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MASARYKOVA UNIVERZITA PEDAGOGICKÁ FAKULTA Katedra Anglického Jazyka a Literatury

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MASARYKOVA UNIVERZITA PEDAGOGICKÁ FAKULTA Katedra Anglického Jazyka a Literatury MASARYKOVA UNIVERZITA PEDAGOGICKÁ FAKULTA Katedra anglického jazyka a literatury AXIOLOGICAL DYNAMICS IN SAMUEL BECKETT'S PLAYS Diplomová práce Brno 2015 Autor práce: Vedoucí práce: Bc. Monika Chmelařová Mgr. Jaroslav Izavčuk Anotace Předmětem diplomové práce Axiologické proměny v dramatickém díle Samuela Becketta je analýza Beckettových her s tematicky vyměřenou interpretací za účelem stanovení prvků v axiologické rovině. Stěžejním cílem práce je vymezení klíčových hodnot v autorově dramatické tvorbě, obsáhnutí charakteru a stimulů axiologické dynamiky. Práce je založena na kritickém zhodnocení autobiografie a vývoje hodnotové orientace Samuela Becketta na poli osobním i autorském, a to při posouzení vývoje hodnot již od počátku autorova života a tvorby. Beckettovy hry jsou výsledkem již vlastní specifické poetiky; práce si dává za cíl sledovat, co přispělo k jejímu utvoření, jaké hodnoty jsou v jeho dramatu zastoupeny a jakým způsobem se jeho dramatická tvorba axiologicky vyvíjí. Výstupem práce je kritický pohled na co nejkomplexnější autorovo dramatické dílo z pohledu hodnot a stanovení příčin těchto proměn, a to v tematicko-komparativním a diachronním (tj. chronologickém) pojetí. Abstract The subject of the diploma thesis Axiological Dynamics in Samuel Beckett's Plays is a thematically determined interpretation with the intention to determine features within the axiological level. The crucial part of the thesis is the determination of significant values in author's dramatic works, characterization of nature and stimuli of axiological dynamics. The thesis is based on critical evaluation of autobiography and development of value orientation of Samuel Beckett in private and authorial fields, i. e. with consideration of the development of values from the beginning of author's life and work. Beckett's plays are the result of his own specific poetics; the thesis determines its goal to appoint the features which contributed to its formation, which values are represented in his dramatic work and in which manner his drama develops in terms of axiology. The outcome of the thesis is a critical view at author's complex dramatic work from the point of values and the determination of causes contributing to this change, i. e. in thematically-comparative and diachronic (chronological) concept. Keywords Axiology, Value, Experience, Disillusionment, Epistemology, Agnosticism, Marginal situation, Materialism, Suffering, Nostalgia, Dynamics, Compensation, Apocryphal being, Dependency, Apathy, Limitation, Relationship, Hierarchy, Human needs (A. Maslow), Emotions Klíčová slova axiologie, hodnota, zkušenost, deziluze, gnozeologie, agnosticismus, marginální situace, materialismus, utrpení, nostalgie, dynamika, kompenzace, neautentické bytí, závislost, apatie, omezenost, vztah, hierarchie, lidské potřeby (A. Maslow), emoce Declaration: I declare I was working on the thesis Axiological Dynamics in Samuel Beckett's Plays independently, under the supervision of Mgr. Jaroslav Izavčuk, using only the sources listed in the bibliography section, in accordance with Disciplinary Regulations for Students of Masaryk University Faculty of Education and act no. 121/200 concerning the copyright, the rights related to copyright and change of laws (copyright laws), as amended. In Brno, 30th March, 2015 _________________________________ Signature of the author Acknowledgement I would like to to express my great gratitude to the supervisor of my diploma thesis, Mgr. Jaroslav Izavčuk, for his guidance, help, professional advice, willing attitude and valuable comments he provided all the time of the development of my diploma thesis. Content Content ......................................................................................................................................... 6 1. Introduction .............................................................................................................................. 7 2. Axiological concept of Samuel Beckett's life ........................................................................... 10 3. Axiological View: Love and Relationship ................................................................................. 14 4. Axiological View: Friendship ................................................................................................... 16 4. 1. Friendship with James Joyce ........................................................................................... 18 4. 2. Jamese Joyce's Influence on Beckett's Work .................................................................. 22 5. Features Forming Beckett's Own Poetics and Values ............................................................. 22 5. 1. Experience from Second World War ............................................................................... 23 5. 2. Vanity of Material Things ................................................................................................ 24 5. 3. Unanimism: An Individual Way of Collective Suffering ................................................... 25 6. Axiological Development of Beckett's Work: Chronological Concept .................................... 28 7. Interpretation and Axiological View at Beckett's Plays ........................................................... 37 8. Bekcett's Plays: Axiological Development and Comparison ................................................... 61 9. Humanistic Concept of Values in Beckett's Plays .................................................................... 72 9. 1. Need for 'Centrum Securitatis' ........................................................................................ 76 9.2. Need for Physical Contact and Power of Gesture ............................................................ 77 10. 'Philosophy' of Beckett's Work ............................................................................................. 78 10. 1. A Direct Correlation of Human Cognition and Human Apathy ..................................... 80 10. 2. Clash of Reason and Emotions ...................................................................................... 81 10. 3. Habit, stereotype and repetitiveness ............................................................................ 83 10. 4. Throwness into the World: Condemned To Be Born .................................................... 84 10. 5. Religion and Reality ....................................................................................................... 86 11. Driving force in the field of axiology ..................................................................................... 88 12. Conclusion: Development of Values in Beckett's Dramatical Creation ................................ 91 13. List of Sources ....................................................................................................................... 98 13. 1. Bibliography .................................................................................................................. 98 13. 2. Electronic Sources - Beckett on Film ........................................................................... 100 13. 3. Other Electronic Sources ............................................................................................. 102 6 1. Introduction As a subject of a subsequent analysis, the personality of Samuel Beckett and character of his dramatical work with thematically determined interpretation will be introduced with the focus on the dynamics at the axiological level, i. e. in the context of his work but also his inner state of mind which will be achieved by a critical look at Beckett's autobiography and the former context. In spite of the fact that this kind of concept denies the author's preference pronounced in the work symptomatically named Damned to Fame by James Knowlson where it is claimed that Beckett "always hoped that it would be his work rather than his life that was placed under the microscope." (Knowlson xix), Beckett's works, and especially those within to the context of the Theatre of The Absurd, will not allow the reader or the audience not to rise questions related to the search for the basis and clarification of his works - in other words, there is a great need to understand. Similar chase for the reasonable explanation could possibly be also Beckett's own state of mind when he was put through difficult life events, e. g. the loss of his immediate family, crisis of own creation, war or poverty. Not only the subsequent disillusionment from aforementioned unhappy events has finally forced Beckett to ask whether any reason for the human suffering does even exist. One of the crucial intentions is to describe the result of this need for rational view or reasonable understanding for seemingly unexplainable absurdity which has harmful or devastating effects on a human life. Moreover, this clash of two different or, more precisely, contradictory, concepts can be considered a driving force of dynamics, primarily at psychical level and subsequently, based on the experiences and inner perception, as well as at epistemological level, since cognition is reached as well, i. e. through physical and mental suffering. The dynamics as such will be concepted in two ways: at first, chronologically within the diachronic concept and secondly, the analysis will be based on comparison and development of values under specific axiological themes. An attempt will be made to appoint which values are relatively stable and which are changable. A partial objective is to assess the changes within
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