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Homosexualités Et Transgression Des Genres Dans La Littérature Médiévale: Approche Mythologique Et Illustration Par Le Roman

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Homosexualités Et Transgression Des Genres Dans La Littérature Médiévale: Approche Mythologique Et Illustration Par Le Roman Homosexualités et transgression des genres dans la littérature médiévale : approche mythologique et illustration par le Roman de Silence (XIIIe siècle) Maëlle Coulange To cite this version: Maëlle Coulange. Homosexualités et transgression des genres dans la littérature médiévale : approche mythologique et illustration par le Roman de Silence (XIIIe siècle). Littératures. 2010. dumas- 00542700 HAL Id: dumas-00542700 https://dumas.ccsd.cnrs.fr/dumas-00542700 Submitted on 3 Dec 2010 HAL is a multi-disciplinary open access L’archive ouverte pluridisciplinaire HAL, est archive for the deposit and dissemination of sci- destinée au dépôt et à la diffusion de documents entific research documents, whether they are pub- scientifiques de niveau recherche, publiés ou non, lished or not. The documents may come from émanant des établissements d’enseignement et de teaching and research institutions in France or recherche français ou étrangers, des laboratoires abroad, or from public or private research centers. publics ou privés. Université Stendhal – Grenoble III Mémoire de Master 2 Master Littératures Parcours Recherche – Imaginaire Homosexualités et transgression des genres dans la littérature médiévale : approche mythologique et illustration par le Roman de Silence (XIIIe siècle) Maëlle COULANGE Sous la direction de Philippe WALTER Septembre 2010 1 Je tiens à remercier tout particulièrement Philippe Walter pour les cours passionnants qu'il nous a prodigués durant cette année universitaire particulièrement enrichissante, mais aussi pour avoir accepté de diriger un mémoire au thème aussi marginal et ambitieux que le mien ; j'espère ne pas l'avoir déçu. Merci également à Aude et Charlotte pour nos nombreuses discussions animées, et à Géraldine pour son soutien constant et sa relecture attentive. Merci, enfin, à Myriam Jacquemier et à Denis Vanderhaeghe pour leurs conseils avisés. 2 « Il est plus facile de changer la culture que la nature. Il est toutefois difficile de changer la culture du fait qu'elle ressemble à la nature ». Aristote (Ethique à Nicomaque, VII-10) 3 Table des matières Introduction ...................................................................................................................... 7 I. Homosexualité et transgression des genres : Histoire et société ................................. 9 I. 1. Définitions et concepts de l'homosexualité ....................................................... 10 I. 1. 1. Terminologie de l'homosexualité .............................................................. 10 I. 1. 2. L'homosexualité, Sodome et la Bible ........................................................ 12 I. 1. 3. Homosexualité, féminité et masculinité ................................................... 13 I. 1. 4. Sociétés urbaines et sociétés rurales ......................................................... 17 I. 2. Définitions et concepts des transgressions de genres ....................................... 19 I. 2. 1. Terminologie du transvestisme et de la transsexualité ............................ 19 I. 2. 2. Sexes et genres ........................................................................................... 22 I. 2. 3. Transsexualité et ethnologie ..................................................................... 24 I. 2. 4. Mythologies et identités sexuelles ............................................................ 32 I. 3. Homosexualité et transvestisme dans l'Antiquité ............................................. 39 I. 3. 1. Les sources et les études ............................................................................ 39 I. 3. 2. Faits et interprétations .............................................................................. 40 I. 3. 3. Mythes et réalités ....................................................................................... 41 I. 3. 4. L'homosexualité dans les sociétés antiques .............................................. 43 I. 4. Homosexualité et transvestisme au Moyen Age ............................................... 45 I. 4. 1. Introduction ............................................................................................... 45 I. 4. 2. Les homosexuels au Moyen Age ............................................................... 46 I. 4. 3. Étude chronologique ................................................................................. 47 I. 4. 4. Les Templiers et l'homosexualité .............................................................. 49 I. 4. 5. L'homosexualité dans la littérature médiévale ......................................... 52 I. 4. 6. Des preuves à effacer ................................................................................. 55 I. 4. 7. Un culte de la jeunesse .............................................................................. 57 I. 4. 8. Pénitences et punitions ............................................................................. 59 I. 5. Homosexualité et transvestisme depuis le XVIe siècle ..................................... 62 4 I. 5. 1. L'homosexualité : un danger pour la société ........................................... 62 I. 5. 2. La Renaissance (XVIe – XVIIIe siècles) ................................................... 63 I. 5. 3. Du XVIIIe siècle à aujourd'hui.................................................................. 67 II. Littérature médiévale et transgression des genres .................................................... 71 II. 1. La poésie lyrique (XIIe – XIIIe siècles) ............................................................ 71 II. 1. 1. L'origine controversée de la poésie érotique des troubadours ............... 71 II. 1. 2. La poésie des troubadours et Guillaume IX d'Aquitaine ........................ 75 II. 1. 3. L'œuvre contestée des trobaïritz ............................................................. 80 II. 2. Romans et chansons de geste (XIIIe – XIVe siècles) ....................................... 86 II. 2. 1. Floris et Lyriopé ........................................................................................ 87 II. 2. 2. Bérinus ...................................................................................................... 90 II. 2. 3. L'œuvre de Christine de Pizan ................................................................. 94 II. 2. 4. Tristan de Nanteuil ................................................................................. 100 II. 2. 5. Yde et Olive ............................................................................................ 107 II. 2. 6. Ami et Amile .......................................................................................... 111 II. 3. Autres genres littéraires .................................................................................. 117 II. 3. 1. Fabliaux, dits et nouvelles ...................................................................... 117 II. 3. 2. L'hagiographie ........................................................................................ 124 III. Le Roman de Silence : illustration et approche mythologique de la construction de l'identité ......................................................................................................................... 130 III. 1. Un roman hors du temps ............................................................................... 131 III. 1. 1. L'œuvre et son contexte ........................................................................ 131 III. 1. 1. 1. Le Roman de Silence ................................................................... 131 III. 1. 1. 2. Silence et Grisandole ................................................................... 139 III. 1. 2. Merlin : un personnage emblématique ................................................ 147 III. 1. 2. 1. Merlin, Silence et Grisandole ..................................................... 147 III. 1. 2. 2. L'Homme Sauvage ....................................................................... 151 III. 2. Mythologie, identités et transgressions ........................................................ 157 III. 2. 1. Scot Erigène et l'écriture tératologique ............................................... 157 5 III. 2. 1. 1. De divisione naturae ................................................................... 158 III. 2. 1. 2. L'androgyne érigénien ................................................................ 160 III. 2. 1. 3. Erigène, Silence et Merlin ........................................................... 161 III. 2. 2. Mircea Eliade et le mystère de la totalité ............................................ 164 III. 2. 2. 1. Méphistophélès et la coincidentia oppositorum ........................ 165 III. 2. 2. 2. La pensée indienne et l'union des contraires ............................. 168 III. 2. 2. 3. L'occident et l'androgyne ............................................................ 171 III. 2. 2. 4. L'androgyne rituel ....................................................................... 175 Conclusion ..................................................................................................................... 179 Bibliographie ................................................................................................................. 181 1. L'histoire de Grisandole ............................................................................ 181 2. Le Roman de Silence ................................................................................. 181 1. Manuscrits et éditions ......................................................................
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