DOCSLIB.ORG

Phase I Architectural Survey of Selected African American Historic Resources, Fauquier County, Virginia

Total Page：16

File Type：pdf, Size：1020Kb

Download full-text PDF Read full-text
Phase I Architectural Survey of Selected African American Historic Resources, Fauquier County, Virginia PHASE I ARCHITECTURAL SURVEY OF SELECTED AFRICAN AMERICAN HISTORIC RESOURCES, FAUQUIER COUNTY, VIRGINIA by Katherine McCarthy Watts Prepared for Virginia Department of Historic Resources and Fauquier County Department of Community Development, Planning Division Prepared by DOVETAIL CULTURAL RESOURCE GROUP April 2021 Phase I Architectural Survey of Selected African American Historic Resources, Fauquier County, Virginia by Katherine McCarthy Watts Prepared for Virginia Department of Historic Resources 2801 Kensington Avenue Richmond, Virginia 23220 and Fauquier County Department of Community Development, Planning Division 29 Ashby Street Warrenton, Virginia 20186 Prepared by Dovetail Cultural Resource Group 11905 Bowman Drive, Suite 502 Fredericksburg, Virginia 22408 Dovetail Job #20-084 April 2021 April 16, 2021 Heather D. Staton, Principal Investigator Date Dovetail Cultural Resource Group This page intentionally left blank ABSTRACT Dovetail Cultural Resource Group (Dovetail) conducted a Phase I architectural reconnaissance survey of selected African American historic resources in Fauquier County, Virginia, between November and December 2020. The project was completed at the request of the Virginia Department of Historic Resources (DHR) and the Fauquier County Planning Division (the County) in satisfaction of requirements outlined in the DHR Cost Share program contract. The project comprised a Phase I-level investigation of selected African American historic architectural resources, the completion of Virginia Cultural Resource Information System (VCRIS) documentation packets for each studied resource, and this report which provides a historic context for African American resources in the county, the results of the fieldwork, and recommendations for future work, including a potential, county- wide Multiple Property Documentation (MPD) form. Fauquier County is situated approximately 40 miles west-southwest of Washington, D.C. and was historically rural in character, dominated by agricultural properties throughout much of the eighteenth, nineteenth, and twentieth centuries. Segregation laws and housing discrimination caused the establishment of distinct African American communities throughout Fauquier County, usually centered around a church and a school. This project sought to highlight these African American historic resources. The resources selected for this project by the DHR and the County span the entire length of the County. In total, 47 architectural resources, comprising 10 communities and 37 individual resources, were recorded during this survey. Virginia Landmarks Register (VLR) and National Register of Historic Place (NRHP) eligibility determinations were outside of the scope of this project, and instead, the focus was placed on the history of the resources and their significance to the local and historic African American communities in which they are located. All of these resources were recommended for further study, with the exception of Public School No. 18 (030-0135), which is already listed in the VLR and NRHP. This report also makes recommendations for future studies of African American resources, and identifies themes and resources types for a potential county-wide MPD form in the future. A full list of resources surveyed in this investigation is provided in the Results of Fieldwork, p. 19. i This page intentionally left blank ii ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS This investigation was conducted with the assistance of state and local funding sources through Virginia’s Cost Share Program. Appreciation goes to DHR staff members, Blake McDonald and Aubrey Von Lindern, along with Fauquier County Planning Division, Preservation Planner, Wendy Wheatcraft for their support of this project. Despite limited in-person access due to the ongoing COVID-19 pandemic, we are indebted to countless area residents who provided historical information to support this study and to those property owners who gave their time and opened their homes to Dovetail staff, shared historic photographs and other artifacts, and provided access to portions of their properties that would have otherwise been unreachable. Special thanks go to the members of Mt. Olive Baptist Church who led an incredible walking tour in Rectortown and Frogtown, and the congregation of St. James Baptist Church who sent us many founding church documents via email. Oral history and recommendations for research were provided by these residents in electronic communication shared with Ms. Wheatcraft following an official County mailing to area property owners. Additional research and historical data was provided by Karen Hughes White, Norma Logan, and Angela Davidson of the Afro-American Historical Association of Fauquier County (AAHAFC) and Vicky Ginther of the Fauquier County Library. Local African American residents’ input and oral history will continue to be vital in any future iterations of this project. iii This page intentionally left blank iv TABLE OF CONTENTS ABSTRACT ............................................................................................................................... i ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS ..................................................................................................... iii INTRODUCTION .................................................................................................................... 1 SETTING .................................................................................................................................. 3 HISTORIC CONTEXT ............................................................................................................ 5 Historic Period ...................................................................................................................... 5 Contact Period (1607–1750) ............................................................................................. 5 Colony to Nation (1751–1789) ......................................................................................... 6 Early National Period (1790–1829) .................................................................................. 7 Antebellum Period (1830–1860)....................................................................................... 8 Civil War (1861–1865) ..................................................................................................... 8 Reconstruction and Growth (1866–1917) ....................................................................... 10 World War I to World War II (1917–1945).................................................................... 12 The New Dominion (1946–1991) ................................................................................... 14 Post Cold War (1992–present) ........................................................................................ 15 METHODOLOGY ................................................................................................................. 17 RESULTS OF FIELDWORK................................................................................................. 19 General Survey Findings..................................................................................................... 19 Churches ............................................................................................................................. 19 Cemeteries........................................................................................................................... 32 Schools ................................................................................................................................ 36 Dwellings ............................................................................................................................ 39 Fraternal and Commercial Buildings .................................................................................. 41 Fraternal Groups ............................................................................................................. 42 Stores............................................................................................................................... 46 Employment ........................................................................................................................ 47 Communities ....................................................................................................................... 48 Rosstown ......................................................................................................................... 48 Turnbull........................................................................................................................... 52 Sagetown or The Sage .................................................................................................... 56 Africa Mountain .............................................................................................................. 60 Clevers Oak ..................................................................................................................... 64 Double Poplars ................................................................................................................ 67 Frytown ........................................................................................................................... 70 Hurleytown ..................................................................................................................... 74 Silver Hill .......................................................................................................................
Load more

Recommended publications
  • National Register of Historic Places Registration Form
    NPS Form 10-900 OMB No. 1024-0018 United States Department of the Interior National Park Service National Register of Historic Places Registration Form This form is for use in nominating or requesting determinations for individual properties and districts. See instructions in National Register Bulletin, How to Complete the National Register of Historic Places Registration Form. If any item does not apply to the property being documented, enter "N/A" for "not applicable." For functions, architectural classification, materials, and areas of significance, enter only categories and subcategories from the instructions. 1. Name of Property Historic name: Little River Rural Historic District_____________________________ Other names/site number: VDHR File No. 030-5579 ___________________________ Name of related multiple property listing: _______N/A____________________________________________________ (Enter "N/A" if property is not part of a multiple property listing _________________________________________________________________________ 2. Location Roughly bounded on E by SR 629, on N by SR 776 & USR 50, on W by Cromwell’s Run RHD, on S ¾ mile N of SR 55, and on SE by Broad Run RHD City or town: The Plains_____ State: VA__________ County: Fauquier________ Not For Publication: Vicinity: N/A X ____________________________________________________________________________ 3. State/Federal Agency Certification As the designated authority under the National Historic Preservation Act, as amended, I hereby certify that this X nomination ___ request for determination of eligibility meets the documentation standards for registering properties in the National Register of Historic Places and meets the procedural and professional requirements set forth in 36 CFR Part 60. In my opinion, the property _X__ meets ___ does not meet the National Register Criteria.
    [Show full text]
  • Battle-Of-Waynesboro
    Battlefield Waynesboro Driving Tour AREA AT WAR The Battle of Waynesboro Campaign Timeline 1864-1865: Jubal Early’s Last Stand Sheridan’s Road The dramatic Union victory at the Battle of Cedar Creek on October 19, 1864, had effectively ended to Petersburg Confederate control in the Valley. Confederate Gen. Jubal A. Early “occasionally came up to the front and Winchester barked, but there was no more bite in him,” as one Yankee put it. Early attempted a last offensive in mid- October 19, 1864 November 1864, but his weakened cavalry was defeated by Union Gen. Philip H. Sheridan’s cavalry at Kernstown Union Gen. Philip H. Sheridan Newtown (Stephens City) and Ninevah, forcing Early to withdraw. The Union cavalry now so defeats Confederate Gen. Jubal A. Early at Cedar Creek. overpowered his own that Early could no longer maneuver offensively. A Union reconnaissance Strasburg Front Royal was repulsed at Rude’s Hill on November 22, and a second Union cavalry raid was turned mid-November 1864 back at Lacey Spring on December 21, ending active operations for the winter season. Early’s weakened cavalry The winter was disastrous for the Confederate army, which was no longer able is defeated in skirmishes at to sustain itself on the produce of the Valley, which had been devastated by Newtown and Ninevah. the destruction of “The Burning.” Rebel cavalry and infantry were returned November 22, to Lee’s army at Petersburg or dispersed to feed and forage for themselves. 1864 Union cavalry repulsed in a small action at Rude’s Hill. Prelude to Battle Harrisonburg December 21, McDowell 1864 As the winter waned and spring approached, Confederates defeat Federals the Federals began to move.
    [Show full text]
  • Civil War Fought for the Union Which Represent 52% of the Sons of Harvard Killed in Action During This Conflict
    Advocates for Harvard ROTC . H CRIMSON UNION ARMY VETERANS Total served Died in service Killed in action Died by disease Harvard College grads 475 73 69 26 Harvard College- non grads 114 22 Harvard Graduate schools 349 22 NA NA Total 938 117 69 26 The above total of Harvard alumni who died in the service of the Union included 5 major generals, 3 Brigadier Generals, 6 colonels, 19 LT Colonels and majors, 17 junior officers in the Army, 3 sergeants plus 3 Naval officers, including 2 Medical doctors. 72% of all Harvard alumni who served in the Civil War fought for the Union which represent 52% of the sons of Harvard killed in action during this conflict. As result among Harvard alumni, Union military losses were 10% compared with a 21% casualty rate for the Confederate Army. The battle of Gettysburg (PA) had the highest amount of Harvard alumni serving in the Union Army who were killed in action (i.e. 11), in addition 3 Harvard alumni Confederates also died in this battle. Secondly, seven Crimson warriors made the supreme sacrifice for the Union at Antietam (MD) with 5 more were killed in the battles of Cedar Mountain (VA) and Fredericksburg (VA). As expected, most of the Harvard alumni who died in the service of the Union were born and raised in the Northeastern states (e.g. 74% from Massachusetts). However, 9 Harvard alumni Union casualties were from the Mid West including one from the border state of Missouri. None of these Harvard men were from southern states. The below men who made the supreme sacrifice for their country to preserve the union which also resulted in the abolition of slavery.
    [Show full text]
  • Our Whole Force Was Directed to Concentrate at Gettysburg
    Our whole force was directed to concentrate at Gettysburg CONFEDERATE OPERATIONAL CONSIDERATIONS: ADVANCE TO GETTYSBURG William G. Hewitt The Gettysburg campaign has produced a great body of facts and interpretations over the years. Yet paradoxically, the more that is written, the more questions arise. In “Lee’s Surgeon’s Horse: A Plea for Historiography,” Louis Rubin writes of seven pitfalls that can beset enthusiasts. Two of these pitfalls are: the unwillingness to challenge commonly held assumptions, and the lack of experience to recognize the nature of war.1 We all anxiously await the next new revelations, the new diary that can illuminate (or confuse) the established body of interpretations. When an author comes along using the existing body of facts to challenge the standard interpretations, the response is usually rejection rather than introspection. Troy Harman’s recent work on the relevance of Cemetery Hill is a case on point. Harman, at the expense of challenging some widely held beliefs, hypothesizes, correctly I think, that Robert E. Lee was trying to seize Cemetery Hill on each of the three days of battle. Authors and historians sometimes fail to recognize that battle involves hundreds of factors influencing very complex operations. Battle is a human experience, not a map with arrows. The ebb and flow of these factors on human beings is not analogous of a chessboard with inanimate objects. Leaders make decisions based on education and previous experience and emotion and an ebb and flow of seen and unseen factors. Most historians are civilians rather than soldiers. Some have served but have not experienced close combat.
    [Show full text]
  • Civil War Historic Events in March Cape May County Civil War Round Table Newsletter 1860 February 2014 No Major Battles, Etc
    150 th Anniversary of the American Civil War [email protected] No minutes from the December meeting as there was no business meeting. REMINDER: DUES FOR 2014 ARE DUE NOW!!!! Send to Jim Marshall, address above Civil War Historic Events in March Cape May County Civil War Round Table Newsletter 1860 February 2014 No major battles, etc. in 1860 Meeting Schedule: 1861 March 4 Lincoln inaugurated 21 March : Matthew Bruce : Confederate Cruisers 1862 18 April: 16 May: March 7-8 Battle of Pea Ridge (AR) 20 June: 8 Confederate ironclad Merrimac enters 18 July: Hampton Roads, destroys Union 15 August: warships 19 September: 17 October: 9 Battle of Monitor-Merrimac in Hampton 21 November: Roads ?? December: 21 First battle of Kernstown (VA) 28 Battle of Glorieta (NM) CMCCWRT Officers for 2014 1863 President: Marty Runner No major battles, etc. in 1863 1402 Rt 9 South, Lot 193, Cape May Court House, NJ 08210 1864 609-536-8235 No major battles, etc. i9n 1864 [email protected] 1865 Vice President: Lou Bishop Jr. March 2 Battle of Waynesboro (VA) 21 Schoolhouse Ln, Cape May Court House, NJ 08210 4 Lincoln inaugurated 609-463-9277 or 741-5438 25 Battle of Fort Stedman at Petersburg [email protected] Secretary: Pat Munson-Siter 42 Franklin Ave., Villas, NJ 08251-2407 609-287-5097 [email protected] Treasurer: Jim Marshall 202 Bartram Ln., Ocean City, NJ 08226 609 – 602 - 3243 1 Cape May County Civil War Round Table Newsletter = February 2014 Civil War Related Events Heroes or Enemies?" at the Museum of the March 2014 Confederacy in Appomattox.
    [Show full text]
  • Colonel Thomas T. Munford and the Last Cavalry Operations
    COLONEL THOMAS T. MUNFORD AND THE LAST CAVALRY OPERATIONS OF THE CIVIL WAR IN VIRGINIA by Anne Trice Thompson Akers Thesis submitted to the Faculty of the Virginia Polytechnic Institute and State University in partial fulfillment of the requirements for the degree of MASTER OF ARTS in History APPROVED: l%mes I. Robertson, Jr., Chiirmin Thomas Al"/o Adriance Lar;b R. Morrison December, 1981 Blacksburg, Virginia ACKNOWLEDGMENTS I acknowledge, with great respect and admiration, Dr. James I. Robertson, Jr., Chairman of my thesis committee, mentor and friend. He rekindled my ardor for history. With unstinting encouragement, guidance, support and enthusiasm, he kept me in perspective and on course. I also thank Drs. Thomas Adriance and Larry Morrison who served on my committee for their unselfish expense of time and energy and their invaluable criticisms of my work. Special thanks to , Assistant Park Historian, Petersburg National Battlefield, for the map of the Battle of Five Forks, and to , Photographer with the Ohio Agricultural Research and Development Center, who reproduced the map and the photograph. To ., Indian fighter par excellence, I extend warmest regard and appreciation. Simply, I could not have done it without him. I further acknowledge with love my husband who thought I would never do it and my mother who never doubted that I would. ii TABLE OF CONTENTS ACKNOWLEDG}fENTS. • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • . • . • • • • • . • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • . • • • • • • ii Chapter I. MtJNFORD: THE YOUNG MA.N'. • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • 2 II. MUNFORD: THE SOLDIER. • • . • . • . • . • • • . • . • • 13 III. FIVE FORKS: WATERLOO OF THE CONFEDERACY .....•...•..•....•• 31 IV. LAST DAYS OF FITZ LEE'S CAVALRY DIVISION .....••..•.••.••... 82 V. MUNFORD: THE RETIRED CAVALRYMAN •.....•......•.......••..•.
    [Show full text]
  • Gettysburg Campaign
    MARYLAND CIVIL WAR TRAILS How to Use this Map-Guide This guide depicts four scenic and historic driving tours that follow the routes taken by Union and Confederate armies during the June-July 1863 Gettysburg Campaign. Information contained here and along the Trail tells stories that have been hidden within the landscape for more than 140 years. Follow the bugle trailblazer signs to waysides that chronicle the day-to-day stories of soldiers who marched toward the Civil War’s most epic battles and civilians who, for a second time in nine months, watched their countryside trampled by the boots of the “Blue and Gray.” The Trail can be driven in one, two or three days depending on traveler preference. Destinations like Rockville, Westminster, Frederick, Hagerstown and Cumberland offer walking tours that can be enjoyed all-year long. Recreational activities such as hiking, biking, paddling and horseback riding add a different, yet powerful dimension to the driving experience. Amenities along the Trail include dining, lodging, shopping, and attractions, which highlight Maryland’s important role in the Civil War. For more detailed travel information, stop by any Maryland Welcome Center, local Visitor Center or contact any of the organizations listed in this guide. For additional Civil War Trails information, visit www.civilwartrails.org. For more travel information, visit www.mdwelcome.org. Tim Tadder, www.tadderphotography.com Tadder, Tim Biking through C&O Canal National Historical Park. Follow these signs to more than 1,000 Civil War sites. Detail of painting “Serious Work Ahead” by Civil War Artist Dale Gallon, www.gallon.com, (717) 334-0430.
    [Show full text]
  • Mars Protects Meredyth Farm Page 3 Go Green Middleburg Town Council Report
    Printed using recycled fiber BE LOCAL Paws BUY LOCAL Like Us Page 44 SUPPORT OUR COMMUNITY AND SHOP LOCALLY Middleburg’sMiddleburg’s CommunityCommunity NewspaperNewspaper Volume 14 Issue 5 mbecc.com September 28 ~ October 26, 2017 Mars Protects Meredyth Farm Page 3 Go Green Middleburg Town Council Report Dan Morrow degradable. Most are made of plastic, not cot- ton. As one scientist cited n September in the report put it, “They 14 Middleburg never truly vanish.” Town Coun- cil’s “Go The Plan Green” Committee for- The Go Green Com- Omally proposed that, in mittee has recommended the interest of controlling that Council: an often-overlooked and singularly toxic form of 1. Buy and place ciga- litter on its streets, the rette waste receptacles in Town adopt a Cigarette strategic locations around Recycling Program. Town and encourage lo- cal businesses to do the According to the Com- same on their property. mittee’s 12-page report and proposal, “the number 2. Register as a “stra- one item collected dur- tegic partner” with Ter- ing Middleburg [weekly] raCycle, an organization street clean cleanups is that provides free UPS cigarette butts.” shipping of cigarette waste to its recycling fa- During the August cilities, where it sterilizes, 19th cleanup, “Volunteers shreds and safely re-cy- collected 2,850 cigarette cles each butt’s constitu- butts, enough to fill a ent parts. 12x12x6 shipping box.” 3. Begin an intense Cigarette Butts: public information cam- Unsightly and paign to alert citizens to Dangerous both the dangers of ciga- “In addition to be- rette waste AND what ing unsightly,” the report they can do about it, and continued, cigarette butts 4.
    [Show full text]
  • WALTER Mcfarland
    CLASS OF 1860. 1847. (Born N. J.) ...WALTER McFARLAND .. .. (Ap'd N. Y.) . l Military History.--Cadet at the U. S. Military Academy from July 1, 1855, to Jllly 1, 18GO', when he wus gmduuted and promoted in the Army to Bn. SECO ~D LIEUT., CORPS OF ENGINEERS, JULY 1, 18GO. Served as Asst. Engineer in the construction of the Defenses of the ap­ proaches to New Orleans, Nov. 1, 18GO, to Feb. Hi, 1861,-and of the F ortifi­ cations of Key West, Fla., Feb. 19 to Apr, 14, 186l. Served during the Rebellion of the Seceding States, 18GI- 66: as ASHt. (SECOND LIEUT., OORPS OF ENGINEERS, MAY 1, 18(1) Engineer in the Defense of Ft. Pickens, Fla., Apl'. 16, to Aug. 29, 18Gl; (FIRST LIEU~'., CORPS OF ENGINEEllS, AUG. G, 18Gl) with the Naval Expedition for constructing Defenses at the heads of the passes of the Mi ssissippi River, Aug. 29 to Oct. 14, 1861, being engaged in a Naval Action at South-west Pass, Oct. 12, 1861; as Asst. Engineer ill the Defense of Ft. Pickens, Fla. , Oct. 14, 1861, to Mar. 1, 1862, being eng'tged in the Bombardments of Nov. 22-23, 1861, and Jan. 1, 1862; as (BVT. C.Al"l.'., Nov. 23, 1861, FOR GALLANT AND ~IERrromou s SERVICES DURING THE BO;lID.<RD,\IEN'l' OF FT. PICIillNS, FLA.) Superintending Engineer of the construction of the Defenses of Key West, Fb., Mar. 5, 1862, to Dec., 1867, and of Ft. J efferson, Fla., Mar. 26, 1862, to Dec. 1867; as Ass!.
    [Show full text]
  • Courier Gazette : June 12, 1888
    ROCKLAND GAZETTE ESTABLISHED IRtFl. 1 ROCKLAND COURIER ESTABLISHED 1R74.| I TWO DOLLARS A YEAR IN ADYANOB: £bc $rcss is tbi ^rfbintfbfan £fbcr that globes tbe ©lortb at &too Dollars a ^car 1 SINGLE OOI’IKS PRICE FIVE CENTS. o l ew e r ie s V . 7.—N S . R O C K LA N D , M A IN E, TU E SD A Y , JU N E 12, 1888. N umber 22. I I SPECIAL SALE ABOUT TOWN. TRAMP. Th e Co u r ie r -Gazette By PORTER It JOI4ES. REVERE HOUSE, SATURDAY, JUNE 16th, An amusing ease of — AT THE— oversiitlit occurred recently H ER B ER T M. LORD, E d it o r . BOSTON, n a Maine court. There had been trouble between A MODERN PA PER. Neat Ropton find Maine, Eastern, F itchburg nnd Lowell depots, centres of busineps and places o F —O O O P © © o © BOSTON 5 & 10 CT, STORE adjoining owners of land Fortvthirii year...........of the — Rockland Guzette am usem ent. for several years, and a Fifteenth year.................of the .. .Rockland Courier number of ;lawsuits lied Remodelled, Refurnished, Newly Dec­ 2 GROSS OF George F, Tbormlyke remembers us with Two dollars a year in advance—$2.50 if paid at interesting .Scuttle, W. T. pnpers. resulted. About two years end of year; $1 for six months; 50 cents for three orated, and now kept on the The Republican State Convention meets In ago one of the parties or­ months’ trial trip. •:-CL0THING-> Portland today, anil our delegates left at 5.40 dered the children of the EUROPEAN PLAN 15Qt.StampedDishPans this morning by special train.
    [Show full text]
  • Gettysburg 8X11.Pub
    Fauquier County in the Civil War From 1861-1865, Fauquier County’s “hallowed grounds” were the site of twelve battles and count- less troop movements, raids, skirmishes, and en- Gettysburg campments. With its proximity to Wash- ington, DC, the county was key terri- Campaign tory in Union and Confederate strategy. In 1862 and 1863, General Robert E. Lee used Fauquier County to his advan- tage. The engage- Warrenton Courthouse,1862. ments at Rappahan- Photo by Timothy O’Sullivan. New nock Station I and York Historical Society collection. Thoroughfare Gap were indispensable to his victory at Second Manas- sas in August 1862, while the cavalry battles at Brandy Station, Aldie, Middleburg, and Upperville shielded Lee’s infantry as he commenced his sec- ond invasion of the North during the spring of 1863. After a fateful engagement in Gettysburg, Pennsyl- vania, Fauquier County’s role in the war changed. No longer the cradle of Confederate invasion, the battle lands of Manassas Gap, Auburn, Buckland Mills, and Rappahannock Station II were Lee’s path of retreat. Yet, much as Gettysburg did not end the war, Lee’s retreat was not the last that Fauquier County saw of Civil War soldiers. Throughout the Civil War, the “hallowed grounds” of Fauquier County were con- tested fields of battle. ■ June-July 1863 Goose Creek Bridge in 2008. Photograph by Garry Adelman. Gettysburg Campaign June-July 1863 Following a brilliant yet costly victory at Chancellorsville in May 1863, Confederate General Robert E. Lee set his sights, and his army, on a second invasion of the North. In June 1863, Lee moved his army north toward Pennsylvania.
    [Show full text]
  • "Impracticable, Inhospitable, and Dismal Country": an Examination of the Environmental Impact on Civil War Military Op
    Marshall University Marshall Digital Scholar Theses, Dissertations and Capstones 2018 "Impracticable, inhospitable, and dismal country": An examination of the environmental impact on Civil War military operations in West Virginia John Martin McMillan [email protected] Follow this and additional works at: https://mds.marshall.edu/etd Part of the Military History Commons, Political History Commons, and the United States History Commons Recommended Citation McMillan, John Martin, ""Impracticable, inhospitable, and dismal country": An examination of the environmental impact on Civil War military operations in West Virginia" (2018). Theses, Dissertations and Capstones. 1147. https://mds.marshall.edu/etd/1147 This Thesis is brought to you for free and open access by Marshall Digital Scholar. It has been accepted for inclusion in Theses, Dissertations and Capstones by an authorized administrator of Marshall Digital Scholar. For more information, please contact [email protected], [email protected]. “IMPRACTICABLE, INHOSPITABLE, AND DISMAL COUNTRY”: AN EXAMINATION OF THE ENVIRONMENTAL IMPACT ON CIVIL WAR MILITARY OPERATIONS IN WEST VIRGINIA A thesis submitted to the Graduate College of Marshall University In partial fulfillment of the requirements for the degree of Master of Arts In History by John Martin McMillan Approved by Dr. Michael E. Woods, Committee Chairperson Dr. Kevin Barksdale Dr. Robert Deal MARSHALL UNIVERSITY MAY 2018 © 2018 John Martin McMillan ALL RIGHTS RESERVED iii DEDICATION To Big For trips in the “Gray Van” to Shiloh and Lookout Mountain, I am continually thankful. iv ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS Enjoying the process is a necessity for any worthwhile endeavor – a master’s thesis is one such exertion. With the completion of this thesis, I owe much thanks to many people.
    [Show full text]