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Hieronymus Bock (1498-1554) Und Paolo Boccone (1633-1704) 49-59 Boletus, Band 28, 2005, Heft 1, Seite 49-59

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Hieronymus Bock (1498-1554) Und Paolo Boccone (1633-1704) 49-59 Boletus, Band 28, 2005, Heft 1, Seite 49-59 ZOBODAT - www.zobodat.at Zoologisch-Botanische Datenbank/Zoological-Botanical Database Digitale Literatur/Digital Literature Zeitschrift/Journal: Boletus - Pilzkundliche Zeitschrift Jahr/Year: 2005 Band/Volume: 28 Autor(en)/Author(s): Dörfelt Heinrich, Heklau Heike Artikel/Article: Historischer Rückblick im Jahr 2004: Hieronymus Bock (1498-1554) und Paolo Boccone (1633-1704) 49-59 Boletus, Band 28, 2005, Heft 1, Seite 49-59 Heinrich Dörfelt & H eike H eklau Historischer Rückblick im Jahr 2004: H ieronymus Bock (1498-1554) undP aolo Boccone (1633-1704) Dörfelt, H. & H eklau, H. (2005): A historical review in the year 2004: H ieronymus Bock (1498-1554) and Paolo Boccone (1633-1704). Boletus 28(1): 49-59 Abstract: Historical reviews shoud be a stimulation for the own work in the present time. The cause of this paper on historical events is the death of H ieronymus Bock in the year 1554 (450 years ago) and of Paolo Boccone in the year 1704 (300 years ago). H. Bock has created a first definition of the fungi after the antiquity in 1539. P. Boccone has publised nummerous new fungi in the years 1674 and 1697. Both were progressists for the contemporary knowledge on fungi. Keywords: fungi, history, systematics, baroque, renaissance,H ieronymus Bock, T ragus , Pao­ lo Boccone , Paulus Bocconus Zusammenfassung: Die Rückblicke in die Geschichte der Mykologie, die als stimulierende Quelle für eigene Arbeiten gesehen werden sollten, werden fortgesetzt. Zwei Todestage, die sich im Jahr 2004 zum 450. bzw. zum 300. Mal jähren, sind Anlass unserer Betrachtung. Der deutsche Me­ diziner H ieronymus Bock, Autor eines bedeutenden Kräuterbuches der Renaissance, starb im Jahr 1554, und der Italiener Paolo Boccone , Gelehrter und Mitglied des Zisterzienser-Ordens, im Jahr 1704. Beide Wissenschaftler haben zur Erweiterung der Pilzkenntnisse in ihrer Zeit wesentlich bei­ getragen. 2004 wiederum zwei Todestage bedeutender Persönlichkeiten ausgewählt. Es ist selbstver­ Die Problematik ständlich, dass wir bei beiden Gelehrten, die vor 450 bzw. vor 300 Jahren starben, nicht von Mit dem vorliegenden Beitrag werden die „Mykologen“ sprechen können. Die Kennt­ Rückblicke auf besondere Ereignisse in der Ge­ nisse über Pilze waren in jener Zeit Teile des schichte der Mykologie fortgesetzt, die im Jahr­ medizinischen und botanischen Wissens, wur­ gang 2003 des „Boletus“ begonnen wurden. den aber in sehr unterschiedlicher Rangord­ Wie im ersten Beitrag (D örfelt 8c H eklau nung in medizinisch-botanischen, in rein bota­ 2004) ist es unser Bemühen, durch die Darstel­ nischen oder anderen naturkundlichen Wer­ lung von Leistungen auf mykologischem Gebiet ken behandelt. Auch die Werke von H. B ock in der Vergangenheit zum Nachdenken über und P. Boccone , die wir in diesem Beitrag vor­ die aktuellen Arbeiten anzuregen. Um die his­ stellen, sind nicht vordergründig den Pilzen ge­ torische Bedeutung der Leistungen richtig ver­ widmet. Der pilzkundliche Inhalt in den Wer­ stehen zu können, versuchen wir, diese in das ken beider Autoren ist dennoch so bedeutend, pilzkundliche Wissen in ihrer Zeit einzubetten. dass die Mykologie-Geschichte nicht an ihnen Wir haben für unseren Rückblick im Jahr Vorbeigehen kann. 50 Boletus, Band 28 (1), 2005 H ieronymus Bock (1498-1554), Mediziner, tiven römischen Kirche standen den Befürwor­ Botaniker und Theologe aus Süddeutsch­ tern der Reformlehre M artin Luthers (1483- land, starb vor 450 Jahren 1546) gegenüber, der gegen die Autorität des Papstes für eine volksnahe Kirche eintrat. Mit Zeitereignisse den Veränderungen verband auch die Landbe­ Die Lebenszeit von H ieronymus Bock liegt völkerung Hoffnungen auf eine Verbesserung in einer Periode des geistigen Aufbruchs, der ihrer Lage. Der große Bauernkrieg (1524-1526), Jahrhunderte lange Stagnation ablöste. In der der sich von Südwestdeutschland nach Mittel­ ersten Hälfte des 16. Jahrhunderts hatte die deutschland ausbreitete, zeugt vom Bemühen, geistige Strömung des Humanismus der Re­ den Druck der infolge der feudalen Verhältnisse naissance von Italien kommend den deutsch­ auf den Bauernstand lastete, zu lindern. Neue sprachigen Raum erfasst. Mittelpunkt der For- Strukturen der Produktion, die Verdrängung schungs- und Bildungsbewegung war die Hin­ der Naturalienwirtschaft durch die Ware-Geld- wendung zur Natur, zum Menschen und damit Beziehung, die Zunahme des Fernhandels und die Abkehr von mittelalterlichen Dogmen. An­ die Gründung von Kapitalgesellschaften, wie tike und frühchristliche Werke wurden für ein die Augsburger Fugger , prägten in der ersten verändertes Weltbild neu erschlossen. Das führ­ Hälfte des 16. Jahrhunderts die ökonomischen te zu Konflikten mit den noch immer wirksa­ Verhältnisse. men scholastischen Vorstellungen des Mittelal­ Von den zahlreichen technischen Erfindun­ ters. Die neue Geistesströmung erreichte zu Be­ gen jener Zeit hatte insbesondere der Buch­ ginn des 16. Jahrhunderts fast alle Universitäten druck mit beweglichen Metall-Lettern, Druck­ Europas und führte zudem zu einer Spaltung presse und doppelseitigem Druck auf Leinen­ des Christentums: die Anhänger der konserva- lumpenpapier, der um 1445 von dem Mainzer Johann Gutenberg (um 1395-1468) entwickelt worden war, einen entscheidenden Einfluss auf die rasche Verbreitung des neuen Wissens. Die großen geographischen Entdeckungen, insbe­ sondere die von Amerika 1492 durch Chris ­ toph Columbus (1451-1506), wirkten sich ebenfalls auf die europäische Politik, W irt­ schaft, Kultur und Wissenschaft nachhaltig aus. In den Wissenschaften führten exakte Naturbeobachtungen zu völlig neuen Erkennt­ nissen, zu den bedeutendsten gehört das von N ikolaus Kopernicus (1473-1543) entwickelte, heliozentrische Weltbild. Mit diesen und zahlreichen weiteren Ereig­ nissen war die Neuzeit geboren. Scholastische Lehren und klerikale Weltbilder des Mittelalters wurden in zunehmendem Maße überwunden. Wissenschaft und Kunst erlebten nach Jahr­ hunderten der Stagnation einen enormen Auf­ trieb. Dies wirkte sich auch auf die Medizin aus, die durch den schweizerischen Arzt Paracelsus (1493-1541) grundlegend reformiert wurde, und die mit den medizinischen Lehren verbun­ dene Botanik. H ieronymus Bock gehört zu den bedeu­ tendsten Vertretern jener Zeit, die für die Bota­ 1973)7 nik grundlegende Fortschritte erzielten. Als Ers- H einrich Dörfelt & H eike H eklau: Historischer Rückblick im Jahr 2004 51 © e r foute cjrnl $ o tt ® tauî>^/j^ecfcrt mt> S 5 e a «ainat xwbw»rcfciwgetn @cfitt>emme/ cap. (. / • . t/.- • g e l lmb m<mc§et*let <3 c§tt)eme fm tm ‘ZTeütfcbat lanbc/ btc be|ictt abct xmbct jnctt Un t» ber to|ïe/janb btc ftttlmg/fo ^pttllett btj*$utn anfangbeô(JOeienô/inetlicbengtaben tenobôbeümen /ntcbcmitv<>nben witr^elm gefcbeit tvo-bat.'ÎDocb fmbc man Qcbwcmmc and) in ctltcbctt wclbctt/auffpmbtcbcem erbtttd) am Kcmfïta me.lDtc fotmc »»b g« (talc btfer fd?wcmmc tjî rttttb/fmwclc/ al$ cm biiclm/ mj^wcnbig voiler locblrn / Mo fi bel» gletcb wte btc botttg tafcn / le, Tuben ober bcrbtcrtcn bcüillttt ans« fcbc/vottfarbc gaitQ gt-atv. ÏPerbc 5 itf fpctfc jtt méfiât / jttttor mbaficm waficr cr* qucllee/ baritacb mit tvttrtje t>ttb btitcernabberet'c »H ftfr getragc. <5emclcc <3 cbwcmi mevcrwelcîaîvttb vcrbotiê tm / wcrbàt afftet bct gant$cn jar meb* gefebett. ‘îDamtetibcr cm fptticbwott attffbommc/ ÎDii wccb(ï vttb ntmeff 3« rvtc btc $Ootd>el tm ODaiett. “ attbere vttb gemeine toeb Qcbwcmmc/ rcacbfat H cidcrling attff bat betbett/ aujfgraftcb A nunit£ tenàcïeten / inn bcit bôtrett ud BolctU wtfctt/tmb am aller mctfictt/ babaôrtttb vtebe 3» ivetben gcbcc. XJDerbeit tm Ütiacbmo ïtrttCwatttt côfcücbcwcttctî tfi)3«m crfïat crfebat/btfiin ¿Êôxvacb* fett aucb btfe.tmttb «itbcrc 6>cbwcmc ntcbt / e$ fctc batt jtntot an regemveccer ange* \taribm.TDmmb tommen fie ____ _ a Abb. 2: Seite 1 aus dem dritten Teil des Kräuterbuches vonBock H. (1546)7 52 Boletus, Band 28 (1), 2005 ter bezieht er die Pilze umfassend in ein botani­ Posthum kam es aufgrund seines botani­ sches Werk der Neuzeit ein. schen Werkes zu zahlreichen Ehrungen, z.B. be­ nannte Carl von Linné (1707-1778) eine Gat­ Der Lebensweg1 tung der Euphorbiaceae zu Ehren Bocks Tragia Im Jahr 1498 wurde H ieronymus Bock, der und Albrecht von H aller (1708-1778) eine sich latinisiert auch T ragus nannte, in Heidels­ Gattung der Poaceae Tragus. heim bei Bretten, östlich von Karlsruhe, gebo­ ren. Auf Wunsch seiner Eltern sollte er Kloster­ Das mykologische Werk geistlicher werden. Sein Bildungsweg ist jedoch D a s Kräuterbuch nicht mit Sicherheit nachvollziehbar. Wahr­ Sein Wissen über die Pflanzen, einschließ­ scheinlich besuchte er die Straßburger Stadt­ lich der Pilze, deren Heil- bzw. Giftwirkung schule, wo O tto Brunfels (1488-1534) zu sei­ und deren medizinische Anwendung, hat Bock nen Lehrern gehörte und studierte durch in einem Kräuterbuch zusammengefasst, dass Unterstützung von Verwandten ab 1519 an der 1539 ohne Abbildungen unter dem Titel „New Universität Heidelberg Theologie und Medizin. kreütter Buch . erschien. Das Buch war rasch Nachdem er in der Heimat keine Anstellung ge­ vergriffen, wozu sicherlich die Abfassung der funden hatte, begab er sich um 1522 nach Zwei­ Texte in deutscher Sprache und in volkstümli­ brücken, wo er als Lehrer tätig war. Am Zwei­ chem Stil beigetragen hatte. Für die zweite Auf­ brückener Hof wurde Bock Leibarzt des Her­ lage beschäftigte Bock den Zeichner David zogs Ludwig II. und erhielt die Oberaufsicht Kandel (1520-1592) aus Strassburg, der als über die herzoglichen Gärten. Im Jahr 1523 hei­ Vorlage für die Zeichnungen frische Pflanzen ratete er die
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