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Farmers and Plant Breeding ‘Engaging farmers and their families in all stages of the global effort to make agricultural systems more sustainable and productive is a vital prerequisite to success. This timely and remarkable book focuses on collaborations between farmers and plant breeders across all types of agroecosystems, and offers real hope for widespread redesign and transformation’. Jules Pretty, University of Essex, UK ‘Addressing the Grand Challenges faced by agriculture under a global chang- ing climate requires a highly client- oriented, participatory research- for- development approach. This book provides insights on, and lessons learnt from ‘citizen science’ for both decentralized plant breeding and on- farm variety testing. It further shows how genetic diversity may remain in agro- ecosystems by involving the farming community in crop betterment and deployment. This publication also highlights the hurdles to overcome when pursuing participatory plant breeding. Its analytical and clearly written text along with the examples given by various authors in each chapter demon- strates the advantages of this citizen science approach for variety replacement elsewhere’. Rodomiro Ortiz, Swedish University of Agricultural Sciences ‘This book will be of interest not only to researchers working directly on crop improvement, but also to policy makers and other professionals involved in food and nutritional security. The authors amalgamate knowledge from decades of farmers’ participation in plant breeding, as a major component of improving various crops around the world. For generations, farmers have been advancing their varieties through on- farm mass selections while also conserving seeds. Therefore, it is highly prudent to enhance the partnership between farmers and plant breeders. The publication contributes to this goal by providing insight into approaches, concerns, new perspectives and legal contexts for effective farmer- breeder collaborations’. Segenet Kelemu, International Centre of Insect Physiology and Ecology, Kenya Farmers and Plant Breeding This book presents the history of, and current approaches to, farmer- breeder collaboration in plant breeding, situating this work in the context of sustain- able food systems, as well as national and international policy and law regimes. Plant breeding is essential to food production, climate-change adaptation and sustainable development. This book brings together experienced practi- tioners and researchers involved in collaborative breeding programmes across a diversity of crops and agro- ecologies around the world. Case studies include collaborative sorghum and pearl millet breeding for water-stressed environ- ments in West Africa, participatory rice breeding for intensive rice farming in the Mekong Delta, and evolutionary participatory quinoa breeding for organic agriculture in North America. While outlining the challenges, the volume also highlights the positive impacts, such as yield increases, farmers’ empowerment in the innovation and development processes, contributions to maintenance of crop genetic diversity and adaptation to climate change. This collection offers a range of perspectives on enabling conditions for farmer– breeder collaboration in plant breeding in relation to biodiversity agreements such as the Plant Treaty, trade agreements and related intellectual property rights (IPR) regimes, and national seed policies and laws. Relevant to a wide audience, including practitioners with experience in plant breeding and management of crop genetic resources and those with a broader interest in agriculture and development, as well as students of inter- national cooperation and development, this volume is a timely addition to the literature. Ola Tveitereid Westengen is an Associate Professor at the Department of International Environment and Development Studies (Noragric), Faculty of Landscape and Society, Norwegian University of Life Sciences, Norway. Tone Winge is a Senior Research Fellow at the Fridtjof Nansen Institute, Lysaker, Norway. Issues in Agricultural Biodiversity Series editors: Michael Halewood and Danny Hunter This series of books is published by Earthscan in association with Bioversity International. The aim of the series is to review the current state of know- ledge in topical issues associated with agricultural biodiversity, to identify gaps in our knowledge base, to synthesize lessons learned and to propose future research and development actions. The overall objective is to increase the sustainable use of biodiversity in improving people’s well-being and food and nutrition security. The series’ scope is all aspects of agricultural biodiversity, ranging from conservation biology of genetic resources through social sci- ences to policy and legal aspects. It also covers the fields of research, educa- tion, communication and coordination, information management and knowledge sharing. Published titles: Diversifying Food and Diets Using Agricultural Biodiversity to Improve Nutrition and Health Edited by Jessica Fanzo, Danny Hunter, Teresa Borelli and Federico Mattei Community Seed Banks Origins, Evolution and Prospects Edited by Ronnie Vernooy, Pitambar Shrestha and Bhuwon Sthapit Farmers’ Crop Varieties and Farmers’ Rights Challenges in Taxonomy and Law Michael Halewood Tropical Fruit Tree Diversity Good Practices For In Situ and On- Farm Conservation Edited by Bhuwon Sthapit, Hugo A.H. Lamers, V. Ramanatha Rao and Arwen Bailey Farmers and Plant Breeding Current Approaches and Perspectives Edited by Ola Tveitereid Westengen and Tone Winge Farmers and Plant Breeding Current Approaches and Perspectives Edited by Ola Tveitereid Westengen and Tone Winge First published 2020 by Routledge 2 Park Square, Milton Park, Abingdon, Oxon OX14 4RN and by Routledge 52 Vanderbilt Avenue, New York, NY 10017 Routledge is an imprint of the Taylor & Francis Group, an informa business © 2020 Bioversity International All rights reserved. No part of this book may be reprinted or reproduced or utilized in any form or by any electronic, mechanical, or other means, now known or hereafter invented, including photocopying and recording, or in any information storage or retrieval system, without permission in writing from the publishers. Trademark notice: Product or corporate names may be trademarks or registered trademarks, and are used only for identification and explanation without intent to infringe. British Library Cataloguing- in-Publication Data A catalogue record for this book is available from the British Library Library of Congress Cataloging- in-Publication Data Names: Westengen, Ola Tveitereid, editor. | Winge, Tone, editor. Title: Farmers and plant breeding : current approaches and perspectives / edited by Ola Tveitereid Westengen and Tone Winge. Description: Abingdon, Oxon ; New York, NY : Routledge, 2020. | Series: Issues in agricultural biodiversity | Includes bibliographical references and index. Identifiers: LCCN 2019028191 (print) | LCCN 2019028192 (ebook) | ISBN 9781138580428 (hbk) | ISBN 9780429507335 (ebk) Subjects: LCSH: Plant breeding. Classification: LCC SB123 .F34 2020 (print) | LCC SB123 (ebook) | DDC 631.5/2–dc23 LC record available at https://lccn.loc.gov/2019028191 LC ebook record available at https://lccn.loc.gov/2019028192 ISBN: 978-1-138-58042-8 (hbk) ISBN: 978-0-429-50733-5 (ebk) Typeset in Bembo by Wearset Ltd, Boldon, Tyne and Wear Contents List of figures xi List of tables xii List of contributors xiv Foreword xix LUIGI GUARINO AND HANNES DEMPEWOLF Acknowledgements xxi PART I Introduction 1 1 New perspectives on farmer–breeder collaboration in plant breeding 3 OLA TVEITEREID WESTENGEN AND TONE WINGE 2 Origins and evolution of participatory approaches in plant breeding 17 TRYGVE BERG AND OLA TVEITEREID WESTENGEN PART II Current approaches to farmer–breeder collaboration 27 3 Long- term collaboration between farmers’ organizations and plant breeding programmes: sorghum and pearl millet in West Africa 29 E va W elt Z ien , F red R attunde , M amourou S idibe , K irsten vom B rocke , A bdoulaye DIALLO, BETTINA HAUSSMANN, BOCAR DIALLO, BALOUA NEBIE, ABOUBACAR TOURE AND ANJA CHRISTINCK viii Contents 4 Rice PPB in India and Nepal: client- oriented plant breeding using few, carefully chosen crosses 49 JOHN R. WITCOMBE, D.S. VIRK AND KRISHNA D. JOSHI 5 Twenty years of participatory varietal selection at AfricaRice: lessons from farmer involvement in variety development 65 NICHOLAS TYACK, BABOUCARR MANNEH, ABDOURASMANE KONATE, THEODORE KESSY, SEYDOU ALEXIS TRAORE AND MOUSSA SIE 6 Native maize in Mexico: participatory breeding and connections to culinary markets 80 M artha C . W illcox , F ernando C astillo - GONZALEZ, FLAVIO ARAGÓN-CUEVAS AND F. HUMBERTO- CASTRO GARCIA 7 Pushing back against bureaucracy: farmers’ role in decentralizing plant breeding and seed production in Honduras 91 MARVIN GOMEZ, JUAN CARLOS ROSAS, SALLY HUMPHRIES, JOSE JIMENEZ, MERIDA BARAHONA, CARLOS AVILA, PAOLA ORELLANA AND FREDY SIERRA 8 Participatory varietal selection in the Andes: farmer involvement in selecting potatoes with traits from wild relatives 107 M aria S currah , R aul C canto A N D M erideth BONIERBALE 9 A 20-year journey: participatory breeding of maize in South- West China 119 YICHING SONG, RONNIE VERNOOY, LANQIU QIN, HEXIA XIE, MILIN TIAN AND XIN SONG 10 Evolutionary participatory quinoa breeding for organic agro- ecosystems in the US Pacific Northwest 135 JULIANNE KELLOGG AND KEVIN MURPHY Contents ix PART III Overarching concerns and new perspectives 159 11 Participatory plant breeding:
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