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Express Minibus Services in the Lisbon Metropolitan Area: an Innovative Concept and a Feasibility Analysis

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Express Minibus Services in the Lisbon Metropolitan Area: an Innovative Concept and a Feasibility Analysis Express Minibus Services in the Lisbon Metropolitan Area: an innovative concept and a feasibility analysis Tomás Leite Clara de Sousa Eiró Dissertação para obtenção do Grau de Mestre em Engenharia Civil Júri Presidente: Prof. José Álvaro Pereira Antunes Ferreira Orientador: Prof. José Manuel Caré Baptista Viegas Co-orientador: Doutor Luís Miguel Garrido Martínez Vogal: Prof. João António de Abreu e Silva Novembro 2010 Abstract The aim of this dissertation is to examine the viability of the implementation of a new alternative intermediate transport mode in the Lisbon Metropolitan Area. This new innovative system intends to combine the major strengths of both public transport and private vehicles. Conventional public transport system can present efficient space and energy consumption, while private vehicles have high levels of flexibility, are fast and always available. This service will be mainly based on lower capacity buses which have the advantage of being more manoeuvrable, more economic, flexible and are good on providing demand responsive solutions. For that purpose, this work presents a comprehensive methodology which encompasses the potential demand estimation based on current transport demand data, and introducing spatial- temporal constraint of the different service potential customers, the possible location of the service’s stops, as well as, a detailed characterisation of the service operation, including routes and schedules. The global objective of the model is to design a self-sustainable system that maximises the operator’s profit and not to satisfy all the potential demand. All this procedure includes a set of demand and supply parameters, which range of variation is analysed. The obtained results suggest that this service might be significantly profitable to the operator, for some of the demand scenarios tested and a good second best option mainly for private car single drivers. The potential demand may be significant to produce a congestion relief on traffic peak hours. Keywords: Express Minibus service; demand responsive solutions; public transports; private vehicles; linear optimisation. i Resumo O objectivo desta dissertação é estudar a viabilidade de implementação de um novo modo alternativo de transporte na Área Metropolitana de Lisboa. Este novo sistema inovador pretende combinar os pontos fortes do transporte público com os do transporte privado. O transporte colectivo convencional pode apresentar um uso eficiente de espaço e energia enquanto que os veículos privados têm um elevado nível de flexibilidade, são rápidos e estão sempre disponíveis. O serviço será baseado, principalmente, em autocarros de menor capacidade que têm a vantagem de serem mais manobráveis, económicos, flexíveis e são adequados a sistemas de procura variável. Para esse efeito, este trabalho apresenta uma metodologia de avaliação que inclui a estimação da procura potencial com base em dados de procura actual, onde se introduzem restrições espácio-temporais do serviço para os diferentes clientes potenciais, a possível localização das suas paragens, assim como, uma descrição detalhada dos parâmetros de operação, nomeadamente, as rotas e horários de percursos. O objectivo global do modelo é desenhar um sistema auto-sustentável que maximize o lucro do operador, e não satisfazer toda a procura potencial. Todo este procedimento engloba um conjunto de parâmetros de procura e oferta, cujo intervalo de variação é analisado. Os resultados obtidos sugerem que este serviço pode ser significativamente rentável para o operador para alguns dos cenários de procura testados, e uma boa opção, principalmente, para os condutores de transporte individual. A procura potencial poderá levar a uma redução significativa do congestionamento na hora de ponta. Palavras-chave: Serviço de Minibus Expresso; sistemas de procura variável; transporte público; veículo privado; optimização linear. iii Express Minibus Services in the LMA: an innovative concept and a feasibility analysis Acknowledgements Acknowledgements It is with great personal satisfaction that I may say that I have overtaken another big step of my life. The making of my dissertation was a really long process with a lot of obstacles. Obstacles that range from: lacking of resources, changes in the theme, to computation problems and data missing. In all of this long and constructive process there were always some constants in the equation, the people who surrounded me. I would like to start by thanking to my supervisor, Professor José Manuel Viegas, for all of the good advices, conversations, for constantly having an answer and for always being able to add something new to my knowledge. I would like to show my outmost gratitude to my co-supervisor, Luis Martínez, who ended up becoming a big friend of mine. Without his guidance I would had never been able to finish this dissertation. He was an excellent “teacher” with whom I learned a lot and I hope I can continue learning with him. To all of my colleagues of the room 4.25, Ana Raposo, Luis Caetano, Mariana D’Orey and Tiago Ferreira, for being able to cheer me up when things weren’t going so well. All of this process accompanied me everywhere, and sometimes it was necessary to bring work and my mood, which was not always the best, home. Here, my parents Pedro and Ana, my brother João, my sister Filipa and Sara were always comprehensive and supportive. A special thanks, also, to all of my closest friends. I would also like to acknowledge the contribution of the companies, EasyBus and Barraqueiro, that through their operational managers, Ms. Leonor Gomes and Mr. Rui Gomes, respectively, v Acknowledgements provided me with some insightful data on the vehicle and operation information in the area of this work. My last thank goes to all the authors in whom I based my work. Without their knowledge, this research would have never been possible. Thank you all vi Express Minibus Services in the LMA: an innovative concept and a feasibility analysis List of Abbreviations List of Abbreviations ARTS Advanced Rural Transportation Systems AT Activity Time ATIS Advanced Traveller Information Systems ATMS Advanced Transportation Management Systems AVCS Advanced Vehicle Control Systems CA Car Availability CIVITAS CIty-VITAlity-Sustainability CVO Commercial Vehicle Operations DCCA Divide and Conquer in combination with Clustering Algorithm DT Distance Travelled ERP Electronic Road Pricing EU European Union FFT Fast Fourier Transform GDP Gross Domestic Product HVV Hamburger Verkehrsverbund ICT Information And Communication Technology ISTEA Intermodal Surface Transportation Efficiency Act ITS Intelligent Transport Systems LMA Lisbon Metropolitan Area vii List of Abbreviations MP Monthly Pass NS Non Commute Subway Trip NT Number of Trips OICP Observation Interaction Clustering Problem OP Orieentering Problem RL Rodoviária de Lisboa SOV Single Occupancy Vehicles TDM Travel Demand Management TOP Team Orienteering Problem TSP Travelling Salesman Problem TST Transportes Sul do Tejo U.S. United States VRP Vehicle Routing Problem VRPTW Vehicle Routing Problems With Time Windows viii Express Minibus Services in the LMA: an innovative concept and a feasibility analysis Table of Contents Table of Contents ABSTRACT .............................................................................................................................. I RESUMO .............................................................................................................................. III ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS .......................................................................................................... V LIST OF ABBREVIATIONS ...................................................................................................... VII TABLE OF CONTENTS............................................................................................................. IX FIGURES ............................................................................................................................. XIII TABLES .............................................................................................................................. XVII I INTRODUCTION ............................................................................................................. 1 I.1. MOTIVATION ................................................................................................................... 1 I.2. OBJECTIVES ...................................................................................................................... 3 I.3. RESEARCH QUESTIONS ....................................................................................................... 4 I.4. METHODOLOGY AND STRUCTURE OF THE DISSERTATION .......................................................... 5 II STATE OF THE ART AND STATE OF THE PRACTICE ............................................................ 7 II.1. INTRODUCTION ............................................................................................................. 7 II.2. STATE OF THE WORLD: THE ROLE OF TRANSPORT IN THE URBAN CONTEXT ............................ 8 II.3. THE TRAVEL DEMAND MANAGEMENT APPROACH ............................................................ 12 II.3.1. Examples of Implemented TDM Measures ......................................................... 14 II.3.2. Intelligent Transport Systems ............................................................................. 17 II.3.3. Minibus Experiences ..........................................................................................
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