Was Pittsburgh's Economic Destiny Set in 1815?
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Central Appalachian Forest Planning Team Considered Information from the Nature Conservancy’S Population Viability Assessment Workshop (Morris Et Al
Central Appalachian Forest Ecoregional Plan February 2001 The Nature Conservancy EXECUTIVE SUMMARY Central Appalachian Forest Ecoregional Plan The Nature Conservancy The Nature Conservancy’s Central Appalachian Forest ecoregion encompasses the Blue Ridge Mountains, the Great Valley, the Ridge and Valley, and the Allegheny Mountains of Virginia, West Virginia, Maryland, and Pennsylvania. Valleys are mostly settled with farms and, more recently, urban and suburban development, but the vast majority of the hills and mountains of this ecoregion are forested. Lying so close to the major East Coast metropolitan areas of Philadelphia, Baltimore, and Washington, DC, the region represents a tremendous natural resource for both the local people and these urbanites. The high mountains, the lack of past glacial coverage, and the environmental diversity of this ecoregion have combined to make this area one of the most ecologically diverse regions of the eastern United States. This ecoregional plan has identified plants, animals, natural communities, and ecological systems that represent the most urgent conservation priorities for The Nature Conservancy and its partners. Using an exceptional Natural Heritage database and sound science, this plan recommends protection of 467 sites. Within this set of sites, The Nature Conservancy has selected 122 sites for immediate conservation action. The approximate area covered by the portfolio is 3,011,000 acres. Of this area, 2,530,000 acres occurs within large, roadless forest areas. Therefore, smaller sites cover an additional 481,000 acres. The Federal government manages approximately 46% of roadless forest area acreage and various state governments an additional 18%. The majority of the remaining area of roadless forest areas is privately owned. -
The Northeast Region
The Northeast Region The Northeast Region Land and Water of the Northeast The region between the coast of the Atlantic Ocean and the Great Lakes is called the Northeast region. The Northeast region includes eleven states. The Northeast region has broad valleys, rolling hills, and low mountains. The Appalachian Mountains stretch from Maine in the Northeast region down to Alabama in the Southeast region. Several different mountain ranges make up the This map shows the eleven states of the Northeast Appalachian Mountains, including the region. Allegheny Mountains, the Pocono Mountains, the Adirondack Mountains, and the Catskills. The Appalachian Mountains are one of the oldest mountain ranges in the world. Although they used to be very tall, they are much smaller now. Over time, water, wind, and ice have caused the rock of the mountains to slowly break down. Now the peaks of the Appalachian Mountains are smooth and rounded. The longest hiking trail in the world is the Appalachian Trail. It goes from Maine to Georgia, along the spine of the mountain range, through more than 2,000 miles of valleys, hills, and rivers. The Appalachian Trail is a very popular place to hike. There are many people who have hiked the entire trail! The tops of the Appalachian Mountains have been worn down over many millions of years. ★ created by Jill S. Russ ★ mrsruss.com ★ Page 1 Mount Washington in New Hampshire is part of the Appalachian Mountain range. At 6,288 feet tall, Mount Washington is the highest peak in the Northeast. Mount Washington has some of the world's most severe weather. -
Carnegie Institute: History, Architecture, Collections
FRICK FINE ARTS LIBRARY The Carnegie Institute: History, Architecture, Collections Library Guide Series, No. 40 “Qui scit ubi scientia sit, ille est proximus habenti.” -- Brunetiere* An Introduction Andrew Carnegie, the founder of The Carnegie Institute, was an American industrialist who worked in the fields of the railroad, oil and became a baron of the iron and steel industries. During his lifetime he donated more than $350 million to a variety of social, educational and cultural causes, the best known of which was his support of the free public library movement. He gave grants for 3,000 library buildings in the English- speaking world between the late 1890s and 1917. The first Carnegie Library opened in 1889 and was built in Braddock, PA near the location of his largest steel mill. The second library opened in Allegheny City during 1890. Carnegie’s most ambitious cultural creation, however, was the Carnegie Institute in Pittsburgh which included a library, natural history museum, art gallery, and concert hall that were designed by Alden and Harlow between 1891-1907. Few people outside of Pittsburgh know that Andrew Carnegie was also involved in the art world of his day, creating the Art Gallery portion of the Carnegie Institute that is now known as the Carnegie Museum of Art and also beginning what has become one of the oldest international art exhibitions in the world – the Carnegie International in 1896. A little more than a century later the Carnegie Museum of Art had grown to include The Andy Warhol Museum of Art and the Heinz Architectural Center. -
Allegheny Mountain Magic Walk Route
Allegheny Mountain Magic Walk Route 1 Gallitzin Tunnels Park & Museum 2 Gallitzin Tunnels 3 The Former Railroad Town of Bennington Overlook P Parking Start/Stop . Distance 1.4 Miles pawalkworks.com Allegheny Mountain Magic Walk Route Gallitzin Tunnels Park & Museum 1 The Gallitzin Tunnels Park & Museum features a souvenir shop, historical artifacts, and a display of photographs depicting the community’s industrial, social, and religious heritage as well as a restored 1942 Pennsylvania caboose whose interior is visible to visitors. Immediately adjacent to the museum is a 24 seat theater offering scheduled videos and programs dealing with railroad heritage and other current topics. The Museum also houses the borough office, a police station, a library and an archival room. Gallitzin Tunnels 2 The Gallitzin Tunnels formed the Pennsylvania Railroad’s passage through the Allegheny Mountains in western Pennsylvania. Ownership has since passed from the Pennsylvania Railroad to the Norfolk Southern Railway with the tunnels currently being used by Norfolk Southern freight trains and Amtrak passenger trains. The first of three tunnels, the “Allegheny Tunnel,” originally named “Summit Tunnel,” was built between 1851 and 1854. The Allegheny Tunnel is 3,612 feet long and is located at an elevation of 2,167 feet above mean sea level. The second tunnel, the southernmost of the bores, was constructed by the Commonwealth of Pennsylvania from 1852 to 1855 as part of the New Portage Railroad. Construction on the third tunnel, the “Gallitzin Tunnel,” located immediately to the north of the Allegheny Tunnel, began in 1902 and was completed in 1904. The Former Railroad Town of Bennington Overlook 3 Beginning as a Pennsylvania Railroad company town, Bennington was a railroad town during the mid1800’s until the early 1900’s when it was abandoned. -
Women and Pennsylvania Working-Class History
Women and Pennsylvania Working-Class History Maurine Greenwald University ofPittsburgh My topic is women and Pennsylvania working-class history. The cur- rent interest in gender as a category of historical analysis has produced little scholarship as yet in labor history, but many case studies exist in women's history. The study of labor history is often synonymous with organized labor or male workers. Working-class history, a more inclusive term, broadens dis- cussion to all facets of workers' lives from the shopfloor to the parlor, tavern, church, schoolroom, ethnic society, and picture show. Using examples from Pennsylvania's past, I will discuss how the study of women has transformed working-class history. I will focus on the conceptual breakthrough of the past twenty years rather than on work-in-progress.' In the past three decades the study of American social history has shift- ed toward an interest in people's day-to-day experience and away from the former emphasis on narrative accounts of institutional developments and biographies of prominent individuals. This broader social approach has reshaped the fields of labor history and women's history. Until recently, American labor history was studied mainly from the point of view of institutional economics to the neglect of the social history of working people. The John R. Commons school, which previously domi- nated the field of labor history, focused attention on trade unions and labor legislation. The majority of American workers, who were seldom-if ever- in unions, received but scant scholarly attention. The very term "labor" con- tinues today in popular usage to mean organized labor. -
REPORTER DISPATCH Summer 2011 the Journal of Old Allegheny History and Lore Number 54
The Allegheny City Society REPORTER DISPATCH Summer 2011 The Journal of Old Allegheny History and Lore Number 54 Tour a Great Success Meadville Civil War tour visits sites and archives by Ruth McCartan Rain, Rain and more Rain was the order of the day for the April 16 Meadville tour. But a few rain drops, let alone an all- day rain, would not dampen the spirits of these history bluffs in search of stories from the Civil War. The Meadville Unitarian Church was the first stop. It was built in 1836 by George Cullum, a West point engineer who helped build Fort Sumter, and financed by Harm Jan Huidekoper, a Dutch land agent and Calvinist turned Uni- tarian. The church building has not changed much since the founding families dedicated it. After a tour of the sanctuary the group visited with the members of the Meadville Civil War Roundtable in their library at the Historical Society. Anne Stewart told of Capt. David Dickerson of Co. K, 150th Regiment of Pennsylvania Volunteers, this Meadville unit was detailed to be President Abraham Lincoln guards at the Summer Cottage just outside of Washington D.C. A map with an Allegheny City connection was brought out of storage for viewing. Alexander Hays, who worked for the Allegheny City engineering department before the Civil War, created a large map of the Meadville area while a student of Allegheny Col- lege. Hays, was to go on to become a general and was killed The grave site of John Brown’s first wife and their infant child in the cemetery in New Richmond was a stop on the tour. -
Mountains of Alleghenies: a Comprehensive Look at the Non Educational Usage of the Allegheny Brand
MOUNTAINS OF ALLEGHENIES: A COMPREHENSIVE LOOK AT THE NON EDUCATIONAL USAGE OF THE ALLEGHENY BRAND from research conducted for the dissertation SURVIVAL OF THE FITTEST? THE REBRANDING OF WEST VIRGINIA HIGHER EDUCATION this section was eliminated from the final version of Chapter 9 James Martin Owston, EdD Keywords: Higher education, rebranding, brand identity, college-to-university Copyright 2007 by James Martin Owston MOUNTAINS OF ALLEGHENIES Stretching from New York to North Carolina, the name Allegheny and its variant spellings pepper the United States map. For example, Pennsylvania is home to Allegheny County. Maryland and New York have counties named Allegany. Farther south, Virginia and North Carolina each sport an Alleghany County. As with the varied spelling, the exact origin and the original meaning of “Allegheny” were unknown. Although a Native American derivation is most certain, the original word identified as “Oolikhanna” has been variously credited to the Delaware, Algonquin, Cherokee, Seneca, and Proto- Iroquoian languages and dialects. Of its definition, some have suggested the following: “best river,” “fine river,” “cold river,” “swift river,” “beautiful river,” “endless or boundless mountains,” “the great warpath,” and simply a name derived from the homeland of the Allegwi (a supposed northern branch of the Cherokee tribe). Whatever the source, the name was adopted first by the French and later by the English who applied it to the mountains and the river that now bear the name (Errett, 1885; “Maryland Local Governments,” 2002; Mooney, 1975; Stephens, 1921; Taylor, 1898). Because of its geographical connection, the Allegheny appellation is extremely well known and its usage is widespread. -
Mines, Mills and Malls: Regional Development in the Steel Valley
MINES, MILLS AND MALLS: REGIONAL DEVELOPMENT IN THE STEEL VALLEY by Allen J Dieterich-Ward A dissertation submitted in partial fulfillment of the requirements for the degree of Doctor of Philosophy (History) in The University of Michigan 2006 Doctoral Committee: Associate Professor Matthew D Lassiter, Chair Professor J Mills Thornton III Associate Professor Matthew J Countryman Assistant Professor Scott D Campbell In memory of Kenneth Ward and James Lowry Witherow. In honor of Helen Ward and Dolores Witherow. ii Acknowledgements I would like to thank the History Department and the Horace H. Rackham Graduate School at the University of Michigan for generous financial support while researching and writing this dissertation. I began work on this project as part of my Senior Independent Study at the College of Wooster, which was supported in part by the Henry J. Copeland Fund. The Pennsylvania Historical and Museum Commission’s Scholar-in-Residence program greatly facilitated my research at the Pennsylvania State Archives. During the final year of writing, I also received a timely and deeply appreciated fellowship from the Phi Alpha Theta History Honors Society. I owe a great debt to the many Steel Valley residents who generously agreed to be interviewed for this project, especially Don Myers, James Weaver, and Charles Steele. Being allowed entry into their present lives and their past memories was a wonderful gift and I have tried to explain their actions and those of their contemporaries in a balanced and meaningful way. The staff of the Ohio Historical Society, Pennsylvania State Archives, Archives of Industrial Society, Historical Society of Western Pennsylvania and the Bethany College Library provided generous assistance during my visits. -
1 I-68/I-70: a WINDOW to the APPALACHIANS by Dr. John J
I-68/I-70: A WINDOW TO THE APPALACHIANS by Dr. John J. Renton Dept. of Geology & Geography West Virginia University Morgantown, WV Introduction The Appalachian Mountains are probably the most studied mountains on Earth. Many of our modern ideas as to the origin of major mountain systems evolved from early investigations of the Appalachian region. The Appalachians offer a unique opportunity to experience the various components of an entire mountain system within a relatively short distance and period of time. Compared to the extensive areas occupied by other mountain systems such as the Rockies and the Alps, the Appalachians are relatively narrow and can be easily crossed within a few hours driving time. Following I-68 and I-70 between Morgantown, WV, and Frederick, Maryland, for example, one can visit all of the major structural components within the Appalachians within a distance of about 160 miles. Before I continue, I would like to clarify references to the Allegheny and Appalachian mountains. The Allegheny Mountains were created about 250 million years ago when continents collided during the Alleghenian Orogeny to form the super-continent of Pangea (Figure 1). As the continents collided, a range of mountains were created in much the same fashion that the Himalaya Mountains are now being formed by the collision of India and Asia. About 50 million years after its Figure 1 1 creation, Pangea began to break up with the break occurring parallel to the axis of the original mountains. As the pieces that were to become our present continents moved away from each other, the Indian, Atlantic, and Arctic oceans were created (Figure 2). -
Ecological Zones in the Southern Appalachians: First Approximation
United States Department of Ecological Zones in the Southern Agriculture Forest Service Appalachians: First Approximation Steve A. Simon, Thomas K. Collins, Southern Gary L. Kauffman, W. Henry McNab, and Research Station Christopher J. Ulrey Research Paper SRS–41 The Authors Steven A. Simon, Ecologist, USDA Forest Service, National Forests in North Carolina, Asheville, NC 28802; Thomas K. Collins, Geologist, USDA Forest Service, George Washington and Jefferson National Forests, Roanoke, VA 24019; Gary L. Kauffman, Botanist, USDA Forest Service, National Forests in North Carolina, Asheville, NC 28802; W. Henry McNab, Research Forester, USDA Forest Service, Southern Research Station, Asheville, NC 28806; and Christopher J. Ulrey, Vegetation Specialist, U.S. Department of the Interior, National Park Service, Blue Ridge Parkway, Asheville, NC 28805. Cover Photos Ecological zones, regions of similar physical conditions and biological potential, are numerous and varied in the Southern Appalachian Mountains and are often typified by plant associations like the red spruce, Fraser fir, and northern hardwoods association found on the slopes of Mt. Mitchell (upper photo) and characteristic of high-elevation ecosystems in the region. Sites within ecological zones may be characterized by geologic formation, landform, aspect, and other physical variables that combine to form environments of varying temperature, moisture, and fertility, which are suitable to support characteristic species and forests, such as this Blue Ridge Parkway forest dominated by chestnut oak and pitch pine with an evergreen understory of mountain laurel (lower photo). DISCLAIMER The use of trade or firm names in this publication is for reader information and does not imply endorsement of any product or service by the U.S. -
History of Pittsburgh Presbytery: Created in Schism, Reborn in Unity
An Incomplete History of Pittsburgh Presbytery: Created in Schism, Reborn in Unity Written by Peter Gilmore, Ruling Elder, Sixth Presbyterian Church The Presbytery of Pittsburgh was organized and reorganized in 1837, 1869, 1906, and 1969. Created in schism and reborn in unity, the formation of Pittsburgh Presbytery represents an ongoing process of God’s covenanted people growing together and coming apart, all while striving to find the best ways of serving God and building His Kingdom. The history of the Presbytery of Pittsburgh is an integral part of the bigger story of Presbyterianism in western Pennsylvania. The judicatory which became Pittsburgh Presbytery grew out of generations of church-building. The earliest Presbyterian congregations west of the mountains expressed the desire of newcomers for gospel ministry, communion with God, and faithful community with each other. Hopeful settlers built congregations. Presbyteries grew out of congregations, and synods grew out of presbyteries. The British victory in the French and Indian War in the early 1760s encouraged people of European origin to move west across the Appalachians into territory previously possessed and controlled by Native Americans. The failure in 1763 of a confederation of native peoples under the leadership of the Ottawa leader Pontiac to expel the British and American presence led to an accelerating in-rush of settlers. Actions of settlers, plans of land speculators, and exigencies of imperial politics together forced the legalization of European expansion. The Fort Stanwix Treaty of 1768 allowed western settlement beyond restrictions previously imposed by the British government. This allowed for the “New Purchase of 1769,” permitting acquisition of land beyond the Appalachians. -
Pittsburgh Urban Waterfront : 1872-1926
Pittsburgh Urban Waterfront : 1872-1926 History Report: Phase 5 - 2004 Pittsburgh Urban Waterfront : 1872-1926 History Report: Phase 5 - 2004 Priya Krishna GIS Coordinator 3 Rivers 2ND Nature Editors: Tim Collins & Reiko Goto Studio for Creative Inquiry Press In Association with Carnegie Mellon University Pittsburgh, PA, USA Authors: Priya Krishna GIS Design: Priya Krishna Advisor: Dr. Joel Tarr Editors: Editors: Timothy Collins and Noel Hefele Layout design: 3 Rivers 2nd Nature For more information on work done by 3 Rivers 2nd Nature, call 412.268.3673 or visit http://3r2n.cfa.cmu.edu Copyright © 2004 STUDIO for Creative Inquiry All rights reserved First Edition STUDIO for Creative Inquiry Room 111, CFA Carnegie Mellon University Pittsburgh, PA 15213 www.cmu.edu/studio Contents I. Introduction 7 II. Theoretical Background 7 Literature Survey Evolving the Theoretical Framework Overview of Functional Theories Primary Theoretical Framework and Analytical Framework Tools of Analysis III. Analysis: Pittsburgh Waterfront 1872 - 1925 11 Optimum Location Agglomeration Qualities of Space Summary of Trends Observed IV.Conclusions 33 Footnotes 38 Figures 39 Pittsburgh Urban Waterfront: 1872-1926 I. Introduction Gargantuan factories came to dominate the entire II. Theoretical Background Lewis Mumford, writer, scholar, and architectural waterfront, cutting off public access to the three rivers. historian illuminates the growth of the city and its Photographs of the contemporary Pittsburgh waterfront This lack of access persists in the postindustrial city As the study began, the fi rst two directions for inquiry historical origins over a period of 1,000 years in reveal a montage of built and natural elements. Lush shaping the relation or the lack thereof, between people were the city itself and its most defi ning identity as an his book.