Desperate Housewives‟: Een Filmanalyse

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Desperate Housewives‟: Een Filmanalyse UNIVERSITEIT GENT FACULTEIT POLITIEKE EN SOCIALE WETENSCHAPPEN Doomed to be desperate? De representatie van de ambivalente rollen van de huisvrouw in de serie „Desperate Housewives‟: een filmanalyse Wetenschappelijke verhandeling aantal woorden: 24‟269 ELISE GILDEMYN MASTERPROEF COMMUNICATIEWETENSCHAPPEN afstudeerrichting FILM- EN TELEVISIESTUDIES PROMOTOR: PROF. DR. SOFIE VAN BAUWEL COMMISSARIS: LIC. FIEN ADRIAENS COMMISSARIS: DR. VEVA LEYE ACADEMIEJAAR 2009 - 2010 i QUOTE “We all have moments of desperation. But if we face them head on, that's when we find out just how strong we really are". -Mary Alice Young- ii ABSTRACT Doomed to be desperate? De representatie van de ambivalente rollen van de huisvrouw in de serie „Desperate Housewives‟: een filmanalyse Van Beyoncé‟s nieuwste videoclip tot Martha Stewart, het lijkt wel of het personage van de huisvrouw een „comeback‟ gemaakt heeft in de hedendaagse populaire cultuur. Sinds de televisieserie Desperate Housewives eind 2004 op de Amerikaanse zender ABC verscheen, werd het van de ene op de andere dag een overweldigend succes. De serie groeide uit tot een waar cultureel fenomeen door de verfrissende en komische manier waarmee ze omgaat met de tegenstrijdige verlangens en dilemma‟s van de hedendaagse vrouw. De serie is intussen al aan haar zevende seizoen toe. Het postfeminisme wordt gekenmerkt door keuzes en tegenstrijdigheden die ontsproten in de voorafgaande feministische bewegingen. Is het mogelijk – in een samenleving waarin vrouwen meer dan ooit de keuze hebben – om een carrière met het moederschap succesvol te combineren? Met andere woorden, „can women have it all‟? Door middel van een thematische filmanalyse onderzoeken we de manier waarop de ambivalente verlangens van de hedendaagse vrouw geïntegreerd en verder geëxploreerd worden in Desperate Housewives, aan de hand van personages Bree en Lynette. We vertrekken hiervoor vanuit een analysemodel van binaire opposities om de tegenstrijdigheden die ermee gepaard gaan duidelijk in kaart te brengen. Dit analysemodel hebben we verder aangevuld met concepten en thema‟s, afkomstig uit verschillende theoretische invalshoeken zoals het feminisme, postfeminisme en postmodernisme. Uiteindelijk kunnen we besluiten dat ongeacht de rollen die de vrouwen in de serie vervullen -voltijdse moeder, carrièrevrouw of beiden- ze allen tot hetzelfde resultaat leiden: wanhoop. Dit bevestigt dat de huisvrouwen „doomed to be desperate‟ zijn. iii VOORWOORD Eerst en vooral wil ik mijn promotor, Prof. Dr. Sofie Van Bauwel, bedanken voor haar tijd en advies. Samen met Prof. Dr. Biltereyst heeft ze haar passie en enthousiasme voor film en televisie kunnen overdragen. Hartelijk dank aan Fien Adriaens voor haar hulp en begrip. Speciale dank aan Tanneke Van De Walle voor de vriendelijke babbel bij elk bezoekje aan de bibliotheek. Zonder de steun van mijn familie zou ik er nooit geraakt zijn, het ultieme bewijs dat geen enkele afstand of tijdsverschil te groot is om er voor elkaar te zijn, mede dankzij de moderne technologie. Papa, bedankt om mijn studies gefinancierd te hebben en me de mogelijkheid te geven om volgend jaar in Edinburgh te gaan studeren. Mama, dank voor je eindeloze liefde en steun. Je gaf me altijd een duwtje in de rug wanneer ik het nodig had. Een speciale vermelding voor mijn beide zussen die me altijd de sterkte gegeven hebben om nooit op te geven en om in mezelf te geloven. Marie, vanuit Galapagos tot in Gent, je bent er altijd voor mij geweest. Aurélie, je hebt me in elk aspect van mijn leven begeleid en met de nodige humor aangemoedigd tot elke eindstreep. Een speciale dank aan mijn „zusje‟ en kotgenote Inge voor je talloze aanmoedigingen en vriendschap. Dank aan Evert voor het nalezen van mijn paper. Een bezoekje aan de Universal Studio‟s in Californië in 2007 heeft mij onverwacht tot in Wisteria Lane zelf gebracht. Daar is mijn enthousiasme voor de serie nog meer toegenomen, hoewel ik zelf wat „desperate‟ momenten gekend heb tijdens het schrijven van mijn masterproef. Na talloze obstakels en taalhindernissen overwonnen te hebben, ben ik er uiteindelijk geraakt! Deze vijf jaren in Gent waren een fantastische ervaring die ik iedereen toewens. Ik ben er volwassen geworden en ben klaar om de wereld te veroveren! Elise Gildemyn iv INHOUDSTABEL Quote .......................................................................................................................................... ii Abstract ..................................................................................................................................... iii Voorwoord ................................................................................................................................ iv Inhoudstabel ............................................................................................................................... v Figurenlijst en tabellenlijst ...................................................................................................... vii Inleiding..................................................................................................................................... 1 Deel A: Theoretisch Luik ......................................................................................................... 3 1 Het feminisme als historische golf en academische studie ............................................ 3 1.1 Inleiding over het feminisme ................................................................................................... 3 1.2 De eerste feministische golf: eind 18de eeuw tot begin 20ste eeuw ........................................ 4 1.3 De tweede feministische golf: jaren 1960-1980 ...................................................................... 4 1.3.1 De liberale feministische stroming .................................................................................. 5 1.3.2 De radicale feministische stroming ................................................................................. 5 1.3.3 De socialistische feministische stroming ......................................................................... 6 1.4 De derde feministische golf: jaren 1980-1990 ........................................................................ 6 1.4.1 Het postfeminisme ten opzichte van de derde feministische golf ..................................... 7 1.5 Kritiek ten opzichte van de feministische golven .................................................................... 8 1.6 Het ontstaan van het feminisme als academische studie ......................................................... 9 1.6.1 De media als katalysator voor de ideologische onderdrukking van de vrouw? ............ 10 2 Het postmodernisme, de media en de stereotypering van genderrollen .................... 12 2.1 Het concept „gender‟ ............................................................................................................. 12 2.2 Stereotypering en de strijd om de representatie van de „echte‟ vrouw .................................. 13 2.2.1 Hedendaags onderzoek naar genderrollen en -stereotypering in televisieprogramma‟s .. ....................................................................................................................................... 14 2.3 Het postmodernisme en haar visie op „de‟ werkelijkheid ..................................................... 15 2.3.1 Hybride genres en intertekstualiteit als kenmerken van het postmodernisme ............... 16 2.3.2 Het postmodernisme en haar relatie met het postfeminisme ......................................... 18 3 Het postfeminisme en haar ambivalentie tegenover de rol van de hedendaagse vrouw .. ........................................................................................................................................... 19 3.1 Het feminisme en haar ambivalente houding tegenover de huisvrouw ................................. 19 3.2 De „post‟ in postfeminisme: afbreuk of continuïteit van het feminisme? ............................. 20 3.2.1 De pessimistische visie van het postfeminisme of „backlash‟: afbreuk van het feminisme ....................................................................................................................................... 21 3.2.2 De optimistische visie van het postfeminisme: continuïteit van het feminisme ............. 22 v 3.3 Postfeministische thema‟s in televisieseries: Ally McBeal en Sex and the City ................... 22 3.4 „Having it all ?‟ De postfeministische ambivalentie tussen de carrière- vrouw en de huisvrouw ............................................................................................................................................... 24 3.4.1 The rhetoric of choice .................................................................................................... 26 3.4.2 Having it all? ................................................................................................................. 26 4 Desperate Housewives .................................................................................................... 29 4.1 ABC en de productiecontext ................................................................................................. 29 4.2 Facts and figures .................................................................................................................... 30 4.2.1 Kijkcijfers ...................................................................................................................... 31 4.3 De titelsequentie: wanhopige
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