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Ann Arbor, Ml 48106-1346 USA 313/761-4700 800/521-0600 Order Number 8907290 Native American response to Enro-American contact in the Columbia Plateau of northwestern North America, 1840 to 1914: An anthropological interpretation based on written and pictorial ethnohistorical data Reichwein, Jefirey Charles, Ph.D. The Ohio State University, 1988 Copyright ©1988 by Reichwein, Jeffirey Charles. All rights reserved. UMI 300 N. Zeeb Rd Ann Aibor, MI 48106 NATIVE AMERICAN RESPONSE TO EDRO-AMERICAN CONTACT IN THE COLUMBIA PLATEAU OF NORTHWESTERN NORTH AMERICA, 1840 TO 1914: AN ANTHROPOLOGICAL INTERPRETATION BASED ON WRITTEN AND PICTORIAL ETHNOHISTORICAL DATA DISSERTATION Presented in Partial Fulfillment of the Requirements for the Degree Doctor of Philosophy in the Graduate School of The Ohio State University By Jeffrey Charles Reichwein, B.A., M.A. The Ohio State University 1988 Dissertation Committee: Approved by W.S. Dancey E. Bourguignon Advisor • J.C. Messenger Department of Anthropology Copyright by Jeffrey Charles Reichwein 1988 To The Native American People Of The Colville Confederated Tribes My Parents: Gordon and Grace My Wife: Dr. Jean Brainard Other Members Of My Family My interest in the research topic began when I was the tribal archaeologist for the Colville Confederated Tribes, Colville Reservation, Nespelem. Washington, from August. 1979 through December. 1980. During that period I had the opportunity to share in a wealth of personal and professional experiences with a proud people who have retained much of their traditional culture, even after a century of Euro-American contact. My interests quickly grew beyond researching evidence of past material culture to researching behavioral responses that served to promote the retention of traditional ways of life. I wish to express ny thanks to the Colville people, especially Adeline Fredin and family, for giving me their friendship, instilling in me the ways of their people, which I will always cherish, and for providing me with interviews and archival and pictorial data upon my return in 1984. I gratefully acknowledge financial aid received from the Phillip's Fund of the American Philosophical Society, which enabled me to return to Washington State in 1984 in order to conduct archival research and to purchase photographs of late nineteenth and early twentieth century Native Americans that are included in the study pictorial sample. Several archival and pictorial collections were assessed and sampled, including: (1) original missionary records from the 1840s to the turn of the century from the Oregon Province Archives of the Society of Jesus at Gonzaga University, Spokane Washington; these include baptisms, burials, and records of religious attendance of Colville and Coeur d' Alene Native Americans. Special recognition is given to Clifford Carroll S.J. and Brother Jennings for their historical knowledge of Native American response to Catholicism in the region. (2) archival data on two American Board of Foreign Missionaries, Henry Spalding and Marcus Whitman, who established the first Protestant missions among southern Columbia Plateau Native Americans from the mid 1830s to the late 1840s from the Eells Collection at the Penrose Library, Whitman College, Walla Walla, Washington. I am appreciative of Lawrence L. Dodd and his assistant Lisa Carloye for their assistance in archival research. (3) the hundreds of photographs of Columbia Plateau Native Americans located in the Pacific Northwest Collection, Suzzallo Library, University of Washington, Seattle. I wish to thank Richard H. Engleman, assistant librarian of the Pacific Northwest Collection, for his help in providing me with pictorial collections from which some of my pictorial sample was compiled. iii While in Spokane I also had the opportunity to review the ethnographic film "Echoes of Yesterday." This classic film, one of the first in color, depicts Columbia Plateau Native Americans the year before the initial pool raise of the Grand Coulee Dam in 1939. Taken on location by the late Howard Ball (i&ose son Donald I interviewed about its background), tliis film reveals settlement locations as well as information on dress and personal embellishment, ritruals, and material culture of almost fifty years ago. I thank Donald Ball for taking time to share his personal recollections of his father and the making of the film. My advisor. Dr. William S. Dancey, instilled in me the proper perspective from which to approach the research problem. His continuous support over the years is most gratefully appreciated. I wish to express appreciation to Dr. Erika Bourguignon, who provided me with the theorectical perspective that put into focus ny experiences among the Colville people, and who supported my research goals from the beginning of my doctoral studies. I also wish to express appreciation another member of my reading committee. Dr. John Messenger, for his guidance over the years in tackling ethnicity and nationalism as a research problem. I am grateful to the late Dr. Daniel T. Hughes for his guidance in my pursuit of culture contact research. My thanks go to Donald R. Bier, Ohio Historical Society archaeologist, for his assistance in laser printing this dissertation. I acknowledge my sincere appreciation and respect for ny wife, Jean, who was the severest critic of the manuscript. To her goes credit for help in resolving several technical problems, for her willingness always to assist me with editing, for help with the analysis, for doing the graphics, and for her unwavering support in many other ways. I also owe a great deal to ny parents and other members of ny family as well as ny friends, who have encouraged me every step of the way. JEFFREY C. REICHWEIN 80 Broad Meadows Blvd., #86 Columbus, Ohio 43214 Education M.A. Anthropology, Miami University of Ohio 1975 B.A. English, Ohio University 1972 Teaching Experience 1986 Visiting Instructor. Department of Anthropology and Sociology, Kenyon College, Gambler, Ohio. 1981-1986 Graduate Teaching Associare. Department of Anthropology, The Ohio State University, Colunibus, Ohio. 1981-1983, 1975-1979 Lecturer. Department of Behavioral Sciences, Parma, Ohio. Fieldwork Experience 1986- present State Archaeologist. Ohio Department of Natural Resources, Division of Reclamation, Columbus, Ohio. 1984 Dissertation Research. Grant recipient, American Philosophical Society, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania. 1979-1980 Tribal Archaeologist. History and Archaeology Department, Colville Confederated Tribes, Colville Reservation, Nespelem, Washington. 1976 Field School Director and Site Supervisor. Archaeology Field Summer School, Ciyahoga Community College, Parma, Ohio. Grants Awarded 1984 Phillip's Fund Grant, The American Philosophical Society. 1976 Instructional Improvement Grant, Cuyahoga Community College, Cleveland, Ohio. Honors and Awards 1986 Nominated for the Ohio State University Graduate Associate Teaching Award. --- 1984 Inducted into Phi Kappa Phi National Honor Society. Professional Associations American Anthropological Association Bibliography 1988 Ohio Department of Natural Resources Division of Reclamation Report to Industry: Archaeology Program. In: Ohio Coal and Energy Association Newsletter, June 1988, Columbus, 1980 The Colville Confederated Tribe's Response to P.L. 96-95, 'The Archaeological Resources rrorection Act of 1979' , and P.L. 95-341, 'The American Indian Religious Freedom Act of 1978'. In: Selected Papers from the Thirty-third Annual Northwest Anthropological Conference, Bellingham, Washington. 1980 Environmental Impact Assessment of the Archaeological and Historical Resources Mt. Tolman Project, Keller, Washington between the Colville Confederated Tribes and Amax Mining Corporation. Co-author Manfred W. Jaehnig. Nespelem: Colville Confederated Tribes. Delivered Papers: 1988 Critique of the "Classics": Early 20th Century Columbia Plateau