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Compounding in Meetei Surnames Compounding in Meetei Surnames Yumnam Aboy Singh, Ph.D. Scholar ================================================================ Language in India www.languageinindia.com ISSN 1930-2940 Vol. 13:10 October 2013 ================================================================ Abstract This paper mainly concentrates on the formation of Meetei surnames through the process of Compounding. Indigenously no surname is found without the ending phoneme /m/ in Meetei society. Therefore, all the Meetei surnames end with a common identical phoneme /m/. In this paper the classification of compounding process of the Meetei surname is also studied in different ways by applying different formulae. The paper attempts to discuss not only the indigenous Meetei surnames but also the Meetei Brahmin surnames still existing in Manipur. INTRODUCTION In the past, the offspring of the same family were settled together. After increasing number of the family members, some had separated and made new houses for their needs. The new houses were also made near the old one. Like this, many houses have been gradually extended near the same old ancestor. From that tradition, the Meetei Yumnak (Meitei surname) came into existence. Here, jum means ‘house’ and nak means ‘near’ and become ‘jumnak’ (R.K., 1970). In the past, jumnak indicated both house and owner or any one of them. For example, someone can ask about a person or of a house whether he/she is known or unknown to him. Such a question can be put as, kijum mchno or kijumno ‘which surname is referred to (you or him)? Later on, it seems to be known as the family of the house. From that point of view, elders used to address an individual by his/her surname. Therefore, the Meetei surnames are perhaps, derived from the nicknames given to the original founder of a family in connection with various activities, namely, for doing something, making something, arranging something, for an individual peculiarity, skill of the person, for having supervisory work, etc. It is believed that all the Meetei surnames were derived from eponyms (i.e., derived from the peculiarity of the individuals). If the name of a thing, a place, and an individual of a society or a group is derived from the name of a person, it is known as Eponym. For example, Rome is an eponym coming from Romulus (Concise Oxford Dictionary, Judy Pearsall, Tenth edition: 480). In Meeteiron, the eponym of Sagolsem surname is sagol senba mi ‘person who tends cattle’. Therefore, an eponym is a person after whom a discovery, invention, place etc. is named. Hence the person may have mythical character. SURNAME A surname is considered as a name which is added to the given name. Unlike other languages, the nature of surname prevailing in Meeteiron (Meetei ‘Meetei people’ + ron~lon ‘language’) is formed by adding some words before or after or both, to the given name. And Language in India www.languageinindia.com ISSN 1930-2940 13:10 October 2013 Yumnam Aboy Singh, Ph.D. Scholar Compounding in Meetei Surnames 29 it is regarded as a part of personal name. In short, the name used to identify the members of the family is known as surname. ORIGIN OF MEETEI SURNAMES In Meetei society, the introduction of surnames took place in the reign of king Sameirang (518-568 A.D.). It was recorded on page 4 of Cheitharol Kumbaba (Lairenmayum and Ningthoukhongjam, 1967). All the Meetei surnames originated from the seven clans of Meetei. There are altogether 716 surnames in Meetei society (Ayekpam, 1993). These clans have their specified numbers of surnames given below. 1. 219 2. 77 3. 167 4. 89 5. 90 6. 34 7. (). 40 _______ 716 Fig: Seven clans showing the number of surnames contained. FORMATION OF MEETEI SURNAMES There are two types of word formation in this language. They are a) Affixation and b) Compounding. In Meeteiron, compounding is more prominent in forming words. From the linguistic point of view, surname in Meetei society should be treated as a single word. In Meeteiron, words are formed by adding prefix or suffix to the roots. On the other hand, it may also be that two or more than two roots are used in making a word. Therefore, the words of the first kinds are not used prominently in dealing with compounding of the Meetei surnames. And those kinds of compound words which are created by combining two or more roots will be discussed here for the Meetei surnames. The formation of the Meetei surnames can be divided into 20 formulae. Those formulae are given as under. First Formula: + Language in India www.languageinindia.com ISSN 1930-2940 13:10 October 2013 Yumnam Aboy Singh, Ph.D. Scholar Compounding in Meetei Surnames 30 Here surnames are formed by adding ~‘place’ to the verb roots as described below. Examples: + (speak + place) = + (cook + place) = + (shelter + place) = + (bath + place) = + (bloom + place) = It can be noted that verbs- ‘speak’, ‘cook’, ‘shelter’, ‘bath’ and ‘bloom’ are followed by bm~pm ‘place’ to form these surnames- andHere the aspiration of the word bm~pm does not appear in these surnames. In fact, the aspirated sounds lose their existence in these final forms of surnames because of their morphophonemic change. Second Formula: + + In this kind the surnames are formed by adding attributive as a prefix and ~ ‘place’ to the verb roots respectively. Examples: + + (attr + mould + place) = + + (attr + come out + place) = + + (attr + draw + place) = It is noticed that all these verb roots- hi ‘mould’, tok ‘come out’ and jek ‘draw’ are prefixed by the attributive and immediately followed by bm~pm so as to obtain these final surnames. Third Formula: + + n Such type of the surname is formed by prefixing attributive and by adding b~to the adjective. It is rarely found in this language. Examples: + + (attr + new + place) = + + (attr + old + place) = + + (attr + long + place) = Fourth Formula: + + Language in India www.languageinindia.com ISSN 1930-2940 13:10 October 2013 Yumnam Aboy Singh, Ph.D. Scholar Compounding in Meetei Surnames 31 In this construction of surnames, an NP is added just immediately before the verb root and followed by bm~pm as described below. Examples: + + (book + look + place) = + + (santalum + grind + place) = + + (garlic + plant + place) = + + (market + guard + place) = + + (fowl + fly + place) = + + (python + catch + place) = + + (God + guard + place) = + + (conch + blow+ place) = + + (comb + make + place) = + + (road + cut + place) = + + (bow + make + place) = + + (rivet + cut + place) = + + (name of a place + settle + place) = + + (everyone + control + place = + + (sword + make + place) = + + (market + control + place) = k + + (young one + rear + place) = + + (fermented fish + hang + place) = Fifth Formula: + 3pp + Unlike the four formulae analyzed above, the fifth type of surnames does not use any verb form. It is only constructed through the addition of an NP before the third person pronominal prefix and by following another NP. Examples: + + (large bridge + his + house) = + + (python + his + house) = + + (sesame, Sesamum indicum Linn + his +house) = + + (remote area + his + house) = + + (king’s son + his + jum) = + + (large village + his + house) = + + (lotus + his + house) = + + (name of a place + his + house) = takhel + + (name of a place + his + house) = Language in India www.languageinindia.com ISSN 1930-2940 13:10 October 2013 Yumnam Aboy Singh, Ph.D. Scholar Compounding in Meetei Surnames 32 + + (name of a place + his + house) = + + (name of a place + his + house) = + + (minister + his + house) = + + (kshetriya + his + house) = Sixth Formula: + Surnames constructed through the sixth formula are very few in number. It is only formed by two NPs as given below. Examples: + (a kind of fishing net + place) = + (thatch + place) = + (swan + place) = + (bee + place) = Seventh Formula: + + + Seventh kind of surname is formed by deleting the nominalizer ~b from the verb root. Examples: + + + p + (elephant + God + worship + nzr + place) = + + + p + (rivet + back + control + nzr + place) = + + + b + (paddy + granary + watch + nzr + place) = + + + p + (name of a place + God + worship + nzr + place) = The nominalizer p~b does not occur at these surnames. Eighth Formula: + + This kind of surname is formed by adding nominalizer ~ to the verb root and followed by an NP as given below. Example: Language in India www.languageinindia.com ISSN 1930-2940 13:10 October 2013 Yumnam Aboy Singh, Ph.D. Scholar Compounding in Meetei Surnames 33 + + (trample + nzr + place) = The verb root net ‘trample’ is suffixed by the nominalizer p~b and then followed by lm ‘place’. The NP lm ‘place’ becomes rm when it follows the nominalizer as a morphophonemic change. Ninth formula: Here a noun alone can make a surname as given below. Examples: (name of a clan) (graft) In Meetei society there are seven clans. Angom clan is also one of them and it can be both the clan and the surname. On the other hand the act of grafting something onto something else is a common phenomenon and it is known as ‘to make graft’ in Meeteiron. Tenth formula: + + + These surnames in this language are very few in number. To make an identical ending phoneme / of the Meetei surname the nominalizer is dropped and the sound of is changed to . Such type of changes frequently occurs in this language. Illustrations are given hereunder for making surname. Examples: + + +
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