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Spatial Analysis of Informal Settlement in Windhoek

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Spatial Analysis of Informal Settlement in Windhoek UNDERSTANDING THE SPATIAL DYNAMICS OF INFORMAL SETTLEMENTS A SPATIAL ANALYSIS CASE STUDY OF OOHAMBO DHA NEHALE IN THE CITY OF WINDHOEK A THESIS SUBMITTED IN PARTIAL FULFILMENT OF THE REQUIREMENTS FOR THE DEGREE OF MASTER OF ARTS (GEOGRAPHY) OF THE UNIVERSITY OF NAMIBIA BY MUKANDO MOUNTAIN ISHIMAEL Student Number 200242466 JULY 2016 Main Supervisor: Dr. Simon Angombe Co-supervisor: Mr. Alex Mudabeti ii ABSTRACT Informal settlements expansion and development continues to be a problem for the government and urban planners. Understanding spatial dynamics of informal settlements may therefore be a key for future success in their effective management. This research explores the possibilities offered by the advancement in Geo- Information science and spatial analysis to improve the understanding of informal settlement spatial dynamics. A geographical information system (GIS) was used to analyse the spatial distribution and expansion of the Oohambo Dha Nehale informal settlement. GIS techniques were applied to aerial photographs taken in 2005, 2008, and 2011 in order to map the distribution of dwellings and spatial patterns, as well as to estimate the spatial expansion. Terrain data was used to determine the suitability of land for building residential purposes. Results show that the number of dwellings in Oohambo Dha Nehale increased from 465 in 2005 to 2,496 in 2011 as did its population, which grew from 1,628 to 8,729 inhabitants. During the same period, the area increased from 226,127 m² to 515,686 m². Additionally, dwellings found along the edge of the area exhibited a linear pattern, while those in the interior exhibited a cluster pattern. Slope analysis indicated that 70% of dwellings were built on unsuitable land, most of which were built on extremely sloping land. Oohambo Dha Nehale informal settlement continues to expand further into the mountains, northeast of Windhoek, despite efforts by the municipality to halt its expansion. With the expansion of the area, dwellings continue to be built on unsuitable land without adhering to the physical building regulations of the Windhoek municipality. The results of this study can assist the municipality, the government, urban planners, and policy makers to make informed decisions with regard to informal settlement. iii TABLE OF CONTENTS Abstract ................................................................................................................. ii List of Tables ...................................................................................................... vii List of Figures .................................................................................................... viii List of Acronyms ................................................................................................... x Acknowledgements ............................................................................................ xii Declaration .......................................................................................................... xiii 1. INTRODUCTION .......................................................................................... 1 1.2. Background of the Study ....................................................................... 2 1.3. Problem Statement ................................................................................. 3 1.4. Research Objectives ............................................................................... 5 1.5. Significance of the Study ....................................................................... 5 1.6. Outline of the Study ............................................................................... 6 2. LITERATURE REVIEW ............................................................................. 9 2.1. Introduction ............................................................................................ 9 2.2. Defining land tenure and tenure security ............................................... 9 2.3. The land tenure system in Namibia ..................................................... 10 2.3.1. Legal framework for the Flexible Land Tenure System ......... 13 2.3.2. Land right offices .................................................................... 16 2.4. Informal Settlements ............................................................................ 16 iv 2.4.1. Stages of informal settlement development ............................. 19 2.4.2. Historical background of informal settlements ........................ 20 2.4.3. Informal settlements in Windhoek ........................................... 22 2.4.4. Growth of ISs and household dynamics in Windhoek ............. 23 2.5. Intervention programmes and policies ................................................. 26 2.5.1. Eviction .................................................................................... 26 2.5.2. Site and service schemes .......................................................... 27 2.5.3. Upgrading ................................................................................ 28 2.5.4. Housing programmes ............................................................... 31 2.6. Spatial planning ................................................................................... 32 2.6.1. Spatial planning in cities .......................................................... 34 2.6.2. Common requirements for spatial planning ............................. 35 2.6.3. Planning tools ........................................................................... 36 2.7. The use of GIS in spatial analysis ........................................................ 37 2.8. Case study example .............................................................................. 41 3. DATA, METHODS AND PROCEDURES ................................................ 45 3.1. Introduction .......................................................................................... 45 3.2. Research Approach .............................................................................. 45 3.3. Adopted methodology .......................................................................... 47 3.4. Study area ............................................................................................. 48 v 3.5. Data collection and source ................................................................... 50 3.6. Data quality requirements .................................................................... 50 3.7. Method ................................................................................................. 51 3.7.1. Structure increase, population and area expansion .................. 51 3.7.2. Spatial pattern .......................................................................... 55 3.7.3. Slope analysis ........................................................................... 56 3.8. Ethical considerations .......................................................................... 60 3.8.1. Confidentiality ......................................................................... 61 3.8.2. Professional integrity and responsibility .................................. 61 3.8.3. The right to privacy .................................................................. 62 4. RESULTS ..................................................................................................... 63 4.1. Introduction .......................................................................................... 63 4.2. Structure, population, and area increase .............................................. 63 4.3. Spatial Pattern ...................................................................................... 72 4.4. Slope analysis ....................................................................................... 74 5. DISCUSSION ............................................................................................... 78 5.1. Introduction .......................................................................................... 78 5.2. Structure increase, population and area expansion .............................. 78 5.3. Spatial Pattern ...................................................................................... 81 5.4. Slope .................................................................................................... 82 vi 6. CONCLUSION AND RECOMMENDATIONS ....................................... 83 6.1. Introduction .......................................................................................... 83 6.2. Conclusion ........................................................................................... 83 6.3. Recommendations ................................................................................ 85 6.3.1. Improvement of rural areas ...................................................... 85 6.3.2. In-situ upgrading ...................................................................... 85 6.3.3. Prevention of new informal settlements .................................. 86 6.3.4. Managed land settlements ........................................................ 86 6.3.5. Upgrading of infrastructure ...................................................... 87 6.3.6. Residents participation ............................................................. 87 6.4. Areas of further research ...................................................................... 88 REFERENCES ..................................................................................................... 89 vii LIST OF TABLES Table 1 Population Growth
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