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Biological control of weeds in Hawaiian forests Tracy Johnson Research Entomologist Strawberry Himalayan guava Miconia Tibouchina raspberry Biocontrol introductions in Hawaii, 1900-1995 Parasitoids 50 Predators Herbivores 40 30 # Species 20 10 0 0s 10s 20s 30s 40s 50s 60s 70s 80s 90s Decade Follett et al., 2000 (Source: Hawaii Dept. of Agriculture) Target selection / Support for forest weed biocontrol in Hawaii Biocontrol Steering Committee: USDA Forest Service Active in biocontrol research National Park Service targeting native forest weeds Hawaii Dept. of Land and Natural Resources USGS Biological Resources Division US Fish and Wildlife Service The Nature Conservancy Hawaii Dept. of Agriculture Active in biocontrol research University of Hawaii (agricultural focus) USDA APHIS ….. USDA ARS Kamehameha Schools Dept. of Hawaiian Homelands US Dept. of Defense Hawaii Dept. of Health Ecological expertise: tropical forest restoration invasive plant species tropical wetlands forest management services USDA Forest Service Institute of Pacific Islands Forestry Hilo, Hawaii Target Learning to just weeds say no Strawberry Banana Clidemia guava poka not right now Miconia Cape ivy Tibouchina maybe when later resources Christmas Himalayan allow berry raspberry Fayatree Miconia in Tahiti since 1937 in Hawaii since 1959 Colletotrichum biocontrol introduced 1997 Aerial herbicide treatment of miconia infestation costs > $1 million annually Photos: Maui Invasive Species Committee Biocontrol of Miconia calvescens Evaluating potential agents from Costa Rica and Brazil Anthonomus Leaf, stem and fruit feeding insects monostigma Cryptorhynchus melastomae Atomacera spp. Diclidophlebia lucens Euselasia chrysippe Mompha sp. Not all green is good: Strawberry guava spreads like cancer in Hawaii’s native forests Remote sensing by Carnegie Airborne Observatory Strawberry Guava in Brazil Detailed studies 1991-2005 Gall forming insect Tectococcus ovatus selected as most effective natural enemy Biocontrol of weeds Top targets in conservation areas Miconia Strawberry guava Kahili ginger Hedychium gardnerianum Clidemia hirta Tibouchina and other melastomes Christmasberry (Schinus terebinthifolius) Fayatree (Morella [Myrica] faya) Albizia (Falcataria moluccana) Rubus spp. Bocconia frutescens Fountain grass (Pennisetum setaceum) Biocontrol of Tibouchina herbacea Quarantine studies: flea beetle from Brazil is specific to melastomes (Tibouchina, Pterolepis, Melastoma) Syphraea uberabensis adults and larvae defoliate plants Biocontrol of Himalayan raspberry (Rubus ellipticus) Chinese collaborators searching for agents specific to target that will not attack native Hawaiian Rubus Clidemia in Costa Rica with nematode galls Clidemia with nematode galls (Ditylenchus gallaeformis) Biological control of Hawaiian forest weeds Release & Monitor Tectococcus Tibouchina agent Quarantine Testing Miconia agent Rubus in China Foreign Exploration Bocconia in Costa Rica Target Selection Strawberry Himalayan guava Miconia Tibouchina raspberry Bocconia Stem boring weevil Cryptorhynchus melastomae Feeding by adults Egg laid in stem Adult Brazil Common guava Strawberry guava Tectococcus survives only on strawberry guava.

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Status, Ecology, and Management of the Invasive Plant, Miconia Calvescens DC (Melastomataceae) in the Hawaiian Islands1
Records of the Hawaii Biological Survey for 1996. Bishop 23 Museum Occasional Papers 48: 23-36. (1997) Status, Ecology, and Management of the Invasive Plant, Miconia calvescens DC (Melastomataceae) in the Hawaiian Islands1 A.C. MEDEIROS2, L.L. LOOPE3 (United States Geological Survey, Biological Resources Division, Haleakala National Park Field Station, P.O. Box 369, Makawao, HI 96768, USA), P. CONANT (Hawaii Department of Agriculture, 1428 South King St., P.O. Box 22159, Honolulu, HI 96823, USA), & S. MCELVANEY (Hawaii Natural Heritage Program/The Nature Conservancy of Hawaii, 1116 Smith St., Suite 201, Honolulu, HI 96817, USA) Abstract Miconia calvescens (Melastomataceae), native to montane forests of the neotropics, has now invaded wet forests of both the Society and Hawaiian Islands. This tree, which grows up to 15 m tall, is potentially the most invasive and damaging weed of rainforests of Pacific islands. In moist conditions, it grows rapidly, tolerates shade, and produces abundant seed that is effectively dispersed by birds and accumulates in a large, persistent soil seed-bank. Introduced to the Hawaiian Islands in 1961, M. calvescens appears to threaten much of the biological diversity in native forests receiving 1800–2000 mm or more annual precipitation. Currently, M. calvescens is found on 4 Hawaiian islands— Hawaii, Maui, Oahu, and Kauai. Widespread awareness of this invader began in the early 1990s. Although biological control is being pursued, conventional control techniques (mechanical and chemical) to contain and eradicate it locally are underway. Introduction The effects of biological invasions are increasingly being recognized for their role in degradation of biological diversity worldwide (Usher et al., 1988; D’Antonio & Vitousek, 1992).
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Heptacodium Miconioides
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Miconia Miconia Calvescens and All Other Miconia Species
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‘‘ A Field Guide to the Early Detection of Invasive Plants and Animals on Kaua‘i, Hawai‘i Acknowledgements Early Detection Field Guide Development Tiffani Keanini Kaua‘i Invasive Species Committee Elizabeth Speith USGS NBII Pacific Basin Information Node Keren Gundersen Kaua‘i Invasive Species Committee Content & Review Forest & Kim Starr United States Geological Survey Hawai‘i Invasive Species Council Kaua‘i Invasive Species Committee Maui Invasive Species Committee USGS NBII Pacific Basin Information Node Illustrations Brooke Mahnken Maui Invasive Species Committee Special thanks to the Hawai‘i Invasive Species Council for providing the funds to print this field guide. April 2010 Table of Contents Quick Reference Guide ...................................................................A The Need for Your Eyes & Ears .....................................................1 How to Use this Field Guide .............................................................2 What are we protecting? .................................................................3 What Makes a Species Invasive in Hawai‘i?. ..............................3 Plant Species. .................................................................................................4-31 Invertebrate Species ..................................................................32-35 Animal Species ..........................................................................36-41 Snakes and other animals.......................................................42-43 What You Can Do to Protect Kauai
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Harvard Papers in Botany Volume 22, Number 1 June 2017
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An Overview of Miconia Genus: Chemical Constituents and Biological Activities
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Miconia Calvescens
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