriel (archbishop of Gniezno and Poniatowsk, Jozef, Prince 199–200 primate, 1767–77), and Church autonomy Poniatowski, Bishop, orders prayers for from Rome 185 General Andrzej Mokronowski 177 poetry, and nationalism 227–31 Poniatowski, Michal (brother of King Polak, Benedyckt (Franciscan missionary) 42 Stanislaw August) 186, 187, 189 Poland: frontiers ix (map 1); provinces Poor Clares (Franciscan women’s Order) xxxvii–xxxviii; Christianisation, tenth 43–4 century 10–14 Popieluszko, Jerzy 335 Polanie people (originators of the Polish state), popular religion: thirteenth century 45–9; Christianisation 5 fourteenth and fifteenth centuries 51–4; Polish Autocephalous Orthodox Church, opposition to during the Enlightenment post-Second World War 312 169; and the Catholic revival, nineteenth Polish Brethren (Anti-Trinitarians/Arians) century 209; post-communist era 94, 104–5, 106, 113–14, 131; opposition 339–40; see also religious culture, religious to 113–14; intellectual achievements, life and Polish Reform 120 Potocki, Czeslaw Harnas 156–7 Polish Catholic Mission 292 Potocki, Stanislaw, List ziemianina do pewnego Polish Catholic-Social Union (Polski Zwiazek przyjaciela [A Landowner’s Letter to a Katolicko-Spoleczny) 318 Friend of His] 178 Polish Committee of National Liberation Potocki, Stanislaw Kostka 195, 196 (Polski Komitet Wyzwolenia Potocki, Waclaw 150 Narodowego, PKWN) 311 Potocki, Wladyslaw 156–7 Polish diaspora: Catholic Church’s Poznan xxxvii; diocese 13; Protestant responsibility for 291–3; communist influence in civil wars, seventeenth and era 321–3; problems engendered by eighteenth centuries 136; baptismal 332 fonts 11; cathedral 63; Jesuit College Polish Ecumenical Council (Polska Rada 111; archbishops see Dunin, Przyluski Ekumeniczna) 312 Poznan University 280 Polish Enlightenment 173–4; religious Prad [Current] (magazine) 250 attitudes and their influence 175–8; Prague: diocese, foundation 12;influence, intellectual influences 178, 181–2; fourteenth and fifteenth centuries 53 education 179–83; Protestant Prague University 65–6, 67 resurgence 183; Orthodox Churches prayer movements, and nationalism, 183–4; Church’s autonomy from Rome nineteenth century 226 185; criticisms of religious Orders Premonstratensians (Norbertines), twelfth 185–6; independence movement 186–7; century 18 parishes and their reform 188–90 priests see clergy Polish National Catholic Church 275 primates (archbishops of Gniezno) see Hlond, Polish National Church 240 Wyszynski Polish Orthodox Church, post-communist property ownership, sixteenth and seventeenth era 338 centuries 123 Polish Papal College 225; Polish Peasants’ Protestantism: sixteenth century 102–8, 109, Party (PSL) 340 113;influence over parishes in civil wars Polish postulates of 1555 101–2 136; rejection, eighteenth century 153; Polish Stalinism 310 and Pietism 167–8; resurgence during Polish United Workers’ Party (Polska the Polish Enlightenment 183; and Zjednoczona Partia Robotnicza, PZPR) nineteenth-century liberalism 204; and 310 popular religion, nineteenth century Polish Workers’ Party (Polska Partia 209; missiology 201; religious revivalism Robotnicza, PPR) 309–10 in the nineteenth century 205; Second

Index 379

Republic 273–6;effects of Second Rapp, Francis 53 World War 308; post-communist era Rechowicz, M. 150 338 Red Ruthenia see Ruthenia Protestants, religious and social position, Redemptorists 196, 282 seventeenth and eighteenth centuries Reformati xxxvi, 143, 226 131, 134 Reformation 84–90; religious affiliations Prussia: duchy 96; religious affiliations, 100, 107–8; Protestant churches and their Reformation period 100; policy towards growth 102–8;effects on Poland Poland, eighteenth century 130–1, 134; 118–25 influence on Polish Enlightenment 178; Reinys, Mieczyslaw, bishop of Wilno 300 and Polish nationalism 215, 216, 219–20; Rej, Mikolaj 92, 107 see also Germany religious beliefs: and the Enlightenment Prussian Partition: policies affecting the 164–7; percentage for belief among the Churches 190–2, 192–3, 195–6, 197, 198; population 338 religious revival 223–4; nineteenth religious coexistence, Silesia, century, training of clergy 243; sixteenth–eighteenth centuries 97–8 parochial life, nineteenth century 244; religious consciousness, standards, seventeenth see also Partitions and eighteenth centuries 160–2 Przemysl (diocese and bishop of ) 132, 197, 284 religious culture: Baroque era 151–63; and Przybylski, Bernard (Dominican) 304; and the priesthood, communist era 323–6; Caritas Academica 327 see also popular religion, religious life Przyluski, Leon, archbishop of Poznan, religious education, as a result of Catholic nationalism 220 Reform 128–9 PSS (Polish Socialist Party) 287 religious fraternities, reform of Orthodox publishing industry: and religious interests in Church, sixteenth century 117 Reformation period 84–5; religious religious intolerance: growth as result of civil Orders’ involvement: seventeenth and wars, seventeenth and eighteenth eighteenth centuries 146, Second centuries 131–3; in Baroque era 155 Republic 282, 283; Pax organisation religious life: during the Reformation period 315; state control under PZPR 316; see 89; seventeenth and eighteenth centuries: also books appeal of religious Orders because of Pulawy 328, 330 failure of parochial ministry 142–4, Pultunk ( Jesuit College) 111 standards 149–50;effects of purgatory, doctrine of, thirteenth century 42–3 Russification and Germanisation 231–2; PZPR, relations with Catholic Church 315–19 nineteenth century: dependence on folk culture 236–42,effects of urbanisation Quadragesimo anno (papal encyclical) 256, 263 232; among the laity, communist era Quakers 168 328–30; see also popular religion, religious Quanta cura (papal encyclical) 206 culture religious Orders xxxv–xxxvi; fourteenth Raciborz (Ratibor) 97 century xii (map 4); eighteenth century Raczkiewicz, President, appeal for papal xvi (table and map 8); thirteenth century support (1942) 303 32–3, 39–44; canons Orders and the Raczynski, Ignacy (archbishop of Gniezno) administration of hospitals 43; 196 fourteenth and fifteenth centuries: Radzim-Gaudenty (first archbishop of renewal 51–2, 61, libraries 68–9; Gniezno) 13 development during the Reformation Radziszewski, Idzi (1871–1921) 250, 290 period 87; and Catholic reform, Radziwill, Bogaslaw 131 sixteenth century 112–13, 116, 128–9; Radziwill family 106, 112 seventeenth and eighteenth centuries Radziwill, Jerzy (bishop of Wilno and 141–9; opposition to, in the cardinal) 122 Enlightenment 170, 171–2; Polish Radziwillowska (Brzesc) Bible 121 Enlightenment: educational Rakocsi, Georg (Prince of Transylvania) 105 involvement 179, 180–1, criticisms Rakow (Arian headquarters) 105 levelled at Orders 185–6;

380 Index

religious Orders (cont.) Ropp, Edward (archbishop of Mohylev) 292 reform by Austria after Partition 192; rosary 52 and educational reforms under Russia Rosary fraternity 113 after Partition 194; French opposition to Rosary sodalities, Second Republic 287 in the Duchy of Warsaw 196–7; Rostworoski, Emanuel 166, 168, 174 dissolution after Partition 198–9; and Rostworowski, Tomasz ( Jesuit) 304 nationalism, nineteenth century 225–7; Royal Chancellery 59 and the Catholic Church revival, Rozmyslania przemyskie 79 nineteeth and twentieth centuries Rozmyslanie o Zywocie Pana Jezusa 79 244–7; twentieth century 255–6, 260; Rubin, Wladylaw, Cardinal 321 Second Republic 281–3; work with the rural areas, religious education as a result of Polish diaspora 292; Second World Catholic Reform 128–9 War 300–1; communist era 320–1; Rus (Ruthenia) xxxviii pastoral work among students 327; see Russian Empire 95; see also Muscovy, USSR also mendicant Orders, military Orders, Russian Partition: policy towards Poland, seminaries, specific Orders eighteenth century 130–1, 134–5; religious revival, nineteenth century 222–31 policies affecting the Churches after Repnin (Russian ambassador), plans for Partition 190–1, 193–5, 196, 197, 198; Church autonomy from Rome (1760s) and Polish nationalism 215, 219–20; 185 training of clergy 243; parochial life Rerum novarum (papal encyclical, 1891) 206–7, 244; see also Partitions 211 Russification: effects on Polish nationalism and resistance movements, and Christian culture, religious life 231, 233, 241; links with the Second World War 302–8 Orthodox Church 271–3 Resurrectionists (Zmartwychwstancy) xxxvi, Ruthenia xxxviii; nobility’s return to 225, 229, 244;influence on women’s Catholic Church, sixteenth century 112; involvement in the Orders 246 Orthodox Church and its relations with Revival Union of the Polish Catholic Catholic Church, sixteenth and Intelligentsia (Zwiazek Polskiej seventeenth centuries 116–17; Inteligencij Katolickiej Odrodzenie) 290 Polonisation, Baroque era 151, 152; Red Reymont, Wladyslaw 249 Ruthenia 55, 83; Red Ruthenia with Roman Catholic Church see Catholic Church Lwow (Lviv), annexation, fourteenth in Poland century 54 Roman Church and Holy See 3; support for Ruthenians in Polish-Lithuanian community, Slavic missions 2; Gregorian reforms Reformation period 90 4–5;influence over the Christianisation of Rutski, Welamin (metropolitan of Uniate Poland 5–7; Polish mission in the tenth Church, 1614–37) 118 century 11–14; attempts to regulate popular religion, thirteenth century 47; Sabbateim 133 and the Reformation and Sacramentines (Benedictine nuns of the Counter-Reformation 86–8; thirteenth- Adoration of the Blessed Sacrament) 144 century reforms 30–3; moves towards Sacred Heart of Jesus (cult) 210, 237, 239 Polish Church’s autonomy from 185; St Michael the Archangel, congregations 245 Polish relations with during the St Petersburg, Academy of Ecclesiastical Partition 191–3; see also papacy, Vatican Studies, training of clergy 243 Roman Empire: Byzantine Empire: and saints: cults 43–4, 46; models of sainthood Christian missions to the Slavs 1–2, 149 attitude to Western Roman Empire 3, saints days, and paganism 77–8 subjugation by the West 4; Western Salesians 245, 256, 282, 292 Empire, in tenth–twelfth centuries 3–5 Salmonowicz, Stanislaw 178 Romanticism: links with nationalism and the Salomea (sister of Boleslaw Wstydliwd) 43 Catholic revival 227–31, 248; as reaction Samogita (Zmudz) (diocese), Church’s mission against the Enlightenment 208 against drunkenness 223 Romuald, St (founder of Camaldolese Order) Samoobrona narodu [National Self-Defence] xxxv, 14 (magazine) 278

Index 381

Sandomierski, Henryk, Prince (son of King Skorkowski, Karol, Bishop, and Polish Krzywousty) 19, 27 nationalism 217–18, 219 Sandomierz xxxvii, 17, 55 Skotnicki, Jaroslaw Bogoria (archbishop of Sandomierz Agreement (1570) 107 Gniezno) 65 Sapieha, Adam Stefan, Cardinal (archbishop Skwierzyna 99 of Krakow) 303–4, 314 Slavs 2, 7–9 Sarbiewskim, Maciej Kazimierz 150 Sleza (monastery in Silesia), foundation 18 Schimek, Otton (Austrian soldier shot for Sliwicki, Piotr (1705–74, Piarist educational refusing to murder Poles) 307–8 reformer) 181 scholastici 25 Slomkowski, Antoni (rector, Catholic School Commission of the Episcopate of University of Lublin) 311 Poland 289 Slovakia 213–14, 265, 266 Sciegienny, Piotr, and the peasant Slowacki, Juliusz 230 movement 235 Smolensk diocese, seventeenth and eighteenth scientism 204 centuries 136 scouting movement 251, 287 Smolenski, Wladyslaw, Przewrot umyslowy w scriptoria 25, 63 Polsce wieka XVIII [Mental Revolution in Second Republic: political culture 268–9; Eighteenth-Century Poland] 174 religious denominations 269–79 social Catholicism 263–4 Second World War 297–8; Catholic social culture: fourteenth and fifteenth Church 298–301, 308; denominations centuries 58; Christianisation and 301–2; Polish Christian resistance 302–8 westernisation, fourteenth and fifteenth secular society, Catholic Church’s relations centuries 74–83; Christianisation with, twentieth century 263–4, 285–8 promotes success of Catholic Church, Sejm: establishment 58–9; development, Reformation period 109; Reformation period 91, 93 post-communist era 340–2 Semenenko, Piotr (1814-86) 225 social issues, links with the Gospel recognised seminaries: establishment 146–7; nineteenth by Catholic Church, nineteenth century century 243; reform by Austria after 206–7 Partition 192; Second Republic 282; Society of Catholic Apostalate xxxvi see also education, religious Orders Socinius (Fausto Sozzini) 105 Senate, reduction in number of Protestant Solidarity movement 210, 332, 334–5, 336, appointments, sixteenth century 113 340 sermons 159, 160, 169 Sosnowiec parish (Dabrowa Basin), religious Siemiaszko, Jozef, Bishop 194 life in the early twentieth century 2235 Sienkiewicz, Henryk 124, 162, 259, 323 Soubirous, Bernadette, St 210 Sigismund (Holy Roman Emperor, King of South America, Polish diaspora 292 Bohemia) 72 Splett, bishop of Gdansk (administrator of Silesia (Slask) xxxviii, 97–8, 222–3 diocese of Chelmno) 298 Siostrzencewicz, Stanislaw Bohusz (bishop of Spring of the Nations (1848) 215, 216, 220 Byelorussia) (1773–1825) 193 Staff, Leopold 249 Sister Servants of the Cross, school for the Stalin, Joseph 267, 297 blind 291 Stamma, Stanislaw (leader of Znak) 317 Sisters of Charity xxxvi, 128, 143, 256 Stanislaw August Poniatowski (Stanislaus Sisters of the Immaculate Conception of August), King 99, 173, 177, 191; Mary, and nationalism, nineteenth responsibility for work of Canaletto in century 226–7 Warsaw 145 (fig. 6); educational Sisters of the Mary Family, and nationalism, interests 180, 181; criticisms of religious nineteenth century 226 Orders 185 Sisters of the Presentation of Mary 146 Stanislaw, St (Bishop of Krakow) 7, 14, Sisters of Sacre´-Coeur 226 15–16; social influence 21; Sisters of the Virgin Mary’s Family 306–7 canonisation 44; cult, nineteenth Skarga, Piotr 115, 121; Kazania sejmowe century 239–40 [Sermons to the Diet] 95; Zywoty Stary Sacz (convent), foundation 43 Swietych [Lives of the Saints] 149 Staszic, Stanislaw (1755–1826) 175

382 Index

state cults, Christianity’s role 21–2 Theatines xxxvi; and education, in the Polish state–Church relations see Church–state Enlightenment 179, 181; seventeenth relations and eighteenth centuries 143, 144 Stations of the Cross 52 theology: fourteenth and fifteenth centuries Stefan Bathory, King, support for Jesuits’ 68–70; twentieth century 258–9 educational activities 111 Thietmar of Mersburg, Bishop 10, 11, 21 Stojalowski, Stanislw (1845–1911), and the Thomas Aquinas, St 207; Summa Theologiae, peasant movement 235 nature 31; teaching used as support for Strahkuas-Christian (brother of Dobrava, wife Polish nationalism 219 of Mieszko I) 10, 11 tithes 19, 37 Strumillo, Andrzej, and the scouting Tob, Baal Shem (Israel ben Eliezer) movement 251 (1700–60) 133 Strzelno (convent in Wielkopolska) 18, 26 Tocqueville, Alexis de 253–4 Stwosz, Wit (Vit Stoss) 62 (fig. 3), 63 Tokarczuk, Ignacy (bishop of Przemysl), social Sulejow (monastery in Malopolska), standing of the clergy 284 foundation 18 toleration 88, 93–5, 123–4; Statute of Sunday observance 21–2, 88 General Toleration (1573) 94 Surowiecki, Karol, opposition to Tomasz (Bishop of Wroclaw) 49 freemasonry 177 Torun 99; grammar school, competition Sweden 95, 131, 136 with Jesuit schools 111; Jesuit college Swiatlo i Zycie (Light and Life) (Catholic plundered (1724) 134 youth movement) 329, 339 Towianski, Andrzej, influences Swiety Krzyz Mountain, shrine 8 Resurrectionists 229 Swinka, Jakub, archbishop of Gniezno Traba, Mikolaj, Archbishop 65, 71 (1283–1314) 41 Trade Unions 287–8 Syllabus (papal encyclical) 206 Transylvania: and toleration, in sixteenth Synod of the Polish Catholic Church (1936) century 94; Georg Rakocsi (Prince) 280–1 105; nationalism and clerical support 214 synods, development, thirteenth century 38 Traugutt, Romuald (leader of January Rising, Szarzynski, Mikolaj Sep 114, 115 1863) 222 Szeptucki, Metropolitan 300 Trent, Council of (1545–63) 86–7, 88, 102, Szeptycki, Andrzej (metropolitan of Lwow, 110, 112, 126–9 1900–44) 213, 265, 270, 271, 273 Truszkowska, Zofia(1825–99, founder of szlachta (nobility), and tithes 19 Felician Sisters) 227 Szmidt, Zofia 91 Trzemieszno (monastery in Great Poland) 18 Szwejnic, Edward (educationalist) 289 Turks, as threat to Christianity 51, 57–8 Szymanski, Antoni (1881–1941, president of Turowicz, Jerzy (editor, Tygodnik Powszechny) the Revival Union of the Polish Catholic 311 Intelligentsia) 250, 290, 315 Tycznski (parish priest of Albigowa near Szymanski, Benjamin (Capuchin) 226 Lansut) 244 Szymon of Lipnica (beatified Bernadine) 61 Tygodnik Powszechny (weekly magazine) 311, 327, 342 Taize´ Community (in France) 262, 339 Tyniec (abbey) 15 Tartars: invasions, thirteenth century 33;as element in Polish-Lithuanian community, Uchaa¨ski, Jakub (archbishop of Griezno, Reformation period 91 primate) 101 Tazbir, Janusz, and Polish Brethren Ukraine xxxviii; nationalism and clerical communities 105 support for 213; racial conflict between Teilhard de Chardin, Pierre 258 Ukrainians and Poles, effects on the Teodorowicz, Jozef (archbishop of Lwow, Church in the Second World War 300 Armenian Catholic Church in Poland) Ukrainian Nationalists, Organisation of 271 270 Ukrainians, and the Uniate Church, Second Teutonic Knights xxxvii, 33, 55, 57; Polish Republic 270–1 opposition to 72–3; opposition to 76; unction 48 see also military Orders Unger, Bishop 13

Index 383

Uniate Catholic Church (Ukrainian Catholic to 260, 262–3, 324–5 Church), post-communist era 337–8 Verbum (quarterly magazine) 291 Uniate Churches: and Catholic Church vernacular, use demanded by the postulates (1770) xv (map 7); sixteenth and (1555) 101 seventeenth centuries 117–18; vicar generals, appointment, thirteenth seventeenth and eighteenth centuries century 38 132–3, 135, election of bishops 138, Vienna, Congress (1815), and reformation of parish organisation 139, clergy 140; diocesan boundaries 197–8 eighteenth century: missions 148, and Vilno see Wilno religious Orders 149, Latinisation 153; Vincent de Paul, St xxxvi, 143, 148 during the Polish Enlightenment 183–4; Vincent Pallotti, St (1795-1850) xxxvi effects of Austrian reforms after Visitandines (Order of the Visitation) 143, Partition 192;effects of Russian reforms 144 after Partition 193, 194–5; Second Visitant Nuns, cult of the Most Holy Heart of World War 265; Second Republic Jesus 158 270–1, 275; (Lwow), dissolution (1946) Vladimir the Great, St (ruler of Kievan Rus) 300; in the General-Gouvernment 302; 2 post-Second World War 312; see also Volhynia xxxviii, 272–3 Orthodox Churches, Orthodox–Catholic Voltaire 166 relations Uniate Ukrainian Church, in Canada 292 W Drodze (monthly periodical) 327 Union, Act of (1595) 117 Wachock (monastery in Malopolska) 18 Union of Seniors of Odrodzenie 290 Walcz (Wielkopolska) 99 Union of Soviet Socialist Republics see USSR Walega, Leon (bishop of Tarnow), and the United Evangelical Church, post-Second peasant movement 235 World War 313 Walesa, Lech (leader of Solidarity) 335, 342 United Kingdom, Polish diaspora, communist Walter (bishop of Wroclaw) 25 era 322, 323 Warmia xxxviii; bishop see Krasicki United States of America: hierarchical Warmia diocese (1815) 197; seventeenth and expansion of Catholic Church, eighteenth centuries 136 nineteenth century 201–2; Polish Warmia, Duchy, Prussia secularises Church diaspora 292, 322 properties 192 universities, fourteenth and fifteenth Warsaw xxxvii; archbishops see Felinski, centuries 69–74; see also education Wyszynski; province 197, 315; urbanisation 203, 232–5 established as residence of the primate of Ursulines, Order of xxxvi, 128, 146, 226, Poland (1946) 311; parish networks 283 233; Protestant presence 274–6; All USSR (Union of Soviet Socialist Republics): Saints parish 281; rebuilding after 1945 relations with the Churches 264, 267–8; possible through work of Canaletto 145 Polish diaspora 292, 322; policy towards (fig. 6), development in the Baroque era the Church, Second World War 150–1 299–300; see also Russian Empire Warsaw (duchy) 195–7 Warsaw (Praga district) population in early Vaclav, St 10 twentieth century 233 Varna (battle, 1444) 58 Warsaw University 280, 320; Orthodox Vatican: relationship with the Italian state Theological College 272; Department of (1929) 256; Division of Christian Unity Evangelical Theology 274 262; Secretariat for Non-Christians Warsaw Uprising 304, 307 (1965) 263; see also papacy, Roman Warsaw, Virgin Mary the Sorrowful parish, Church social work, Second World War 306 Vatican I (1869–70) 206, 255 Wat, Aleksander (communist intellectual) Vatican II (1962–5) 255, 257, 258; Apostolic 303 Constitution on the Church in the Weber, Max 119, 120 Modern World 259–60; laity’s role in Weeks of Christian Culture 335 the Catholic Church 260, 261; reactions Wejherowo (pilgrimages) 158

384 Index

Werki (pilgrimages) 158 Wojciechowski, Tadeusz (historian) 15 Wesley, John 168 Wojtarowicz, Jozef (Bishop of Tarnow), Wesoly, Szczepan, Bishop 321 nationalism 221 Western Pomerania: diocese founded 16; Wojtyla, Karol see John Paul II, Pope establishment of Lutheran Church Wola (district of Warsaw), population in early (1534) 96–7; and Lutheranism 99 twentieth century 233 westernisation, fourteenth and fifteenth Wolff, Christian 168 centuries 74–83 Wolin (diocese), foundation 16 Westfalia, Peace of (1648) 98 women, lay 80, 144, 146, 250 Wetmanski, Leon (Suffragan Bishop of women religious, see nuns Plock) 299 working classes 234–5, 328–32 Wielkopolska xxxvii, 98, 99, 100, 106 World Council of Churches 261–2 Wiez (monthly periodical) 327, 342 World Missionary Conferences 261 Wilkowski, Kasper, conversion to Woroniecki, Adam (1879–1949) 250, 330 Catholicism 115 Woroniecki, Jacek (Dominican teacher) Wilno Academy 194 290–1 Wilno (diocese) 55; parishes, sixteenth Wozniakowski, Jacek 175 century 60; parishes, seventeenth and Wroclaw (formerly Breslau, Silesia) xxxviii, eighteenth centuries 139; bishops see 15, 97; bishopric, foundation 13; Massalski, Radziwill bishops see Tomasz, Walter; diocese Wilno Jesuit College 111 136, 197 Wilno University 112, 193, 194, 280 Wroclaw, St Mary’s Church, tympanum Wincenty, Master: chronicle 27, 28, 44; 26–7 election as Bishop of Krakow (1207) 36 Wschowa (Wielkopolska) 99 Wislica: baptismal fonts 11; St Mary’s Wycliffe, John 53 Church, floor engraving 27 Wyek, Jakub (Jesuit translator of the Bible) Wislica region, parish churches 18 121 Wisniosiecki, Jeremi 129 Wyspianski, Stanislaw 249 Wit, Bishop (thirteenth-century missionary) Wysz, Piotr (bishop of Krakow) 71; 43 development of Krakow university witches, persecution 155 66–7 Witos, Wincenty (1874–1945, leader of the Wyszynski, Stefan, Cardinal (primate, all-Polish movement) 235, 242 archbishop of Gniezno and Warsaw, Wladyslaw of Goleniow (beatified Bernardine) formerly bishop of Lublin) (1901–81) 61 290, 315–19, 333 (fig. 10); renewal of King Wladyslaw II Jagiellon (Ladislaus Jagiello), Jan Kazimierz’s vows (1956) 323–4; and King 54–5 Polish religious culture 325–6 Wladyslaw IV (Ladislaus IV), King 95, 118, Wyzwolenie [Liberation] Party (radical 143 peasant party) 269 Wladyslaw (King of Bohemia) 57 Wladyslaw (Ladislaus) Herman, Prince 22–3 Zablocki, Janusz (leader of Polish Wladyslaw Lokietek (Ladislaus I), King 54, Catholic-Social Union) 318 57 Zagosc (monastery) 19 Wladyslaw Warnenczyk (Ladislaus of Varna) Zaluski, Andrzej Stanislaw (bishop of 57–8 Krakow) 178 Wlast, Piotr (founder, St Mary’s Church Zaluski, Jozef Andrzej (bishop of Kiev) 178 [Wroclaw]) 26–7 Zamosc Synod (1720) 132 Wlast, Swietoslawa-Maria (wife of Piotr Zamoyska, Jadwiga de domo Dzialynska Wlast) 27 (1831–1923) 250 Wlastowice family 26–7 Zamoyski Code (1778–80) 186, 189 Wloclawek: cathedral 63; diocese 16, 36–7 Zamoyski, Jan, funeral oration for 160 Wlodkowic, Pawel (rector of Krakow Zbigniew (brother of King Krzywousty) 23 University) 73 Zbylitowski, Piotr, Schadzka ziemianska Wojciech, St (St Adalbert) 9, 12, 13, 14, 15, [Gathering of the Gentry] 153 20, 21; cult, nineteenth century 239 Zdaniewicz, W., on Catholic Action 286

Index 385

Zeromski, Stefan 249 King 99, 102, 107, 108, 110 Znak (Catholic group in the Sjem) 317–18, Zygmunt III (Sigismund III Vasa), King 95, 327, 342 113, 118 Zolkiewski, Stanislaw 116 Zygmunt Stary, King, opposition to ZSZ (Union of Professional Societies) 287 Protestantism 98–9 Zwiastun Ewangelicki [The Evangelical Zywot Najswietszej Rodziny 79 Harbinger] (evangelical magazine) 274 Zywot Pana Jezusa Krysta (Baltazar Opec) Zychlinski, Aleksander (educationalist) 289 79–80 Zygmunt August (Sigismund Augustus), ZZP (Polish Employees Union) 287–8