The US Navy Japanese/Oriental Language School Archival Project The Interpreter Archives, University of Colorado at Boulder Libraries Number 237 Remember September 11, 2001 [email protected] November 1, 2017

Our Mission the University of Colorado, returned to Hawaii where he consultant for the Council on Boulder, where he received his remained at least until March. International Educational In the Spring of 2000, the certification in Japanese on April Since we are missing letters Exchange (1970, 1973). Archives continued the origi- 15, 1944, and then attended the from April and May 1945 his Burks supported many nal efforts of Captain Roger Advanced Naval Intelligence whereabouts during this time are endeavors related to Japanese Pineau and William Hudson, School in New York City. not known. However in June studies, such as the Japan and the Archives first at- Afterwards, he was 1945 he arrived in Guam where Society in New York and the tempts in 1992, to gather the commissioned as a lieutenant he remained until October 1945. International House of Japan in papers, letters, photographs, (junior grade) in the U. S. Naval Later that same month he Tokyo. He was also heavily and records of graduates of Reserves, and served as a traveled to Shanghai, China, involved in the Association for the US Navy Japanese/ Language Officer during World Jinsen, Korea and Sasebo, Japan. Asian Studies, serving on its Oriental Language School, War II in the Pacific Theater. By October 29, he was back at Board of Directors (1972-1975) University of Colorado at In June 1944 Burks reported sea aboard the USS Blackford, a and as the Chairman for the Boulder, 1942-1946. We for passage on the U.S.S. self-propelled barracks ship with Northeast Asia Regional Council assemble these papers in Barnes, 14th Naval District. He a troop capacity of 990. (1972-1973). He participated in recognition of the contribu- worked as a language officer for After the war, Burks the prestigious Columbia tions made by JLS/OLS Commander in Chief, Pacific immersed himself in academia. University Seminar on Modern instructors and graduates to (CINCPAC) and Joint In 1948 he began his career at East Asia: Japan, from its the War effort in the Pacific Intelligence Center, Pacific Rutgers as a professor of inception in 1963, serving as its and the Cold War, to the Ocean Areas (JICPOA). Burks' Political Science, serving as its chairman on two occasions: creation of East Asian assignments took him to islands chairman from 1962 through 1966-1967 and 1987-1988. From language programs across that saw significant battles 1965. In 1966 he accepted a 1956 to 1964, Burks was the the country, and to the during the war including Leyte position as a visiting professor director of various summer development of Japanese- and Biak. He also served aboard for the East Asian Institute at institutes for secondary school American cultural rec- U.S.S. Young America during Columbia University. He teachers dedicated to raising onciliation programs after this time and had 240 enlisted returned to Rutgers in the fall of interest in Asian Studies in pre- World War II. men under his command. His 1966, moving into administrative college students. The first of

Ardath W. Burks active duty ended in September duties as the Director of these institutes was held at the 1946. Lt. Burks supplied International Programs until University of Delaware in 1956; (1915-2015) intelligence information directly 1973. In 1973 Burks joined the later ones took place at Temple JLS 1944 to Lieutenant Colonel John Haas. formal administration of Rutgers University, the University of Hass forwarded reports to as the Associate Vice President Hawaii, and Rutgers University. Ardath Walter Burks was born Commander J. W. Steele, who in for Academic Affairs. His efforts From the beginning of his May 1, 1915 in Covington, turn forwarded them to General to establish a Department of tenure at Rutgers, Burks devoted Kentucky to Alonzo Edwin Joseph Twitty, JICPOA San Asian Studies culminated in his his energies to reviving interest Burks, an assistant freight agent Francisco, California appointment as the first in Japan and renewing ties for the C & O Railroad, and Only vague hints are provided Professor of Asian Studies in between Rutgers and Fukui Clara Grace McCracken Burks. as to Burks' location and exact 1977. He formally retired in University which had originated He married Virginia Jane Lyle duties during his service, but the 1981, and was subsequently in the mid-nineteenth century. Burks on November 15, 1941; following timeline was created recognized as a Professor With his enthusiastic promotion their son, Stephen Riki Burks, from information extracted from Emeritus of Asian Studies. and participation, Rutgers was born in 1954. Ardath W. Burks Papers, 1928- During his academic career, University and Fukui University Burks received his B.A. from 1996: Burks remained active in built a collaborative relationship the University of Cincinnati in Burks left for sea in June research and writing and made manifested in various activities 1939, his M.A. from the 1944 and in July returned to numerous research trips. such as: the formation of University of Minnesota in 1941, Hawaii. By October 1944 he was Amongst other positions, he was Rutgers-kai, the Rutgers and his Ph.D. from the School of writing home from "somewhere a Research Associate and the Association of Fukui (1978); the Advanced International Studies in the Pacific" and on November Acting Field Director for the establishment of the Griffis- at Johns Hopkins University in 7, 1944 referenced his location University of Michigan Center Kusakabe Fund (1978); and the 1949. However, World War II "somewhere in the Philippines." for Japanese Studies in Okayama creation of a formal exchange interrupted his progress towards In mid-November Burks (1952-1953); a Senior Research program between Rutgers and his doctorate. He served as an describes visiting a primitive Fulbright Fellow for Humanistic Fukui University (1981). Burks Associate Economic Analyst for village that he describes as "one Studies at Kyoto University also actively supported positive the Office of Naval Intelligence generation out of headhunting." (1958-1959); a recipient of the relations between the United from 1941 to 1943. In 1943, On November 23 he indicates Ford Travel-Study Grant, States and Japan on local and upon obtaining a release from his that he moved to a new island representing Rutgers and acting national levels. Due in part to his deferment, Burks enlisted in the twenty-five miles from the as a liaison with Tokyo enthusiasm, New Brunswick United States Navy. He pursued former location. By December Metropolitan University (1962); signed a Sister Cities agreement intensive language training 1944 he had docked in Brisbane, a Resident Consultant of the with the city of Fukui in 1982, through the Naval Training Australia. In January 1945 he International House of Japan, and New Jersey entered into a School (Oriental Languages) at Inc., in Tokyo (1965); and a sister state agreement with Fukui Prefecture in 1990. In 1982, and University Archives, Rutgers the Japanese felt very area. But it was quite a feat. We Burks was recognized as an University Libraries, told me comfortable with just got a lot of information out of honorary citizen of Fukui. that Professor Burks died on broadcasting, without encoding the prisoners of war. They felt Burks was in many ways January 10, 2015.] anything: just their own language disgraced because they were responsible for promoting the because they knew nobody could captured rather than killed. They William Elliot Griffis Collection, Fernanda Perrone & Marci Cook understand them. had not given up their lives for held by Special Collections and Guide to the Dr. Myers: Was it your job to their Emperor. They got over Ardath W. Burks Papers, 1928-1996 University Archives, Rutgers listen to broadcasts and read that feeling because we treated 2004 & 2006 University Libraries. The Griffis Special Collections and University newspapers? them pretty well with cigarettes Collection documents the life of Archives, Rutgers University Dr. Chaffin: That was some of and some food. We got a lot of Griffis, who was one of the first Libraries it, yes, as well as interrogation of information from them. They oyatoi gaikokujin (foreign Finding aid encoded in EAD, version prisoners of war. We would would break down and talk. employees) serving in the Meiji 2002 by Kristy S. Buchalla, 2005, translate captured documents. On Dr. Myers: Did they teach you government. Griffis was also Ami DiPasquale, 2006, and Leah the battlefield. We would get how to do an interrogation? Gass, 2006 involved in tutoring a number of ______radio transmissions, and had Dr. Chaffin: Yes, we had a lot ryûgakusei (overseas students) some people who knew how to of training on that, and then who studied at Rutgers in the An Interview with decode. That was not part of my being a lawyer helped me, too. mid to late nineteenth century. Dr. Verner Chaffin job at the time, but I did a lot of Dr. Myers: Did you take more Burks's later research centered interrogation of prisoners of war. of a friendly approach? on March 16, 2012 on the yatoi and ryûgakusei. He One of our most valued Dr. Chaffin: Yes, I did. I had a helped organize two major (Cont’d from Issue #236, p. 4) documents was a diary, and very disarming approach and not conferences on the yatoi, one at Dr. Myers: What was the almost every Japanese soldier at aggressive at all. No blame; no Rutgers in 1967 and one at Fukui dropout rate? that time had his own personal nothing. We treated them with University in 1985, which were Dr. Chaffin [JLS 1944]: I diary. It had a complete history great civility and respect. attended by distinguished Asian remember one time we just of his unit, which was Dr. Myers: So, you were in Studies scholars from around the finished a story about Ronin, the information that we were just Okinawa when the War was over world. The proceedings of the 47 feudal retainers who gave up dying to get, you know. And or when they dropped the atom 1967 conference were published their lives to protect their feudal they had information about bomb? as The Modernizers: Overseas overlord. Forty-seven Japanese casualties, about morale, about Dr. Chaffin: Yes, when the War Students, Foreign Employees, language students were all kinds of things. So we could was over. I think they had just and Meiji Japan (Kindaika no dismissed and sent back home. build a pretty good picture of the dropped the atomic bomb a few suishintach; ryugakusei, oyatoi- That wasn’t just a coincidence, order of battle of that unit from days earlier. gaikokujin to Meiji), and those but it was just that ruthless. the diary. I want to say something about of the 1985 conference as Dr. Myers: So you had to study Dr. Myers: Did they ever catch the atomic bomb that was Foreign Employees in all the time? on that you all were reading their dropped on Nagasaki and Nineteenth Century Japan (Za Dr. Chaffin: All the time. All diaries? Hiroshima that effectively ended Yatoi). the time. A lot of people just had Dr. Chaffin: They did toward World War II. Japan suffered After retirement, Burks physical and mental problems, the end. They knew that we were hundreds of thousands of civilian maintained his ties to Rutgers you know, that caused them to onto them and were making use casualties. President Harry University and Fukui. He helped leave the school. They couldn’t of those diaries. It was hurting Truman ordered the bomb to be found Rutgers University take it. them. They finally issued an dropped, and there was a lot of Academy for Lifelong Learning Dr. Myers: From stress? order banning all Japanese criticism directed at that. But I (RU-ALL). He acted as a Dr. Chaffin: Stress and military from having any diaries. keep thinking that a lot of lives volunteer member of the Sister- Tremors. It exposed latent We saw the order! were saved, and probably my life Cities Committee of New problems that they didn’t even Dr. Meyers: You ended up in as well, because I would have Brunswick, and advised New know they had, you know. It Okinawa, but, how did you get been involved in the invasion of Brunswick Mayor John Lynch as brought them to the forefront. there? Japan. a member of a delegation from Dr. Myers: When you finished Dr. Chaffin: I went from Pearl General MacArthur planned New Brunswick to Tokyo, that program in Boulder, what Harbor. It was called at Pearl to torch the first strike in the Tsuruoka, Fukui, and Kyoto. did you do? Harbor, Joint Intelligence Center southern part of Kyushu. Other volunteer positions held by Dr. Chaffin: Well I was sent Pacific Ocean Area (JICPOA). It Evidently Japanese intelligence Burks included being a from here to a basic intelligence was a huge intelligence area and discovered our plans and began consultant for Rutgers University school in New York City. We mainly people coming in and rapidly moving troops into the Special Collections and hadn’t had any intelligence going. You’d come in there for a same area we had selected to University Archives and a training at all. It had just been little while and then you’d report invade. But MacArthur stuck by counselor for the Zimmerli Art Japanese. We hadn’t had much to some other area in the Pacific his original plans. Due to Japan’s Museum and International military. If hadn’t gone to that for intelligence. We had a very topography and small size, Center for Japonisme at Rutgers Navy school beforehand at Notre good intelligence outfit by the invasion sites were very limited. University. The Japanese Dame, I wouldn’t have known time World War II ended. Dr. Myers: And the expectation government decorated him in any military at all. So I was Dr. Myers: In your job, were was that there would have been 1990 with the Order of the ahead of most of them because I you near the battles or did you high American casualties. Rising Sun, Gold Rays with had basic training. We used to come in afterwards? Dr. Chaffin: Yes, very high. Neck Ribbon. send people straight out from Dr. Chaffin: Most of the times The Japanese military was well Jane Lyle Burks died in 1991. Boulder without any intelligence we weren’t with the invasion equipped and, well fed. The Ardath Burks currently resides in training at all because they forces at all. We would come in civilian population was at famine Basking Ridge, New Jersey. needed them so bad. It was so later on, pick up the situation, level, but the military was [Albert C. King, Curator of desperate, the need during World and get an intelligence supplied very well. And those Manuscripts, Special Collections War II. When the War started, organization going on in that troops coming in from Continental Asia were fresh. whole car for our use. (to be the Bronze Star by the Vice John T. Harrington They were well equipped and cont’d) Admiral of the Navy, J.S. everything. It was amazing how Excerpt from McCain, for his “tireless energy 1921 – 2015 much the Japanese civilians had Cayce Myers, and great professional skill” and JLS 1943 “An Interview of Dr. Verner suffered, and they were on the producing and interpreting John Timothy "Tim" Harrington verge of an actual hunger crisis Chaffin”, The Journal of Southern special intelligence information Legal History: died April 25, 2015. He was situation. They spent most of the XXII (2014), 47-51. concerning enemy forces which nearly 94 and he died peacefully time looking for food when we ______was of material value in the at his home, just as he wanted, of got to Japan during the ANDREW D. SABETTA conduct of operations against the old age. His wife, Deborah Occupation. The population was ESQ, JLS 1944 enemy. Reynolds Harrington, going from one place to the other 1923 – 2015 His legal career began in predeceased him. He leaves his looking for food. But at any rate, 1950 with United Aircraft Corp., children, Elizabeth (Christopher) Andrew D. Sabetta, Esq., age 92, an invasion of Japan would have now United Technologies, as a Moore, Samuel (Debbie Weil) of Shelton, CT, entered into his been a battle to the end. We Corporate Attorney. He had Harrington, Hannah (Joseph) eternal rest on Wednesday would have won that battle and strong desires to help the people Graziano, and Jane (Jon) Coble; March 18, 2015, in CT Hospice we would have defeated Japan, who helped him, so he left that his 13 grandchildren and his 13 in Branford. He was the devoted but it would have been a high position to return to Derby to great-grandchildren. In addition, husband of the late Lillian price to pay on both sides. practice law. He was a part time he is survived by his nephew, Mongillo Sabetta. Mr. Sabetta We were working on a Public Defender for the State of Thomas (Maggie) Harrington was born in Derby on March 16, strategy for the invasion at the Connecticutt for over 25 years, and niece, Kathryn Harrington, 1923, son of the late Ferdinand time right after the fall of while working at his law firm of and his sister-in-law, Marian and Anna Sabetta, and was a Okinawa. Before the peace treaty Sabetta and Ryan. While a Harrington Wierman; his lifelong Valley resident. He was signed, we were working on Public Defender, he worked brother-in-law, Edward graduated from Derby High the invasion of Japan. tirelessly to represent and Reynolds, and his sister-in-law, School, Class of 1940. He went There was a big typhoon right support hundreds of individuals Dorothea Reynolds Hanson; and on to attend Yale University, after the peace treaty was signed. who could not afford their own 10 Reynolds nieces and Pierson College, and graduated That interfered with our getting lawyer, and provided them the nephews. Tim was a devoted with a BA in 1944. After his occupation forces into Japan legal support and guidance that family man and he took an active service in World War II, he went because it hit Okinawa. There ultimately enabled many to interest, and great pleasure, in on to attend Yale University Law were two or three days that improve their lives. He went on each and every member of his School, and graduated with his Okinawa was just paralyzed. It to open his own firm of Sabetta large, extended family. JD in 1950. knocked out planes and all and Sabetta, with his son, He was born in Madison, WI Mr. Sabetta proudly served means of getting there. I got my Andrew Sabetta Jr. on May 26, 1921, graduated his country during WWII in the orders to report to the He is the beloved father of from the University of th US Navy, obtaining the rank Commandant Marine 5 Phib Andrew D. Sabetta, Jr., and his Wisconsin High School (1938), Lieutenant JG. He served in the Corps, wherever he may be, but I wife Lucy of Berlin, CT, Eric N. Harvard College (1942), and American Theatre, the Asiatic- had no idea where he was. I said, Sabetta, and his wife Cheryl, of Harvard Law School (1948). He Pacific, and the Philippine “What?” When I went to look for East Haddam, CT, and Valerie served with the U.S. Navy as a Campaign. As a French him, the soldiers said, “Hell, you D. Sabetta, of Shelton, CT. He is Japanese language officer in the Language major at Yale, upon figure it out. If we knew where the brother of Julia Sabetta Pacific in World War II to the entering the U.S. Navy, he was he was, we would have put that Lanzieri, of Derby, CT, and the war's end, landing with Army sent to the University of in. You find out where he is. It’s late Matthew Sabetta. He is the troops on Kwajalein and on Colorado and immersed into the up to you.” I said, “Well, maybe cherished and beloved Okinawa. Intensive Japanese Language he’s gone home to Chicago and grandfather of Zachary Andrew He was a partner in the law Training Program for 14 months, I’ll go back there and report to Yei Joon Sabetta, and Lily Min firm of Quarles & Brady and followed by Basic Intelligence him.” And they said “Oh yeah? Sabetta, of East Haddam, CT. He practiced law in Milwaukee from Training at the Henry Hudson You’ll be court martialed.” also leaves several nieces and 1948 until his retirement in 1990. School for 5 weeks. His Naval Anyway, we caught a plane nephews. He was a wonderful Mr. Harrington was buried at a service included the Joint that had been through the father for his 3 children and private graveside service. There Intelligence Center in the typhoon. It was piloted by grandfather for Zack and Lily. will be no other services. The Pacific, a Translator and Tyrone Power, the movie star. He enabled his family to family would like to sincerely Japanese Interpreter for the Fleet He was a Marine Captain, and he spend fantastic vacations thank his devoted team of Radio Units in the Pacific, a was taking the last cargo flight together in Hawaii, Europe, and caregivers. They made his wish Staff Commander for the Second up to Japan before being the mainland U.S. Great times for a dignified death, in his own Carrier Task Force, a Staff discharged. We didn’t know were spent at the family cottage home, possible. where he was going. He said, “I Commander Task Force 31, Staff in New Hampshire skiing, Intelligence 4th Marine Milwaukee Journal Sentinel can’t take you.” Well, he found sailing, hiking, and just loving May 2, 2015 out that we had some booze, and Regiment, Staff Commander life. He was a great man who ______he made room for us along with Fleet Activities, Yokouska, truly cared about others less the cargo. So we flew out from Japan, and Staff Commander fortunate and about doing all we William H. Amos Okinawa, got out on one end of Marianas Islands, among other can to make the world a better 1921-2015 the southern part of Japan, and assignments. For his brave and place. We love you Dad. We will loyal service he was awarded the JLS 1942 had to make our way to the place miss you! We will carry on with where the Marine Commandant Victory Ribbon, the American your legacy. William Hopkins (Bill) Amos, was. We found out he was over Area Campaign Ribbon, the age 94, son of Harold Curtice Asiatic-Pacific Campaign The New Haven Register at Sasebo, the naval base. We Mar. 21, 2015 and Ethel Woolsey Hopkins commandeered a train and this Ribbon (2 Stars), and Navy Unit ______Amos, died June 3, 2015, at his

Japanese conductor emptied the Commendation. He was awarded home in St. Johnsbury, Vermont, in the company of family. He In retirement, Bill's writing the Harris County Democrats in Assistant to William Jay Smith was born on Jan. 31, 1921. and photography focused on 1948. His wife, Catherine Dear Ms. Kimura: Bill developed a lifelong subjects near his St. Johnsbury Russell Dixie, a noted musician passion for natural history and home that he shared with his known for her volunteer work According to the list of Poet biology as a child growing up in beloved wife, the late Catherine with child cancer patients at Laureates of the United States the Far East, where he attended Janeway Carpender Amos. He M.D. Anderson Hospital, http://www.loc.gov/rr/program/b Brent School in Baguio was the 2005 recipient of the preceded him in death February ib/poetslaureate/, that term was (Philippines), and the American Fairbanks Museum's Franklin 7, 1988. not used officially until Robert School in Japan (Tokyo). He Fairbanks Award for "lifelong Born July 20, 1914, in Penn Warren's selection 1n graduated from Rutgers creative and dedicated service to Memphis, Tennessee, Dixie was 1986. Before 1986, the term used University and completed his Vermont." His Hidden Worlds an only child of Greek by the Library of Congress, from graduate work at Columbia column appeared for more than immigrants. He attended college 1937-1985 was "Consultant in University and the University of 20 years in The Caledonian- and law school at the University Poetry to the Library of Congress”. Delaware. Record, and he also wrote of Texas, earning his law degree During WWII he was an regularly for The North Star in 1936. He began his law However, no webpage is without officer in Naval Intelligence Monthly. practice in Dallas and ran its contradictions, and William (FRUPAC), serving at Pearl All will miss Bill's joyful unsuccessfully for the state Jay Smith is listed as a past Poet Harbor as a cryptologist- enthusiasm and infinite curiosity legislature. He moved to Laureate (see below) translator, helping to break the for the world around him. Houston that same year. http://www.loc.gov/poetry/laurea highest Japanese naval code, JN- Left behind to cherish many From 1943-45, Dixie served te-1961-1970.html. Perhaps the 25, for which he received two years of memories are his five in Naval Intelligence, LC considers all past consultants Naval commendations. deeply loved children and their interrogating prisoners of war at to be laureates, which is good Following the war, Bill was a spouses: Bill (Josephine), Julie Pearl Harbor and combat areas in enough for me. curator at the New York (Tim) Sturm, Steve (Carol), Bob the Pacific Islands [JLS 1944]. Zoological Society before (Anne), and Alison (Tom) After the war, Dixie returned Best Wishes, Dave joining the faculty of St. Muller, 12 grandchildren, and to Houston and joined the law Andrew's School in Delaware. four great-granddaughters. Also firm of Mandell & Combs, Past Poets Laureate: During his 36-year tenure he his faithful feline, Monty. representing Steelworkers, and 1961-1970 inspired hundreds of students in the Oil, Chemical & Atomic The Poetry and Literature his biology and zoology classes The Orleans Record Workers [We have OCAW Center at the Library of and kept in touch with many as June 9, 2015 records in the Archives]. Congress they followed in his footsteps He is survived by cousins and became research scientists or [Ed. Note: Bill Amos was a staunch George Dixie and Iglaya Mauzy and enthusiastic supporter of the master teachers in their own USN JLS/OLS Archival Project. He of Dallas. right. Upon his retirement, the Houston Chronicle wrote in or is mentioned in issues #7, school's science building was #12, #57, #64a, #68, #68a, #69, Mach 12, 2001 dedicated as William H. Amos #69a, #70, #79, #112, #115, #116, [Ed. Note: Thanks go to Mr. Alan Hall. #168, #170, #195, #209, #217 of The Stewart, an attorney and political A staff member of the Interpreter. We will miss him.] associate of Mr. Dixie, who knew of ______American Institute of Biological his friend’s Japanese Language School attendance and provided us Sciences, he was a senior author Local Labor Lawyer and planner, rewriting the with several articles, along with this obituary.] biology curriculum for American Dies from Lung ______high schools, and a member of Cancer at 86 1968-1970 the team that developed the first Reprise on Biology Advanced Placement A memorial service is pending William Jay Smith William Jay Smith Examination. for Christian Dixie, a prominent William Jay Smith (1918- ) was Bill's professional endeavors labor lawyer and one of the Poet Laureate born in Louisiana but grew up in included marine biological founders of the Harris County St. Louis, Missouri. He earned a [I had received a change of research at Mt. Desert Marine Democrats. bachelor’s and a master’s from address providing both email Biological Laboratory, the Dixie died Friday in a local Washington University in St. addressed for William Jay Smith Marine Biological Laboratory in hospital after a brief battle with Louis. Besides his 10 collections OLS 9/8/45, and his assistant, Woods Hole, and the University lung cancer. He was 86. of poetry, Smith wrote criticism, Patty Kimura. So I sent them of Delaware Marine Dixie’s legal career, which translations and children’s both Issue #111, with the entry Laboratories. He received the spanned 45 years, dealt with civil literature. He is particularly taken from the Archives that University Of Delaware Medal rights, school desegregation and noted for his translations of holds his papers.] French, Hungarian, Dutch and Of Distinction in 1986. employment discrimination Author of 15 books, Bill also cases. Thank you for your note to Bill, Brazilian poetry. Smith taught at wrote for the National Park In 1970, Dixie brought and to me. Bill had one Williams College, Columbia Service, Scientific American and attention to civil liberties and comment upon reading the University and Hollins College. the Audubon Society. His 20- education in South Texas by attached issue, and that was that His most recent work is “The year affiliation with the National winning a landmark decision in [which] I share with you that the World Beneath the Window: Geographic Society included Corpus Christie that applied the position he once held at the Poems 1937-1997.” writing and bio-photographic Brown v. Board of Education Library of Congress is now David M. Hays Editor & Archivist illustration for a number of ruling to Hispanic Americans. currently and customarily ______articles and books, as well as the Outside of his law practice, referred to as "United States Poet co-production of a film series. the Democratic Party activist Laureate". worked with others to establish Patty Kimura