Bioscience Discovery, 4(1):111-116, Jan. 2013 ISSN: 2229-3469 (Print)

U Anitha Devi1, 2, T Ugandhar3 and M A Singara Charya1

1Department of MicrobiologyKakatiya University, -506 009 2Department of BotanyGovt Degree and P.G.College (W) 505001 (A.P.) 3Department of Botany S.R.R Govt Degree and P.G.CollegeKarimnagar 505001 (A.P.) [email protected]

ABSTRACT Primary productivity (Gross and Net) and respiratory consumption in and was carried out during July 1999 to June 2001 and recorded the maximum gross primary productivity at site-V (0.663 g/cm3/h) and minimum at site-VIII (0.120 g/cm3/h). In general the maximum gross primary productivity values were during summer months. The minimum and maximum net primary productions were at site-I (0.060 g/cm3 /h) and (0.301 g/cm3/h) with an average value of 0.153 g/cm3/h. The net primary production values were positive in all the sites which explains photosynthetic activity of production is dominant over respiratory consumption. The average respiratory consumption values were 0.120, 0.135. 0.115 and 0.120 g/cm3/h in sites 1, 11, 111, and IV. The P/R ratio fluctuated between 0.70 to 5.003 during 1999 to 2000 while it was 0.749 to 4.682 during 2000 to 2001.

Key words: Productivity, respiratory consumption, P/R ratio. Lower Manair Dam, Kakatiya Canal.

INTRODUCTION systems noticed significant variations among the There is tremendous development in the productivity parameters (Munavar, 1970). process of productivity and its direct relevance in Govindan and Sundersan (1979) believed that the management of aquatic systems. This is an periphytic algae are the major primary producers important biological phenomenon in nature on in headwater and mid region area of river system. which the entire diverse array of life depends The water quality of Jhelum River was assessed in directly or indirectly. It provides an assessment planktonic population and productivity. Manikya about the exact nature of ecosystems, its trophic Reddy and Venkateshwarlu (1986) studied NPP in levels and availability of energy for secondary- relation to physico-chemical characters at various producers. The primary productivity is the rate in lotic habitats.Reviewed the seasonality of which sun's radiant energy is stored by phytoplankton in South Indian lake and observed photosynthetic and chemosynthetic activities of that they differ vastly in water flow producers in the form of organic substances. In characteristics, chemistry and trophic state and natural waters the primary production entirely used these parameters to suggest and supplement depends on photosynthesis, however, the revival procedures of the lakes. Nandan and chemosynthesis plays a minor role. In the aquatic Patel (1986) assessed the water quality of systems, photosynthesis is mainly by Vishwamitririver by algal analysis and signified the phytoplankton and aquatic macrophytes, and the role of productivity in establishing the pollution phytoplanktons are universal in occurrence and status of the river. Anderson (1989) estimated the account for maximum primary product. whole basin diatom productivity rate and The important aspect of primary production concentrated on their implications on the stability is to determine the phytoplankton biomass and to and balance of the lake. Biswas and Nweze (1990) measure the rates at which the biomass coverts critically reviewed the role of productivity in into inorganic carbons. The limnological studies in various climatic conditions to suggest different certain polluted and unpolluted fresh water conservational and revival practices.

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Recorded high amounts of productivity Where, during summer and predicated the influence of IB=Initial oxygen amount before incubation bright sunshine and high temperature, low period. turbidity, high phytoplankton density and algal LB=Net increase in oxygen due to photosynthesis blooms. Agarwalet al. (1995) developed a in the light bottle. statistical approach for the comparative studies of DB=Oxygen decrease in the dark bottle. phytoplankton productivity to ensure a safe and T=Time in hours cost effective restoration programme of aquatic PQ=Photosynthesis quotient=1.0 bodies compared the phytoplankton primary RQ=Respiratory quotient=1.0 productivity of river Ganga and Pond of Patna to 0.375=a factor (ratio of molecuan weights of enumerate the biodiversity of planktons and carbon and oxygen). established the energy budgets in these two aquatic systems. RESULTS AND DISCUSSIONS Biddanda (2001) worked on the primary Gross Primary Productivity (GPP) productivity of lakes and oceans in relation to From the figures 1-4 it was evident that the bacterial appetite studied the dynamics of GPP variations in eight study sites during July primary productivity of lentic and lotie systems in 1999 to June 2000 was maximum at site-V (0.663 different ecological situations Salaskar and Yeragi g cnT-3h-1) and minimum (0.120 g cm-3 h-1) at site- studied the limnological aspects of Powai lake and VII. The average value was 0.274 g cm-3 h-1at site-I, reported a direct relationship between dissolved while it was 0.254 g cm-3 h-1at site-II. The oxygen and phytoplankton bloomrelated the fluctuations in site-II were minimum as most of effect of coal dust in phytoplankton productivity the months recorded approximately same value, and noticed values of maximum GPP during which varied between 0.210 to 0.240 g cm-3 h-1. winter and minimum in monsoon studied the The seasonal fluctuations at site-Ill were from temperature fluctuation and dissolved oxygen 0.362 to 0.150 g cm-3 h-1with mean value of 0.231 levels in Belial lake and noticed the maximum g cm-3 h-1. At site-VI the average value is 0.264 g organic content and productivity in the month of cm-3 h-1with maximum and minimum values 0.362 January. The present study was undertaken to g cm-3 h-1 and 0.150 g cm-3 h-1 respectively. compare the status of productivity in lentic and However, at site-V the maximum value is recorded lotic system, accordingly the Kakatiya Canal and as 0.663 g cm-3 h-1with an average value of 0.334 g Lower Manair Dam were selected and analysed. cm-3 h-1. The mean GPP values at site-VI and VII The obtained data is presented in figures 1-12. were 0.253 g cm-3 h-1 and 0.236 g cm-3 h-1. The productivity changed at site-VIII was fluctuated MATERIALS AND METHODS from 0.150 g cm-3 h-1 and 0.362 g cm-3 h-1with an The present study was carried over a period average value of 0.259 g cm-3 h-1 and minimum of two years from 1999 to 2001 water samples 0.231 g cm-3 h-1 1at site-Ill. Most of the sites have were collected from four sites of Lower Manair maximum GPP values during summer months and Dam and in four sites of KakatiyaCanal at site-V, all the months recorded high GPP value, (Chinthakunta, Kothapally, Choppadandi and which is more than 0.210 g cm-3 h-1. The changes Jagtial) on a monthly basis in BOD bottles. in GPP content were also noted during 2000-2001. The Gross Primary Productivity (GPP), Net During this year high GPP values were recorded in Primary Productivity (NPP), Respiratory months, May to August. The maximum and Consumption (RC) were analysed by light and dark minimum GPP values were noted as 0.844 g cm-3 bottle technique. Sample water were collected in h-1 and 0.030 g cm-3 h-1 in site-VII and VIII three BOD bottles and in first bottle the amount respectively. At site-I the minimum and maximum of dissolved oxygen was analysed immediately. values were 0.120 g cm-3 h-1and 0.543 g cm-3 h- The second bottle was incubated in light and third 1with an average of 0.266 g cm-3 h-1. The average bottle in dark for 12 hours. The dissolved oxygen value is 0.256 g cm-3 h-1 at site-II while it was 0.321 was estimated in these three bottles by winkler's g cm-3 h-1 at site-Ill. The maximum GPP value at reagent method and GPP, NPP and RC were site-IV is 0.422 g cm-3 h-1 where as its minimum is measured with following formulae. 0.181 g cm-3 h-1 with a mean 0.274 of g cm-3 h-1. http://biosciencediscovery.com 112 ISSN: 2231-024X (Online) Bioscience Discovery, 4(1):111-116, Jan. 2013 ISSN: 2229-3469 (Print)

The GPP values at site-V and VI fluctuated production and the respiratory consumption was between 0.090 g cm-3 h-1 to 0.633 g cm-3 h-1 and not a dominant activity in these ecosystems. their average values were 0.251 and 0.248 g cm-3 Respiratory consumption (RC):- h-1 respectively. GPP values at site-VI were more The rate of consumption of organic matter or less same nearly for four months, i.e., from by phytoplankton was estimated during 1999 to November to February. The average production 2000 at eight study sites and recorded in figures value was 0.213 g cm-3 h-1 at site-VII while it was 9-12. The average RC values at site-I, II, and III 0.311 g cm-3 h-1 at site-VIII. Year 2000-2001 were 0.120, 0.135 and 0.115 g cm-3 h-1 recorded high mean GPP value at site-Ill as 0.321 g respectively. The RC values were positive in entire cm-3 h-1. study period. At site-IV the variations in the RC Net Primary Productivity (NPP):- values were in between 0.060 and 0.120 g cm-3 h-1 The NPP of eight study sites during 1999- with the mean value of 0.098 g cm-3 h-1. The 2000 was estimated and presented in figures 5-8. fluctuations were between 0.090 to 0.5)2 with The minimum and maximum values recorded for mean value of 0.193 g cm-3 h-1 at site-V. The mean NPP at site-I were 0.060 and 0.3012 g cm-3 h-1 with respiratory value at site-VI was 0.028 g cm-3 h-1 average value 0.153 g cm-3 h-1, while the mean while it was 0.043 g cm-3 h-1 at site-VII. The value was 0.118 g cm-3 h-1 at site-II. The overall minimum and maximum RC values at site-VIII minimum and maximum NPP values were 0.241 were 0.060 and 0.018 g cm-3 h-1 respectively with and 0.603 g cm-3 h-1 with mean average value an average value of 0.128 g cm-3 h-1. The 0.118 g cm-3 h-1. At site-Ill the NPP values fluctuations during 2000-2001 at site-I were in fluctuated from 0.090 to 0.181 with mean value of between 0.060 to 0.241 with the mean value of 0.135 with an average value of 0.165 g cm-3 h-1. Of 0.125 g cm-3 h-1. The average RC values of site-II, all the sites, mean value of NPP was high in sites- III and IV were 0.105, 0.123, 0.135 g cm-3 h-1 lV and V (0.165 g cm-3 h-1). The mean value was respectively. At site-V minimum and maximum RC 0.120 cm-3 h-1 at site-VI, whereas, it was 0.113 at values were between 0.030 to 0.181 with mean site-VII. The NPP changes at site-VIII were value of RC as 0.100 g cm-3 h-1. The average RC fluctuated from 0.241 and 0.060 g cm-3 h-1 with an value at site-VII was 0.125 g cm-3 h-1, where as it average value of 0.130 g cm-3 h-1. In most of sites was 0.135 g cm-3 h-1 at site-VIII. the high NPP values were noticed during P/R Ratio:- November to March. During 2000-2001 the Odum (1956) developed the idea of maximum NPP value was recorded at dam site determining P/R ratio in order to define a (0.7241 g cm-3 h-1) in the month of June. The community type and also the concept of maximum and minimum NPP values recorded at autotrophy and heterotrophy. Trophic status of site-I were 0.362 and 0.030 g cm-3 h-1 with mean water bodies can be monitored using P/.R ratio. value of 0.140 g cm-3 h-1. The average value of P/R ratio more than one signifies autotrophic site-II was 0.150 g cm-3 h-1 and the same minimum nature of production. Cole (1979) also observed NPP values were recorded in months February, the P/R ratio in almost all the reservoirs under March, April and December at site-II (0.060 g cm-3 study. These reservoirs showed dominance of h-1), while its maximum value was 0.361 g cm-3 h-1. zooplankton over phytoplankton. Das (2002) The NPP value at site-Ill fluctuated between 0.030 recorded high P/R values during the monsoon and to 0.693 with an average as 0.206 g cm-3 h-1 and post monsoon seasons in most of the reservoirs. site-IV it was between 0.301 to 0.603 with mean He further recorded the range of P/R were in value of 0.148 g cm-3 h-1. July recorded maximum between 3.03 to 5.00 in the reservoirs under NPP value (0.331 g cm-3 h-1), at site-V with an Krishna system, 2.31 to 4.67 in Godavari system average value 0.128 g cm-3 h-1. The NPP mean and 2.50 to 3.08 in Penna system. In this study the value variation at site-VI and VII were 0.153 and P/R ratio in LMD and Kakatiya Canal was analysed 0.118 g cm-3 h-1 respectively. In all the sites the and reported in tables 1 and 2. NPP values were positive which means, the From the tables 1 and 2 it was evident that sufficient food is available for consumers P/R ratios during 1999-2000 fluctuated between generated by photosynthetic activity or 0.7 to 5.0 P/R ratio in site-I ranged in between

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1.33 to 5.00 with an average value of 2.45 3.5 and 0.7 with an average value of 2.19. The P/R during 1999-2000. The minimum and maximum ratio at LMD ranged in between 0.16 to 4.00 with P/R ratio at site-II were 1.2 and 3.5 with mean average values of 2.29, 2.47, 1.89 and 2.15 at sites value 2.07. The mean values at site-Ill and IV were V, VI, VII and VIII respectively. Similar to the 2.09 and 2.88 respectively. The fluctuations of P/R present observations related the pollution studies ratio were in between 0.5 to 3.2 with an average of lotic systems and used the phytoplanktonic value of 2.1 at site-V. The variations of P/R value productivity as biological monitoring method to at site-VIII was in between 1.5 to 5.0 with an establish the pollution status. Pathak (1979) average value of 2.17. During 2000-2001 the P/R evaluated the primary productivity changes values varied in between 0.7 to 4.0. The between lentic and lotic habitats and concluded fluctuations at site-I were in between 1.2 to 4.0 that the entire hydrological and limnological with mean value of 2.29. The average values at parameters in both the ecosystems are controlled site-II and III were 2.46 and 2.17 respectively. The by the productivity status. maximum and minimum P/R ratios at site-IV were

Fig. 01: GROSS PRIMARY PRODUCTIVITY (GPP) IN FOUR Fig. 2: GROSS PRIMARY PRODUCTIVITY (GPP) IN SITES OF KAKATIYA CANAL DURING 2007-2008 FOUR SITES OF KAKATIYA CANAL DURING 2008- 0.5 Site-I Site-II 0.8 2009 0.45 Site-III Site-IV 0.7 Site-I 0.4

0.35 0.6 Site-II

/h)

3 /h) 0.3 3 0.5 Site-III Site-IV 0.25 0.4 0.2

0.15 0.3 NPP(g/cm 0.1 NPP(g/cm 0.2 0.05 0.1 0 0

MONTHS MONTHS Fig.-3 GROSS PRIMARY PRODUCTIVITY (GPP) IN FOUR Fig.4: GROSS PRIMARY PRODUCTIVITY (GPP) IN FOUR SITES OF LOWER MANAIR DAM DURING 2007-2008 SITES OF LOWER MANAIR DAM DURING 2008-2009 0.7 1 Site-I Site-II Site-I

0.6

Site-III Site-IV 0.8 Site-II 0.5 /h) Site-III 3 0.6 0.4 Site-IV 0.3 0.4

0.2

NPP(g/cm NPP(g/cm3/h) 0.1 0.2 0 0

MONTHS MONTHS Fig. 5: NET PRIMARY PRODUCTIVITY (NPP) IN FOUR Fig. 6: NET PRIMARY PRODUCTIVITY (NPP) IN FOUR SITES OF LOWER MANAIR DAM DURING 2008-2009 SITES OF KAKATIYA CANAL DURING 2008-2009 0.8 Site-I 0.35 0.7 Site-I

Site-II 0.6

0.3 Site-III Site-II /h) 3 0.5

/h) 0.25 Site-IV Site-III 3 0.2 0.4 Site-IV 0.15 0.3

0.1 NPP(g/cm 0.2 NPP(g/cm 0.05 0.1 0 0

MONTHS MONTHS http://biosciencediscovery.com 114 ISSN: 2231-024X (Online) Bioscience Discovery, 4(1):111-116, Jan. 2013 ISSN: 2229-3469 (Print)

Fig. 7: NET PRIMARY PRODUCTIVITY (NPP) IN FOUR SITES OF LOWER MANAIR DAM DURING 2007-2008 Fig.-8: NET PRIMARY PRODUCTIVITY (NPP) IN FOUR SITES OF LOWER MANAIR DAM DURING 2008-2009 0.35 0.8 Site-I Site-II

0.3 0.7 Site-I Site-II

/h) 0.25 0.6

/h) 3 Site-III Site-IV 3 0.5 0.2 Site-III Site-IV 0.4 0.15 0.3 0.1

NPP(g/cm 0.2 NPP(g/cm 0.05 0.1 0 0

MONTHS MONTHS Fig. 9: RESPIRATORY CONSUMPTION (RC) IN FOUR SITES Fig. 10: RESPIRATORY CONSUMPTION (RC) IN FOUR OF KAKATIYA CANAL DURING 2007-2008 SITES OF KAKATITY CANAL DURING 2008-2009 0.4 0.3 Site-I

Site-I Site-II Site-II

0.25

0.3 Site-III /h) 3 Site-III Site-IV 0.2 Site-IV 0.2 0.15 0.1

NPP(g/cm 0.1 NPP(g/cm3/h) 0.05 0 0

MONTHS MONTHS Fig. 11: RESPIRATORY CONSUMPTION(RC) IN FOUR Fig. 12: RESPIRATORY CONSUMPTION(RC) IN FOUR SITES OF LOWER MANAIR DAM DURING 2007-2008 SITES OF LOWER MANAIR DAM DURING 2008-2009 0.3 0.6 Site-I Site-II Site-III Site-IV

Site-I Site-II /h)

3 0.2 0.4 Site-III Site-IV

0.2 0.1

NPP(g/cm3/h) NPP(g/cm 0 0

MONTHS MONTHS

Govindan and Sunderesan believed that (1992) observed the phytoplankton productivity periphytic algae are the major primary producers of lake Balaton quantitatively for 211 consecutive in headwater and mid region area of river days and identified 417 taxa during the study systemsevaluated the pollution and production of period extensively studied the productivity status certain lentic and lotic habitats in Hyderabad for of different polluted and unpolluted aquatic their conservation and restoration. The water systems in and around Warngalcity and reported quality of Jhelum River was assessed by planktonic the degradative state of majority of these aquatic population and productivity studied on various systems. Francis et al. (1997) observed higher limnological aspects of rivers, reservoirs and values of GP during summer and lower in winter canals studied the dynamics of primary GovindaSwamyet al. (2000) studied the seasonal productivity between lentic and lotic systems and variations in physico-chemical properties and found that different abiotic properties of water primary production in different aquatic habitats and bottom soils having direct correlation with studied by them for the biomonitoring.Santanu productivity dynamics. Mishra and Saksena (1991) worked on the impact on environmental pollution while reviewing the pollution ecology of Morar on primary productivity worked on the primary River, Gwalior with reference to its characteristics, productivity of lakes and oceans in relation to strengthened the objective of productivity. Judit bacterial appetite.

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Estimated the primary production in some (6.4 to 7.9 mg/L) during summer and attributed it selected reservoirs of studied the to high production by phytoplanktonic community phytoplankton in two standing fresh water bodies studied fresh water Perumallake at Cuddalore for and reported that low productivity was due to its suitability and potential for aquaculture lesser quantities of nutrients. Ganeshan et al. practices and recorded maximum productivity (2004) recorded the maximum dissolved oxygen during March.

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