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Mines, Mills and Malls: Regional Development in the Steel Valley

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Mines, Mills and Malls: Regional Development in the Steel Valley MINES, MILLS AND MALLS: REGIONAL DEVELOPMENT IN THE STEEL VALLEY by Allen J Dieterich-Ward A dissertation submitted in partial fulfillment of the requirements for the degree of Doctor of Philosophy (History) in The University of Michigan 2006 Doctoral Committee: Associate Professor Matthew D Lassiter, Chair Professor J Mills Thornton III Associate Professor Matthew J Countryman Assistant Professor Scott D Campbell In memory of Kenneth Ward and James Lowry Witherow. In honor of Helen Ward and Dolores Witherow. ii Acknowledgements I would like to thank the History Department and the Horace H. Rackham Graduate School at the University of Michigan for generous financial support while researching and writing this dissertation. I began work on this project as part of my Senior Independent Study at the College of Wooster, which was supported in part by the Henry J. Copeland Fund. The Pennsylvania Historical and Museum Commission’s Scholar-in-Residence program greatly facilitated my research at the Pennsylvania State Archives. During the final year of writing, I also received a timely and deeply appreciated fellowship from the Phi Alpha Theta History Honors Society. I owe a great debt to the many Steel Valley residents who generously agreed to be interviewed for this project, especially Don Myers, James Weaver, and Charles Steele. Being allowed entry into their present lives and their past memories was a wonderful gift and I have tried to explain their actions and those of their contemporaries in a balanced and meaningful way. The staff of the Ohio Historical Society, Pennsylvania State Archives, Archives of Industrial Society, Historical Society of Western Pennsylvania and the Bethany College Library provided generous assistance during my visits. I would also like to thank the staff of the Research Center for Beaver County, Ohio County Public Library, Carnegie Library of Pittsburgh, Butler Area Public Library, Citizens Library of Washington, and Kittanning Public Library for their foresight in preserving the memories of their respective communities. iii I am deeply grateful for the sound advice and guidance provided by my advisor, Matthew Lassiter, as well as J. Mills Thornton, Matthew Countryman and Scott Campbell. Both in person and through his own published works, Ted Muller of the University of Pittsburgh served as a guide to researching southwestern Pennsylvania and as a generous host when I was in Pittsburgh. Paul Rieger, whose personal records form the bulk of Bethany College’s Upper Ohio Valley Collection, and David Javersak of West Liberty State College, each provided valuable insight into the postwar development of the Upper Ohio Valley. Chuck Julian of the National Technology Transfer Center offered much needed encouragement during the long writing process and brought to my attention a number of important sources I might not have come across otherwise. I could not have completed this project without the love and support of my parents, David and Marsha Ward, and friends, especially Heidi Brogger and Juan Hernandez. In many ways, this project began with the many stories I heard as a child from my parents, grandparents and great-grandparents of their own lives in Pittsburgh and its hinterlands. I did not know at the time, that my grandfather, Kenneth Ward, and great-grandfather, John Major, would not live to see this story completed. Over the last few years, I spent many comfortable hours at the home of Dolores Witherow, while conducting research on Wheeling. I also enjoyed the incredible hospitality of Jeanne, Jim and Christopher Bruce in Camp Hill while serving as Scholar-in-Residence at the Pennsylvania State Archives. Last, but far from least, my wife Amanda supported me throughout the long and often difficult dissertation process with patience and encouragement, while occasionally reminding me to remember the important parts of life. She also spent many hours of her own labor as editor, transcriber, and critic. Thank you. iv Table of Contents Dedication..........................................................................……………..............................ii Acknowledgements.....................................................................................................…...iii Abstract..............................................................................................................................vii Chapter 1. Introduction..........................................................................................................1 Rethinking Region.......................................................................................5 Issues in a Region of Contrast...................................................................10 Mines and Malls.........................................................................................15 Political Economy of Place........................................................................21 Organization of Dissertation......................................................................26 2. Constructing the Steel Valley: Ecology, Economy and Politics in an Industrialized Region.............................................................................................29 Empire, Enterprise and Industry............................................................... 38 Remaking the Steel Valley Region........................................................…50 “Wide Open Days”................................................................................…64 Conclusion............................................................................................….80 3. Planning for the Periphery: Land Use and Identity on the Metropolitan Fringe.................................................................................................................... 83 The Appalachian Crisis..............................................................................91 “We’re Appalachia, Yet We Need Not Be”...............................................98 Strip Mine Salvation................................................................................111 Interpreting Egypt....................................................................................120 Conclusion...............................................................................................132 4. River of Industry, Ribbons of Concrete: Highways, Hospitals and Urban Development in the Ohio Valley.........................................................................136 The Urban Crisis in a Declining Region..................................................142 Highways and Regional Development.....................................................148 Urban Development in the Ohio Valley..................................................158 Rise of the Healthcare Industry................................................................176 Conclusion...............................................................................................190 5. Steel and Silicon: Economic Development and Image Making in Southwestern Pennsylvania...................................................................................................….194 Renaissance and Revolt...........................................................................201 Remaking Region....................................................................................218 Post-Industrial Pittsburgh........................................................................229 Dilemmas of Deindustrialization.......................................................…..238 Conclusion…………..........................................................................….247 v 6. Salvation and Sprawl: Building Community in the Postwar Metropolitan Region..........................................................................................................……252 The Suburban Expansion of the 1950s and 1960s............................…...258 From Point to Pointe: Mills and Malls in Suburbia...........................…..268 Connecting the Valleys......................................................................…..279 The Suburban Strategy and the “Airport of the Future”....................…..289 Conclusion.........................................................................................…..299 7. Communities of Interest: Interpreting Region in a “Post Industrial” Era........303 Steel Valley No More..............................................................................309 Mines and Museums................................................................................320 Mills and Malls........................................................................................334 Rails, Trails and Automobiles.............................................................….344 Conclusion..........................................................................................….357 Appendix……..........................................................................................................……362 Bibliography...................................................................................................………….366 vi ABSTRACT MINES, MILLS AND MALLS: REGIONAL DEVELOPMENT IN THE STEEL VALLEY by Allen J Dieterich-Ward Chair: Matthew D Lassiter Mines, Mills and Malls is a case study of political and social development in twentieth century America from the perspective of the metropolitan region, a vantage midway between the local community and the national polity. The narrative traces the evolution of the ‘Steel Valley’ – Pittsburgh and
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