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Article Title: Wounded Knee and the “Collector of Curios” Nebraska History posts materials online for your personal use. Please remember that the contents of Nebraska History are copyrighted by the Nebraska State Historical Society (except for materials credited to other institutions). The NSHS retains its copyrights even to materials it posts on the web. For permission to re-use materials or for photo ordering information, please see: http://www.nebraskahistory.org/magazine/permission.htm Nebraska State Historical Society members receive four issues of Nebraska History and four issues of Nebraska History News annually. For membership information, see: http://nebraskahistory.org/admin/members/index.htm Article Title: Wounded Knee and the “Collector of Curios” Full Citation: R Eli Paul, “Wounded Knee and the ‘Collector of Curios,’” Nebraska History 75 (1994): 209-215. URL of article: http://www.nebraskahistory.org/publish/publicat/history/full-text/NH1994Wounded_Curios.pdf Date: 2/23/2011 Article Summary: The truth surrounding many artifacts of the 1890 Wounded Knee Massacre may never be known. All should be evaluated critically, if not skeptically. The demand for Wounded Knee “curios” far outstripped the supply of authentic items. The method of obtaining such relics, which was documented by various newspaper correspondents, calls into question the authenticity of many such items currently on display. Cataloging Information: Names: George H Harries, Nelson Miles, Big Foot, Dent H Robert, General Crook, Little Chief, American Horse, Will Cressey, Chief Two Strikes, Bill Hudspeth, George Trager, Sitting Bull, John P Bratt, E G Fechet, Charles W Allen, Peter McFarland, John G Neihardt, Charges Alone Place Names: Pine Ridge Reservation; Chadron, Nebraska Keywords: Wounded Knee Massacre, Lakota Ghost Dance, Sioux Campaign, Washington Evening Star, Ogallala, Grand Army of the Republic, Omaha Bee, Omaha World-Herald, Ghost Dance shirt; Nebraska City infantry, Northwestern Photographic Company, United Spanish War Veterans, Eighth Cavalry, Black Elk Speaks Photographs / Images: Burial detail at Wounded Knee, 1891; Pipe; American Horse’s home; Ghost Dance Shirt; vintage Pine Ridge photograph in Brule Indian camp, Pine Ridge Agency, South Dakota; youngest son of Chief Two Strikes or Bill Hudspeth’s boy; Second photograph of son f Chief Two Strikes or Bill Hudspeth’s boy; Model 1873 Winchester rifle picked up by Charles W Allen at Wounded Knee; Charges Alone portrait Fig.1. Burial detail at Wounded Knee on January 3, 1891. (NSHS-W938-64) By R. Eli fbul Many institutions hold artifacts attributed eastern dailies, to witness an overwhelm­ Predictably the items in greatest de­ to the Wounded Knee Massacre, the ing response by the authorities to the mand were those from Wounded Knee. Lakota Ghost Dance, and the Sioux Cam­ Lakota Ghost Dance. Three of their num­ This material disappeared from the mar­ paign of 1890-91. One scholar observed, ber reported on its most dramatic and ket quickly, if for no other reason than the "Today museums probably hold more ob­ grisly moment, the massacre at Wounded thoroughness with which Big Foot's vil­ jects gathered from the field of Wounded Knee on December 29, 1890.2 This event lage was stripped. A detail of civilians and Knee than from the scene of any other In­ only heightened the seemingly insatiable soldiers left Pine Ridge for Wounded dian engagement in the West." 1 He could thirst for "war news" by the reading pub­ Knee on Janual}' 3, 1891, to bul}' the In­ have been speaking of the museum col­ lic, and the reporters obliged them. They dian dead. They finished their gruesome lections of the Nebraska State Historical churned out daily accounts of unfolding task the following day. It was at this time Society, which also reflect another feature events, troop movements, and Indian poli­ that the famous battlefield photographs of common to such objects, their poor tics, and, when news was slack, turned Wounded Knee were taken. In one of the documentation. their attention to the more obscure play­ surviving sixteen views (fig. 1), a man The demand for authentic Wounded ers at Pine Ridge. (standing in front of the horse and rider) Knee "relics" or "curios," as objects of na­ Two categories of "busy men" caught holds what appear to be articles of cloth­ tive manufacture were called in 1890s the eye of George H. Harries, correspon­ ing from a massacre victim. As late as America, far outstripped the supply that dent for the Washington Evening Star. 3 Janual}' 13, two weeks after the massacre, Big Foot's decimated village could pro­ The first was "the enterprising photogra­ fifty Indians were seen at the site "picking vide. Fortunately newspaper correspon­ phers," whose work, especially on the fro­ up various articles and trinkets."7 dents, whose ranks swelled to two dozen zen fields of Wounded Knee, has defined When Harries, the newspaper corre­ before the milital}' campaign's end, re­ this historical event as have no other spondent, visited the battleground one ported these collecting and selling sprees, chroniclers. Their efforts, sometimes mis­ week later, he wrote: and in so doing recorded the variety of guided, oftentimes suspect, have been ex­ The relic hunter has been all over the methods the "collectors of curios" devised amined elsewhere.4 battlefield and has taken away everything The second categol}' of busy men de­ of value and interest that was above the sur­ to meet the demands of the marketplace. face. Occasionally one will find a memento Reviewing their efforts now raises ques­ scribed by correspondent Harries boasted worth carrying away but not often. What­ tions about the credibility of many far more practitioners. This was "the col­ ever was beautiful or odd in the clothing of Wounded Knee items in the Historical lector of curios, the aggregator of relics, dead or wounded Indians was taken by the Society's collections and, by implication, the purchaser of evel}'thing-good, bad victors and either kept for personal gratifi­ cation or sold for cash." those in other institutions. and indifferent-that was offered for Increased tensions and the perceived sale."5 Relic hunters descended upon the Harries noted the next, logical phase of threat of an Indian outbreak had brought Indian camps of both living and dead collecting activity and its effect on the the United States Army to the Pine Ridge Sioux like a cloud of Nebraska grasshop­ market: Reservation in November 1890. Along pers, and stripped them bare. Another re­ porter sarcastically observed, "[I] f Gen. Fictitious relics soon succeeded those me­ with the milital}' forces came several re­ mentoes which would naturally interest porters, representing many of the major [Nelson] Miles had only given the relic most people and then followed fictitious hunters permission to visit the hostile values... .That was the Ogallalas' picnic. R. Eli Paul is senior research historian at the camp there would have been no trouble Everything saleable was dragged out of the Nebraska State Historical Society. about disarming the Indians. "6 tepee and disposed of at 'war prices.' The 209 Nebraska History - Summer 1994 Fig. 2. This pipe came to the Nebraska State Historical Society from the collections of the Grand Army of the Republic. Unlike SIHlng Bull's raHie (back cover), its connection to an Indian leader is tar more tenuous. It was described in the museum catalog as: "Peace pipe made and smoked bV Two Strike at close of Pine Ridge Indian War, 1890.» The pipe bowl is 16 cm. long, 10 cm. high, and 3 cm. in dia. The stem is 65 cm.long and 4 cm. wide, tapering to 3 cm. at the mouth; the stem would have been inserted in the bowl to allow the horsehair to have hung from the boHom. average collector was not in it, and the wise man ceased to look at bead work or the fragments which were alleged to have been saved from the strife at Wounded Knee. Never was there such a plentitude of war clubs, each guaranteed to have been the in­ strument with which Capt. Wallace's life was terminated. Big Foot's clothing would have filled any ordinary baggage car? Dent H. Robert, another war corre­ spondent, also had his attention drawn to the relic trade and detailed the methods of acquisition: One is to lie in wait for an Indian and buy what he has with him. One of them, who wore a buckskin coat trimmed with fur and decorated with porcupine work, took it off and went home with his body naked, An­ other way is to employ half-breeds to hunt up pretty work and bring it in, but. .it is ex­ pensive. The best way is to go to the camp and talk to the squaws, but that is discoun­ tenanced by the military authorities, for even now, though peace has been re­ established, they are afraid some evil­ minded young buck might prove ill-tem­ pered and do something rash. Stillihe risk Fig. 3. American Horse's home contained many objects that would have wheHed a is run by some and every day they come in collector's appetite. (NSHS-W938-119-S0B) from the camp loaded with beaded work, saddle-bags, vests, papoose bags, pipes, second method of securing relics, using a would laugh and hold up two fingers. Out moccasins, necklaces, tributes of all sorts. go-between, probably to his later regret: would come another dollar and the trinket Pretty nearly all the pipes have been bought would be his, An interpreter who was in the up (fig, 2), and the only ones you can find There was a militia lieutenant who came relic business pretty heavy himself was out­ here now are those the Indians want for here after the boys had been sent home raged at such a proceeding.
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