DOCSLIB.ORG

Prison Privatisation in South Africa Issues, Challenges

Total Page：16

File Type：pdf, Size：1020Kb

Download full-text PDF Read full-text
Prison Privatisation in South Africa Issues, Challenges Untitled Document 2011/04/07 10:41 AM PRISON PRIVATISATION IN SOUTH AFRICA ISSUES, CHALLENGES AND OPPORTUNITIES KC Goyer ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS PREFACE EXECUTIVE SUMMARY CHAPTER 1 INTRODUCTION CHAPTER 2 IMPRISONMENT IN SOUTH AFRICA Prison Prison in the new South Africa Overcrowding Gangs Recidivism Escapes Public health The Department of Correctional Services and criminal justice CHAPTER 3 PRISON PRIVATISATION Privatisation Types of prison privatisation Ten issues in the privatisation debate Additional issues in the privatisation debate CHAPTER 4 INTERNATIONAL EXPERIENCES United States Australia United Kingdom CHAPTER 5 PRIVATE PRISONS IN SOUTH AFRICA Prison policy and the development of private prisons The Correctional Services Act of 1998 Ikhwezi Bloemfontein Correctional Contracts CHAPTER 6 file:///Users/mbadenhorst/Documents/websites/iss/pubs/Monographs/No64/Mono64Full.html Page 1 of 54 Untitled Document 2011/04/07 10:41 AM CONCLUSION AND RECOMMENDATIONS END NOTES ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS The research and publication of this monograph has been funded by the European Union and USAID, the Ford Foundation, Standard Bank and the US Embassy as part of the Criminal Justice Monitor project. The research would not have been complete without the generous assistance of: The Department of Correctional Services. The Department of Public Works. The managing directors of Bloemfontein Correctional Contracts and of South African Custodial Services. The management and staff at the new private Bloemfontein prison. Various dedicated and helpful academics and prison researchers in South Africa. Judge J. J. Fagan, Inspecting Judge for prisons. PREFACE There is little doubt that the most serious problem facing those responsible for South Africa’s prison system is overcrowding. South Africa’s prisons were designed to accommodate 100,668 inmates. Currently they struggle to house 172,271 prisoners. Overcrowding exacerbates the problems which face prison administrators worldwide: gangs, violence, sexual assault, public health problems and escape attempts. As such it makes managing a prison difficult, and reducing the chances of re-offending almost impossible. To make matters worse, South Africa’s prisons are also under-staffed, badly designed and structurally crumbling. Faced with these challenges and the budgetary limitations in the criminal justice sector, the Department of Correctional Services has identified the privatisation of prisons as one solution. This is a strategy that has been adopted by governments around the world in response to an increasing prison population and the lack of available funds. file:///Users/mbadenhorst/Documents/websites/iss/pubs/Monographs/No64/Mono64Full.html Page 2 of 54 Untitled Document 2011/04/07 10:41 AM As part of the Criminal Justice Monitor which tracks performance and strategy in the criminal justice system, the ISS commissioned this monograph to assist among others the policy makers and practitioners in the Departments of Correctional Services, Public Works and Finance to understand the pros and cons of prison privatisation and the inherent challenges of such a strategy. Privatisation is being practised in several countries and South Africans have the opportunity to learn from these experiences. The aim of this monograph is to present an overview of the main issues in the privatisation debate and draw lessons for South Africa’s privatisation process. It is not difficult to see the benefit of privatisation in this country. As the author, KC Goyer points out, "Private prisons will necessarily be an improvement on public prisons because it would be almost impossible to perform any worse". Nevertheless, there are important considerations of cost and accountability that will need to be carefully monitored by those responsible for imprisonment in South Africa. Antoinette Louw Head of the Crime and Justice Programme Institute for Security Studies, Pretoria EXECUTIVE SUMMARY The prison system in South Africa faces many challenges, several of which are associated with a lack of available resources to meet the increasing demand for correctional services. The key challenges identified by the Department of Correctional Services (DCS) are overcrowding and funding. The Department has turned to the private sector for assistance, and has signed contracts for two prisons to be designed, constructed, financed and managed by a consortium of private companies. Internationally, private prisons have seen mixed results. Many of the incidents which take place at private prisons are similar to those which occur at state facilities. Often the criticisms levelled at private prisons could equally apply to state operated facilities as well. Because of problems with comparability, it is extremely difficult to determine whether private prisons save on costs. In South Africa, it is impossible to ascertain whether a private prison will be cheaper than the public prison, because the standard of care offered by private prisons is entirely unmatched in the public sector. In the United States, private prisons in general have neither outperformed nor under performed their public counterparts. In Australia, many of the private prisons have experienced serious problems, but the flexibility of their contracts has enabled the government to respond appropriately. The South African prison privatisation programme is closely modelled after that of the United Kingdom, which appears to have most successfully incorporated the private sector into its prison service. The first private prison in Africa has recently opened in Bloemfontein, and the second will open in Louis Trichardt early next year. Although the financing arrangements have essentially tied the South African government’s hands in terms of monitoring the operations of these prisons, the professionalism and reforms offered by private companies appear to have far surpassed the file:///Users/mbadenhorst/Documents/websites/iss/pubs/Monographs/No64/Mono64Full.html Page 3 of 54 Untitled Document 2011/04/07 10:41 AM correctional services offered by the state. The private sector should not be limited to the provision of correctional services only, but should also be explored as an option for community based corrections as well as other criminal justice system functions. The outsourcing of ancillary services at public prisons should be investigated, as well as partnering with existing NGO’s. The cost information gathered by the private prison companies should be shared with DCS in order for the government to appropriately estimate the actual cost of providing conditions of humane detention. Better information on the capital costs involved will assist the department with searching for alternative financing arrangements and thus avoid becoming beholden to the private prison consortium. DCS should enlist the help of private prison companies to conduct further research on recidivism and issues of public health. The controller assigned to monitor contract compliance should not be a DCS official but should rather be appointed from the government’s existing internal audit department, in order to maintain independence. The contracts, as well as the financing arrangements and the cost-comparison analyses, should all be made public in order to provide the appropriate level of transparency and accountability. Private prisons in South Africa have the potential to be an undemocratic appropriation of the public interest for the sake of corporate profit. However, the facility in Bloemfontein is an enormous improvement on the current prisons in South Africa. Private prisons will necessarily be an improvement on public prisons because it would be almost impossible to perform any worse. Philosophically and theoretically, private prisons could be a frightening and dangerous infiltration of the criminal justice system. In reality, however, they may be the only means of reforming an important and deteriorating government service. CHAPTER 1 INTRODUCTION This monograph is intended to present the relevant issues in the debate over prison privatisation, examine the international experience, and to present the facts regarding the first private prison in South Africa. The research was conducted using primary documents from the governments involved, information downloaded from the Internet, and secondary materials obtained in South Africa, London, and Washington DC. In South Africa, a great deal of information was available from the University of Natal and the University of Cape Town. In London, valuable insights and materials were gained from the International Centre for Prison Studies at Kings College of Law as well as the Prison Reform Trust. The most authoritative books on the topic of prison privatisation were obtained at the Library of Congress in Washington, DC and assisted in providing the framework for examining the various arguments, taking into account the motivations and biases contained in many of them. This documentary evidence was supplemented by semi-structured interviews conducted in South Africa. The Department of Correctional Services and the Department of Public Works were very co-operative. The managing directors of Bloemfontein Correctional Contracts and of South African Custodial Services were both gracious and co-operative in their assistance. The management and staff at the Bloemfontein prison gave of their time during a very busy period and afforded the author a full tour of the nearly completed facility. Input was also obtained from various dedicated and helpful academics and prison researchers in South Africa,
Load more

Recommended publications
  • Thematic Report on Criminal Justice and Human Rights In
    THEMATIC REPORT ON CRIMINAL JUSTICE AND HUMAN RIGHTS IN SOUTH AFRICA A Submission to the UN Human Rights Committee in response to the Initial Report by South Africa under the International Covenant on Civil and Political Rights at the 116th session of the Human Rights Committee (Geneva March 2016) By the following organisations : Civil Society Prison Reform Initiative Just Detention International Lawyers for Human Rights NICRO 1 Contents Executive summary ................................................................................................................................. 3 Contact details of contributing organisations .......................................................................................... 5 Introduction ............................................................................................................................................. 7 Methodology and limitations .................................................................................................................. 8 Arbitrary arrest and detention ................................................................................................................. 8 Arrest without a warrant ..................................................................................................................... 8 Pre-trial detention .............................................................................................................................. 10 Delays in bail applications ...................................................................................................................
    [Show full text]
  • Restorative Justice Programmes in a Prison Environment: a Qualitative Enquiry
    RESTORATIVE JUSTICE PROGRAMMES IN A PRISON ENVIRONMENT: A QUALITATIVE ENQUIRY BY CLARICE ZIMBILI ZONDI, MA (UNIZUL) Submitted in fulfilment of the requirement for the degree of DOCTOR OF PHILOSOPHY In the Department of Criminal Justice University of Zululand Promoter: Prof. J.M. Ras Date of submission: April 2014 DECLARATION I declare that the thesis “Restorative Justice programmes in a prison environment: A qualitative enquiry”, is my own work both in conception and in execution. As far as possible and where applicable, I have acknowledged all my sources by means of complete references. …………………………………………… MISS. C. Z. ZONDI (Student nr. 840710) i DEDICATION This thesis is dedicated to my grandson Loyiso and his parents Ayanda and Kutele Mabude for their love and support in my academic endeavours. Soli Deo Gloria! ii ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS I wish to express my sincere gratitude to the following persons and institutions for their assistance: The Lord my Saviour, without His intervention this study was not possible. I have always depended on Him and He has never let me down. To Him be the glory. My promoter, Prof. J. M. Ras for his inspiration, guidance, understanding and never ending support. Baie dankie Prof. Phoenix Zululand, with special reference to Richard Aitken and Nonceba Lushaba for providing information regarding their restorative justice programmes. DCS officials who have contributed to this research in one or other way. DCS Regional Office in Pietermaritzburg for providing statistical information on the prisons. Friends and family who have supported me during this study. My late mother, Kessiah Zondi, who always proudly had enjoyed every step that I take towards reaching my dream of completing the thesis FACASA staff for their assistance during this study.
    [Show full text]
  • Urban Violence in Colonial Africa: a Case for South African Exceptionalism
    Journal of Southern African Studies, Volume 34, Number 3, September 2008 Urban Violence in Colonial Africa: A Case for South African Exceptionalism Gary Kynoch (Dalhousie University) In an attempt to move beyond the parochial character of the otherwise rich historiography of urban South Africa, this article compares the level of violent crime, gang conflict and vigilantism in the segregated townships and mining compounds surrounding South African cities, particularly Johannesburg, in the period to 1960, with that of African neighbourhoods in colonial cities elsewhere on the continent. The evidence suggests that concepts of South African exceptionalism need to take account of the extraordinary degree of urban violence that distinguished South Africa from its colonial contemporaries. A brutalising mining environment, combined with racial ordinances that criminalised Africans and coloureds and exposed vast numbers of men to prison and prison gangs, produced a culture of urban violence unique in colonial Africa. Wives and young girls were raped in the streets and on their way home from work. Some were even raped in their own homes in front of their families who were too terrified to report to the police for fear of victimisation. The gangsters ruled the townships at the point of knife or pistol. They robbed the people in the trains to and from work, in the bus queues, and in their homes. They assaulted innocent victims in the street and terrorised one area after another. (Non-European Affairs Committee Report to the Johannesburg City Council, 1954)1 Colonial ‘pacification’ campaigns in late-nineteenth and early-twentieth century Africa clearly demonstrated European military superiority, and for several decades thereafter colonial states maintained an effective monopoly on armed force.
    [Show full text]
  • Organised Crime on the Cape Flats 35
    Andre Standing i Organised crime A study from the Cape Flats BY ANDRE STANDING This publication was made possible through the generous funding of the Open Sociey Foundation i ii Contents www.issafrica.org @ 2006, Institute for Security Studies All rights reserved Copyright in the volume as a whole is vested in the Institute for Security Studies, and no part may be reproduced in whole or part without the express permission, in writing, of both the author and the publishers. The opinions expressed in this book do not necessarily reflect those of the Institute, its Trustees, members of the ISS Council, or donors. Authors contribute to ISS publications in their personal capacity. ISBN: 1-920114-09-2 First published by the Institute for Security Studies PO Box 1787, Brooklyn Square 0075 Pretoria, South Africa Cover photo: Benny Gool/Oryx Media Productions/africanpictures.net Cover: Page Arts cc Printers: Tandym Print Andre Standing iii Acknowledgements This book was commissioned by the Institute for Security Studies through a grant provided by the Open Society Foundation. I have been fortunate to work from the Cape Town office of the ISS for the past few years. The director of the ISS in Cape Town, Peter Gastrow, has been exceptionally supportive and, dare I say it, patient in waiting for the final publication. Friends and colleagues at the ISS who have helped provide a warm and stimulating work environment include Nobuntu Mtwa, Pilisa Gaushe, Charles Goredema, Annette Hubschle, Trucia Reddy, Andile Sokomani, Mpho Mashaba, Nozuko Maphazi and Hennie van Vuuren. In writing this book I have been extremely fortunate to have help and guidance from John Lea, who I owe much to over the years.
    [Show full text]
  • Prisons – a Call to Action for Post-Apartheid Administrative Lawyers Keynote by Justice Edwin Cameron
    Administrative Justice Association of South Africa AGM Thursday 4 March 2021, 18h00 Prisons – A call to action for post-apartheid administrative lawyers Keynote By Justice Edwin Cameron • Introduction 1. It is a pleasure and an honour to address your Annual General Meeting. My chosen topic is prisons. This is not only because, for the last fourteen months I’ve been Inspecting Judge of Prisons. It’s also because the very concept of prisons is arrestingly forbidding, even alarming – and rightly so. Mass confinement of mostly adult males is a relatively recent phenomenon, about two centuries old.1 It has overtones of horror which future generations may look back on with moral censure. 2. In South Africa, there is an additional concern – that, as under apartheid, our prisons are becoming dark, closed and punitive institutions. 3. The concept of prisons and our prisons practice in South Africa urgently need attention from public interest lawyers and academics. Yet public debate about prisons and the utility of our sentencing regime is conspicuously lacking. 4. Why do we turn our gaze away from the evident problems? Where, in particular, are the administrative lawyers? What role can they play? 5. There are some legitimate reasons. 1 Other punitive methods, including execution, were used. And from 1788 to 1868, about 162 000 convicts were transported from Britain and Ireland to Australia. The British Government first transported convicts to American colonies in the early 18th century. See archives from the Australian Government “Convicts and the British Colonies in Australia” available at https://web.archive.org/web/20160101181100/http://www.australia.gov.au/about- australia/australian-story/convicts-and-the-british-colonies (accessed 5 March 2021).
    [Show full text]
  • South African Crime Quarterly, No 48
    CQ Cover June 2014 7/10/14 3:27 PM Page 1 Reviewing 20 years of criminal justice in South Africa South A f r i c a n CRIME QUA RT E R LY No. 48 | June 2014 Previous issues Stacy Moreland analyses judgements in rape ISS Pretoria cases in the We s t e r n Cape, finding that Block C, Brooklyn Court p a t r i a rchal notions of gender still inform 361 Veale Street judgements in rape case. Heidi Barnes writes a New Muckleneuk case note on the Constitutional Court case Pretoria, South Africa F v Minister of Safety and Security. Alexander Tel: +27 12 346 9500 Hiropoulos and Jeremy Porter demonstrate how Fax:+27 12 460 0998 Geographic Information Systems can be used, [email protected] along with crime pattern theory, to analyse police crime data. Geoff Harris, Crispin Hemson ISS Addis Ababa & Sylvia Kaye report on a conference held in 5th Floor, Get House Building Durban in mid-2013 about measures to reduce Africa Avenue violence in schools; and Hema Harg o v a n Addis Ababa, Ethiopia reviews the latetest edition of Victimology in Tel: +251 11 515 6320 South Africa by Robert Peacock (ed). Fax: +251 11 515 6449 [email protected] Andrew Faull responds to Herrick and Charman ISS Dakar (SACQ 45), delving into the daily liquor policing 4th Floor, Immeuble Atryum in the Western Cape. He looks beyond policing Route de Ouakam for solutions to alcohol-related harms. Claudia Forester-Towne considers how race and gender Dakar, Senegal influence police reservists' views about their Tel: +221 33 860 3304/42 work.
    [Show full text]
  • From Ninevite to Comtsotsi: Township Gangs, Divided Communities and Urban Violence in Twentieth Century South Africa
    4 UNIVERSITY OF THE WITWATERSRAND INSTITUTE FOR ADVANCED SOCIAL RESEARCH SEMINAR PAPER TO BE PRESENTED IN THE RICHARD WARD BUILDING SEVENTH FLOOR, SEMINAR ROOM 7003 AT 4PM ON THE 18 MAY 1998. TITLE: From Ninevite to Comtsotsi: Township Gangs, Divided Communities and Urban Violence in Twentieth Century South Africa BY: G. Kynoch NO: 436 FROM NINEVITE TO COMTSOTSI: TOWNSHIP GANGS, DIVIDED COMMUNITIES AND URBAN VIOLENCE IN TWENTIETH CENTURY SOUTH AFRICA Gary Kynoch Department of History Dalhousie University Visiting Research Associate Institute for Advanced Social Research University of the Witwatersrand Private Bag 3, Wits 2050 South Africa E-mail: [email protected] DRAFT 'please do not cite without the author's permission FROM NINEVITE TO COMTSOTSI: TOWNSHIP GANGS, DIVIDED COMMUNITIES AND URBAN VIOLENCE IN TWENTIETH CENTURY SOUTH AFRICA Despite the unprecedented level of public concern with violent crime in the "new South Africa", surprisingly little effort has been made to explore the historical roots of urban gangsterism. Since their establishment, the segregated black residential areas commonly referred to as townships have proved a fertile breeding ground for criminal gangs. Moving beyond the standard approaches which characterise gangs as either social bandits or destructive predators, this paper suggests that gang/community relations were fluid and ambiguous and that to understand why gangs have been (and remain) such a prevalent presence in the townships we need to appreciate the fragmented nature of township society and the ways in which gangs reflected, exploited and exacerbated urban fault lines. Finally, a comparison between criminal violence on the Rand in the 1940-1980 period and the more recent political conflict between supporters of the ANC and Jnkatha will attempt to demonstrate how divided communities are vulnerable to gang violence.
    [Show full text]
  • The Continuity of African Institutions Under Colonialism." Pp
    Web-Based Bibliography 1 Introduction General Works on African History: Ajayi, J. F. Ade. "The Continuity of African Institutions under Colonialism." Pp. 189-200 in T. O. Ranger, ed., Emerging Themes in African History. Nairobi: East African Literature Bureau, 1968. Nugent, Paul. Africa since Independence. Houndmills Eng: Palgrave Macmillan, 2004. Appiah, Kwame Anthony. In My Father's House: Africa in the Philosophy of Culture. New York: Oxford University Press, 1992. Austin, Ralph. African Economic History: Internal Development and External Dependency. London: James Currey, 1987. Coquery-Vidrovitch, Catherine. Africa: Endurance and Change South of the Sahara. Berkeley: University of California Press, 1998. Fanon, Frantz. The Wretched of the Earth. Trans. Constance Farrington. New York: Grove, 1966. Freund, Bill. The Making of Contemporary Africa: The Development of African Society Since 1800. 2nd edition. Boulder: Rienner, 1998. Jewsiewicki, Bogumil, and David Newbury, eds. African Historiographies: What History for Which Africa? (Newbury Park, CA: Sage, 1986). Mazrui, Ali, ed. General History of Africa: Africa since 1935. Berkeley: University of California Press for UNESCO, 1993 M'Bokolo, Elikia. Afrique Noire: histoire et civilisations du XIXe siècle à nos jours. 2nd. ed. Paris: Hatier, 2004. Middleton, John, and Joseph Miller, eds. New Encyclopedia of Africa. 4 vols. Detroit: Thomson Gale, 2007. Rwanda: Chrétien, Jean-Paul. Le défi de l'ethnisme: Rwanda et Burundi: 1990-1996. Karthala: 1997. 1 Des Forges, Alison. “Leave None to Tell the Story”: Genocide in Rwanda. New York: Human Rights Watch, 1999. Gourevitch, Philip. We wish to inform you that tomorrow we will be killed with our families: Stories from Rwanda. New York: Farrar, Straus and Giroux, 1998.
    [Show full text]
  • A Critical Analysis of Gangsterism in South African Correctional Centres: the Case of Barberton Management Area
    A CRITICAL ANALYSIS OF GANGSTERISM IN SOUTH AFRICAN CORRECTIONAL CENTRES: THE CASE OF BARBERTON MANAGEMENT AREA by SARAH LETTIE NEL submitted in accordance with the requirements for the degree of MAGISTER TECHNOLOGIAE in the subject CORRECTIONAL SERVICES MANAGEMENT at the UNIVERSITY OF SOUTH AFRICA SUPERVISOR: DR P MUTHAPHULI FEBRUARY 2017 DECLARATION Name: SARAH LETTIE NEL Student number: 36885320 Degree: MASTER OF TECHNOLOGIAE Exact wording of the title of the dissertation as appearing on the copies submitted for examination: A CRITICAL ANALYSIS OF GANGSTERISM IN SOUTH AFRICAN CORRECTIONAL CENTRES: THE CASE OF BARBERTON MANAGEMENT AREA I declare that the this dissertation is my own work and that all the sources that I have used or quoted have been indicated and acknowledged by means of complete references. ________________________ _____________________ SIGNATURE DATE Dedicated to my late sister, Helena Jacobs (nee Botes) (Liekie) who was gifted, but passed away at a young age. i ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS My sincere thanks and appreciation to: Our Heavenly Father for giving me the wisdom, guidance and courage to further my studies. Dr. Phumudzo Muthapuli, my mentor and supervisor, for your professional guidance and patience. Correctional Services Area Commissioner Barberton: Mr. B.K. Fakude and Staff Support Mr. S.A. Nkosi for granting me permission to conduct the research. Thank you to my colleagues, friends, participants in my research, and family members for all your support, interest and motivation. My family deserves to be mentioned by name,
    [Show full text]
  • Thesis Law 2017 Kinnes Irvin.Pdf
    CONTESTED GOVERNANCE: POLICE AND GANG INTERACTIONS Thesis by Irvin Kinnes Town KNNIRV001 Cape of In fulfilment of PhD: Criminology Department of Public Law, Faculty of Law University of Cape Town University June, 2017 Supervisor: Professor Clifford Shearing Co-Supervisor: Professor Elrena van der Spuy The copyright of this thesis vests in the author. No quotation from it or information derived from it is to be published without full acknowledgementTown of the source. The thesis is to be used for private study or non- commercial research purposes only. Cape Published by the University ofof Cape Town (UCT) in terms of the non-exclusive license granted to UCT by the author. University CONTESTED GOVERNANCE KINNES ii ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS For their patience and professional guidance throughout this long journey, I wish to acknowledge my supervisors: Clifford Shearing, without whom none of this would be possible, and Elrena van der Spuy, for her constant support and motivation. Thank you for not giving up on me. For their collegiality and support, I wish to thank my fellow PhD colleagues: Julie Berg, Suzall Timm, Woohyun Helena Chan, Moliehi Shale, Tom Herbstein, Laura Drivdal, Sophie Nakueira, Ben de Vos and Tariro Mutongwiza. To the people who have taken the time to read some of my early drafts, John J. Williams, Monique Marks, Don Pinnock, Gail Super, Sarah Henkeman, Roshila Nair, Fairuz Mullagee, Benita Moolman and Ricky Rontsch, thank you. To Elaine Atkins for all her administrative support and advice. To Lindiz van Zilla and Melissa Meyer who edited my manuscript and to all those close friends and colleagues in Manenberg and elsewhere who always supported and encouraged me.
    [Show full text]
  • Human Rights and Mental Health in Post-Apartheid South Africa
    Bantjes et al. BMC International Health and Human Rights (2017) 17:29 DOI 10.1186/s12914-017-0136-0 RESEARCHARTICLE Open Access Human rights and mental health in post-apartheid South Africa: lessons from health care professionals working with suicidal inmates in the prison system Jason Bantjes* , Leslie Swartz and Pieter Niewoudt Abstract Background: During the era of apartheid in South Africa, a number of mental health professionals were vocal about the need for socio-economic and political reform. They described the deleterious psychological and social impact of the oppressive and discriminatory Nationalist state policies. However, they remained optimistic that democracy would usher in positive changes. In this article, we consider how mental health professionals working in post-apartheid South Africa experience their work. Methods: Our aim was to describe the experience of mental health professionals working in prisons who provide care to suicidal prisoners. Data were collected from in-depth semi-structured interviews and were analyzed using thematic content analysis. Results: Findings draw attention to the challenges mental health professionals in post-apartheid South Africa face when attempting to provide psychological care in settings where resources are scarce and where the environment is anti-therapeutic. Findings highlight the significant gap between current policies, which protect prisoners’ human rights, and every-day practices within prisons. Conclusions: The findings imply that there is still an urgent need for activism in
    [Show full text]
  • Downloaded for Personal Non‐Commercial Research Or Study, Without Prior Permission Or Charge
    Dziewanski, Dariusz (2018) Beyond the street : gang entry and exit on the Cape flats. PhD thesis. SOAS University of London. http://eprints.soas.ac.uk/30904 Copyright © and Moral Rights for this thesis are retained by the author and/or other copyright owners. A copy can be downloaded for personal non‐commercial research or study, without prior permission or charge. This thesis cannot be reproduced or quoted extensively from without first obtaining permission in writing from the copyright holder/s. The content must not be changed in any way or sold commercially in any format or medium without the formal permission of the copyright holders. When referring to this thesis, full bibliographic details including the author, title, awarding institution and date of the thesis must be given e.g. AUTHOR (year of submission) "Full thesis title", name of the School or Department, PhD Thesis, pagination. BEYOND THE STREET: GANG ENTRY AND EXIT ON THE CAPE FLATS DARIUSZ DZIEWANSKI Thesis submitted for the degree of PhD in Development Studies 2018 Department of Development Studies School of Oriental and African Studies (SOAS) University of London 1 ABSTRACT This project analysed the life histories of ex-members of Cape Flats gangs, focusing on their entry into, and exit from, gang life. Their participation in gangsterism shows us how gang members embody violent street culture and reproduce a street habitus generated by the poverty, racism, and segregation that structures the lives of many Capetonians. But in leaving gangs, they also show how aspects of Bourdieusian criminology (street capital, street field, and street habitus) can be applied to move beyond typical readings of street- based social reproduction.
    [Show full text]