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Exploring Dialogue for Collective Action in the Footballers 4 Life Intervention at the Heidelberg Correctional Centre

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Exploring Dialogue for Collective Action in the Footballers 4 Life Intervention at the Heidelberg Correctional Centre Breaking Free: Exploring dialogue for collective action in the Footballers 4 Life Intervention at the Heidelberg Correctional Centre By Wandile Sibisi Dissertation presented in fulfilment of the Degree of Master of Social Science, in The Centre for Communication, Media & Society, School of Applied Human Sciences, University of KwaZulu-Natal, Howard College, Durban, South Africa COLLEGE OF HUMANITIES DECLARATION - PLAGIARISM I, Wandile Sibisi, declare that 1. The research reported in this thesis, except where otherwise indicated, is my original research. 2. This thesis has not been submitted for any degree or examination at any other university. 3. This thesis does not contain other persons’ data, pictures, graphs or other information, unless specifically acknowledged as being sourced from other persons. 4. This thesis does not contain other persons’ writing, unless specifically acknowledged as being sourced from other researchers. Where other written sources have been quoted, then: a. Their words have been re-written but the general information attributed to them has been referenced b. Where their exact words have been used, then their writing has been placed in italics and inside quotation marks, and referenced. 5. This thesis does not contain text, graphics or tables copied and pasted from the Internet, unless specifically acknowledged, and the source being detailed in the thesis and in the References sections. Signed …………………… Date: 15 March 2013 i AKNOWLEDGEMENTS First and foremost I would like to give glory and honour to God for being with me throughout this journey. I thank Him for His love, grace, provision, guidance and strength, without which this work would not have been possible. Father this work is dedicated to you and stands as a testament of your love and power. To my supervisors: I thank Eliza Govender who began this journey with me. Thank you for your guidance and support. It was you who provided the compass that led me to take this direction. I thank Dr Josianne Roma-Reardon for her guidance, mentorship, kindness, patience and support, which extended far beyond her official supervisory duties. I truly cannot thank you enough for the role that you have played not only in the completion of this thesis, as well as in my personal life. Looking back I now know that you were both divinely appointed to be a part of this journey. To my family: Thank you to all of you for your love, patience and support. To F4L: I thank you all for your support and patience. I feel so privileged to have worked with you all. Silver and Portia, thank you for your, selfless, resounding support and patience, it was because of it that this research was possible. To Heidelberg Correctional Centre: I thank the staff at the Heidelberg Correctional Centre, your support and patience have been amazing. Thank you. To the Social Worker at the Heidelberg Correctional Centre, ngiyabonga for your patience and kindness. Thank you! To the offenders: Thank you so much to all of you for allowing me into your lives. Ngiyabonga kakhulu! This research was made possible by the funding provided by (USAID) the United States Agency for International Development and (PEPFAR) the President’s Emergency Plan for AIDS Relief through (JHHESA) Johns Hopkins Health and Education in South Africa. Disclaimer: The opinions expressed herein are those of the author and do not necessarily reflect the views of the United States Agency for International Development. ii ABSTRACT Many community development initiatives place great emphasis on the need for the a participatory approach towards development. Here the beneficiaries are expected to engage in dialogue and collective action in order to be empowered and consequently developed. This study therefore seeks to explore the elements of dialogue and collective action in a crime prevention and health promotion intervention that was administered by a non-governmental organisation called Footballers for Life (F4L) at the Heidelberg Correctional Centre (Johannesburg, South Africa) from March to August 2011 amongst a group of 40 male offenders. Premised on the idea that true human development should be participatory and therefore dialogical, this study used Participatory Communication to explore dialogue for collective action within the mentioned intervention. Participatory Communication was applied through the use of the Communication for Participatory Development Model (CFPD), which was used as a guide through which dialogue for collective action was explored. Furthermore, F4L is an organisation that uses retired professional football stars who, acting as role models, offer a unique approach towards effecting behaviour change amongst the communities they work with. Hence in this regard this study used the Social Cognitive Theory to primarily explore the significance of role modelling towards behaviour change in the F4L programme at the Heidelberg Correctional Centre. Taking a qualitative research approach, this study used interviews, focus groups as well as a participant observation schedule to collect the relevant data. This data was analysed through a thematic analysis which was facilitated through the use of a data analysis software package called NVivo. The study reveals how the offenders were excluded from the initial dialogue that took place between F4L and the prison in the recognition of the problems facing the offenders and planning of the intervention. Upon invitation to join the F4L programme the offenders went into it without any sense of ownership or clear understanding of what the programme was about potentially threatening the envisaged purpose of the programme. However, the study also found that the democratic leadership style and genuine efforts of the F4L head Coach (Silver) were able to play a key role in fostering a sense of brotherhood and therefore ownership of the developmental process amongst the offenders leading to the attainment of certain individual as well as social outcomes, i.e. self-reliance, empathy, budgeting skills, collective efficacy as well as communal trust. iii ACRONYMS AIDS Acquired Immune Deficiency Syndrome ATD Awaiting Trial Detainee B4L Brothers for Life CCMS Centre for Communication Media and Society CFPD Communication For Participatory Development CFSC Communication For Social Change CSVR Centre for the Study of Violence and Reconciliation DCS Department of Correctional Services DSD Department of Social Development DSS Department of Safety and Security FIFA International Federation of Association Football F4L Footballers For Life FRA European Union Agency for Fundamental Rights GATT General Agreement on Tariffs and Trade GTZ German Technical Cooperation HDR Human Development Report HIV Human Immunodeficiency Virus IDMT Interdepartmental Management Team iv IM International Monetary Fund JHHESA Johns Hopkins Health and Education in South Africa MTG Moving the Goalpost NCPS National Crime Prevention Strategy NGO Non-Governmental Organisation NWICO New World Information and Communication Order PEPFAR President’s Emergency Plan for AIDS Relief PMTCT Preventing Mother-to-Child Transmission of HIV PSL Premier Soccer League SAIRR South African Institute of Race Relations SAPS South African Police Services SANAC South African National AIDS Council TB Tuberculosis UNICEF United Nations Children’s Fund UNOSDP United Nations Office on Sport for Development and Peace USA United States of America USAID United States Agency for International Development YDF Youth Development through Football Development (English Translation) WWII World War II v Table of Contents DECLARATION - PLAGIARISM .................................................................................................................... I AKNOWLEDGEMENTS ................................................................................................................................... II ABSTRACT ....................................................................................................................................................... III ACRONYMS ....................................................................................................................................................... IV CHAPTER ONE ................................................................................................................................................... 1 Introduction ........................................................................................................................................................ 1 Background to study........................................................................................................................................... 4 Crime in the South African Context .............................................................................................................. 4 Tracing the roots of crime in South Africa .................................................................................................... 6 Crime in the face of transition (democratisation) ........................................................................................ 10 Unique factors contributing to the crime crises in South Africa post-apartheid .......................................... 12 Post-Apartheid South Africa: The Battle against crime ............................................................................... 15 Theorising the chosen approach: Crime prevention ..................................................................................... 16 Detention: The main
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