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Estrutura Populacional De Miconia Prasina E Miconia Calvescens (Melastomataceae) Na Ilha Da Marambaia, Rio De Janeiro

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Estrutura Populacional De Miconia Prasina E Miconia Calvescens (Melastomataceae) Na Ilha Da Marambaia, Rio De Janeiro ESTRUTURA POPULACIONAL DE MICONIA PRASINA E MICONIA CALVESCENS (MELASTOMATACEAE) NA ILHA DA MARAMBAIA, RIO DE JANEIRO Rafaela Dias Antonini (1,2) Andr´eFelippe Nunes - Freitas(2); Augusto Jo~aoPiratelli (3) 1 Laborat´orio de Ornitologia, Instituto de Biologia, Universidade Federal Rural do Rio de Janeiro. CEP 23890 - 000, Serop´edica,RJ - Brasil. 2 Laborat´oriode Ecologia Florestal e Biologia Vegetal, Departamento de Ci^enciasAmbientais, Instituto de Florestas, Universidade Federal Rural do Rio de Janeiro. CEP 23890 - 000, Serop´edica, RJ - Brasil. E - mail: [email protected] Universidade Federal de S~aoCarlos - Campus Sorocaba. Rodovia Jo~aoLeme dos Santos, km 110, Itinga, Sorocaba, SP. CEP 18025 - 780. INTRODUC¸ AO˜ nia produzem uma grande quantidade de sementes e suas pl^antulas podem se estabelecer rapidamente em solo de am- As florestas neotropicais s~aoforma¸c~oesvegetais caracteri- bientes degradados (Stiles & Rosselli, 1993). zadas por apresentarem uma elevada riqueza de esp´ecies, com alto grau de endemismo, sendo consideradas como um dos sistemas de maior diversidade biol´ogicado plan- OBJETIVOS eta (Collins 1990; Turner & Collet 1996; Whitmore 1998). Dentre essas forma¸c~oes,a Floresta Atl^antica ´econsiderada O objetivo deste trabalho foi identificar o padr~ao de a segunda maior do Brasil (Oliveira - Filho & Fontes 2000). distribui¸c~aoespacial e a estrutura populacional de duas esp´ecies de Melastomataceae, Miconia prasina e M. No entanto, esta forma¸c~aoatualmente est´areduzida a um calvescens em um fragmento de mata secund´ariana Ilha grande n´umerode fragmentos de tamanhos variados (Conde da Marambaia, RJ, visando responder as seguintes pergun- et al., 2005), sendo a grande maioria deles formada por ´areas tas: i) qual o padr~aode distribui¸c~aoespacial dessas esp´ecies pequenas e espalhados em uma matriz urbano - rural (Rocha na ´areaestudada? ii) qual a estrutura populacional de cada et al., 2003). A explora¸c~aodesses habitats modificou sua es- uma das duas esp´ecies analisadas? iii) existem diferen¸cas trutura (Lieberman & Dock 1982; Hoffman 1998), atuando no tamanho dos indiv´ıduos das duas esp´ecies? iv) existe diretamente no padr~aode distribui¸c~aoespacial das esp´ecies rela¸c~aoentre o grau de abertura de dossel e o n´umerode nativas (Almeida et al., 1998). Nesses ambientes fragmen- indiv´ıduosde cada uma das esp´eciesna ´areaamostrada? tados e/ou alterados, as condi¸c~oesmicroclim´aticasse modi- ficam, fazendo com que um ambiente com condi¸c~oesamenas passe a apresentar condi¸c~oes mais extremas e vari´aveis, com MATERIAL E METODOS´ temperaturas mais altas e maior incid^encialuminosa (Kapos 1989), favorecendo a entrada de novas esp´ecies(Lovejoy et Area´ de estudo - A Ilha da Marambaia situa - se no Mu- al., 1986), em geral melhor adaptadas `asnovas condi¸c~oesmi- nic´ıpiode Mangaratiba (23º 04' S e 43º 53' W), litoral Sul croclim´aticascaracter´ısticasda borda e que s~aocapazes de do Rio de Janeiro. O estudo foi realizado em uma ´areade se desenvolver onde a maioria das outras esp´eciesflorestais Floresta Ombr´ofilaDensa secund´aria,em regenera¸c~aoap´os n~aoconsegue (Roy 1990). Conseq¨uentemente, a composi¸c~ao diferentes impactos antr´opicos. Atualmente, a vegeta¸c~ao de esp´eciesdo local pode alterar - se (Laurance et al., 1998), encontra - se em estado avan¸cadode regenera¸c~ao,caracter- apresentando predomin^anciade esp´eciespioneiras ou inva- izando - se por apresentar vegeta¸c~aovariando entre 10 e 15 soras. metros de altura, sub - bosque denso formado especialmente Nesse grupo, uma das fam´ılias mais representativas ´e a por indiv´ıduosjovens tanto de esp´eciespioneiras como de fam´ıliaMelastomataceae, com cerca de 4800 esp´ecies,sendo esp´eciestardias. a maioria da regi~ao Neotropical (Stiles & Rosseli, 1993). O Esp´ecies estudadas-As esp´ecies Miconia prasina e Mico- g^enero Miconia ´eo maior da fam´ılia,com aproximadamente nia calvescens s~aocaracter´ısticas de ambientes alterados 1000 esp´ecies(Meyer, 1998), que ocorrem principalmente (Tabarelli & Mantovani 1999) e ´areas em recomposi¸c~ao em ´areassecund´arias,bordas e clareiras naturais no inte- (Stiles & Rosselli 1993; Meyer 1998). Produzem frutos pe- rior de florestas (Schupp et al., 989; Denslow et al., 990; quenos em grandes quantidades, exibindo cores vistosas e Ellison et al., 993). Em geral, as plantas do g^enero Mico- polpas ou arilos carnosos e suculentos (Van der Pijl, 1972). Anais do III Congresso Latino Americano de Ecologia, 10 a 13 de Setembro de 2009, S~aoLouren¸co- MG 1 Metodologia-Foram demarcadas 55 parcelas de 25 m2, dis- vesse um maior grau de agrega¸c~aoentre os indiv´ıduosdas tantes pelo menos em 10 metros entre si ao longo da ´area duas esp´ecies. estudada. Como a ´area´ecortada por trilhas, as parcelas Al´emdisso, ao consumirem os frutos de Miconia, esses an- foram dispostas a dist^anciasde forma sistem´aticae bus- imais podem provocar a abscis~aode frutos de diferentes cando - se evitar aloc´a- las no centro das trilhas para, est´adiosde matura¸c~aosobre ou sob as camadas de ser- com isso, aumentar a possibilidade de encontro das esp´ecies rapilheira (Pereira e Mantovani 2001), contribuindo para analisadas. Em cada parcela foi registrado o n´umerode a forma¸c~aode um banco de sementes pr´oximo`aplanta - indiv´ıduos de cada uma das esp´ecies estudadas (desde m~ae.Adicionalmente, como as duas esp´eciesestudadas pro- pl^antulas a indiv´ıduos adultos) e mensuradas a altura e, duzem grande n´umerode frutos (obs. pess.) ao longo do para indiv´ıduoscom altura > 1,3 m, o di^ametroa altura do seu per´ıodo de frutifica¸c~ao,grande parte destes n~aoseria peito (DAP). utilizada como recurso por seus dispersores, sendo deposi- Para avaliar a cobertura do dossel, uma m´aquinafotogr´afica tados naturalmente no solo ou por abscis~ao. foi alocada no centro de cada parcela a uma altura de 1,30 Apesar de n~aoter sido analisada a composi¸c~aode esp´ecies m do n´ıvel do solo, com as lentes voltadas para o dossel. do banco de sementes, ´eposs´ıvel sugerir que as sementes Posteriormente, as fotos foram transformadas para preto e de Miconia permanecem latentes no solo de ´areasem es- branco e obtida a porcentagem de ´areasem cobertura. tado mais avan¸cadode regenera¸c~aoe, quando submetidas a Para avaliar o padr~aode distribui¸c~aoespacial, foi utilizado o um aumento da incid^encialuminosa, devido `aforma¸c~aode ´Indice de Dispers~aode Morisita (Id) (Brower et al., 1997). clareiras ou `asupress~aode vegeta¸c~ao,poderiam germinar, A significˆancia do ´Indice de Dispers~aode Morisita (Id 1) ocupando rapidamente esses ambientes e formando pop- foi testada atrav´esdo teste F para significˆanciado Id (gl ula¸c~oescom elevados graus de adensamento. Este mesmo = n - 1; p < 0,05) (Poole 1974). Para testar poss´ıveis padr~aotamb´emfoi observado para M. prasina em uma diferen¸casna estrutura populacional das duas esp´eciesem ´areade mata prim´aria,na qual esta esp´ecieapresentava termos de abund^ancia,DAP e altura dos indiv´ıduos, uti- maior grau de agrega¸c~aodevido `amaior luminosidade pro- lizamos o teste de Kruskal - Wallis (Zar 1999). O padr~ao porcionada pela presen¸cade clareiras (Antonini & Nunes - de crescimento de cada uma das esp´eciesde Miconia foi Freitas 2004). Levey (1990), em um estudo com M. cen- investigado atrav´esde an´alisede regress~aoentre o DAP e trodesma na Costa Rica, demonstrou que essa esp´eciese a altura das duas esp´ecies,de forma a compreendermos se beneficia das condi¸c~oesmicroclim´aticasde clareiras, for- h´aum bom ajuste entre estas duas medidas alom´etricas. mando grandes adensamentos populacionais e, posterior- Foi realizada a an´alisede regress~aosimples (Zar 1999) para mente, aumentando a produ¸c~aode frutos e a taxa de con- avaliar se o grau de abertura do dossel tem um efeito sobre sumo por frug´ıvoros, maximizando a sua dispers~aoe colo- o n´umerode indiv´ıduosjovens e adultos das duas esp´ecies niza¸c~ao. em cada parcela e se o n´umerode adultos na parcela tem A popula¸c~aode M. prasina apresentou indiv´ıduosem m´edia rela¸c~aocom o n´umerode pl^antulas de cada uma das duas com tamanhos menores do que os de M. calvescens. A al- esp´eciesnas mesmas parcelas. tura m´ediade M. prasina foi de 1,15 + 1,57 m, com uma varia¸c~aode 0,06 a 8,00 m, e DAP m´ediode 2,24 + 1,98 cm, variando entre 0,32 a 8,25 cm. J´a M. calvescens ap- RESULTADOS resentou tamanhos maiores, com altura m´ediade 1,43 + 1,38 m, variando de 0,08 a 6,00 m, e DAP m´ediode 2,64 Foi registrado um total de 225 indiv´ıduosdas duas esp´ecies + 1,62 cm. Houve diferen¸casignificativa na altura m´edia nas 55 parcelas de amostragem, sendo 88 (39,1%) de Mico- das duas esp´ecies(U = 6958,0; p = 0,05). No entanto, n~ao nia prasina e 137 (60,9%) de M. calvescens. Os valores do foram encontradas diferen¸cassignificativas entre os DAP ´ındicede dispers~aode Morisita encontrados foram de 6,65 (U = 687,5; p = 0,128) de M. prasina e M. calvescens. (F = 10,11; p < 0,05) para M. prasina e de 2,89 (F = 5,77; N~aohouve diferen¸casignificativa entre as abund^anciasdas p < 0,05) para M. calvescens, indicando um padr~aode dis- esp´eciesestudadas (U = 104,5; p = 0,982). Em termos de tribui¸c~aoagregado para ambas as esp´ecies. Esse padr~ao´e padr~oesalom´etricos,ambas as esp´eciesapresentaram uma caracter´ısticode plantas cuja estrat´egiade dispers~ao´ea au- rela¸c~aosignificativa entre DAP e altura total.
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