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UC San Diego UC San Diego Electronic Theses and Dissertations UC San Diego UC San Diego Electronic Theses and Dissertations Title The role of collagen on the structural response of dermal layers in mammals and fish Permalink https://escholarship.org/uc/item/5582s626 Author Sherman, Vincent Robert Publication Date 2016 Peer reviewed|Thesis/dissertation eScholarship.org Powered by the California Digital Library University of California UNIVERSITY OF CALIFORNIA, SAN DIEGO The role of collagen on the structural response of dermal layers in mammals and fish A dissertation submitted in partial satisfaction of the requirements for the degree of Doctor of Philosophy in Materials Science and Engineering by Vincent Robert Sherman Committee in charge: Professor Marc A. Meyers, Chair Professor Shengqiang Cai Professor Xanthippi Markenscoff Professor Joanna McKittrick Professor Jan Talbot 2016 Copyright Vincent Robert Sherman, 2016 All rights reserved The Dissertation of Vincent Robert Sherman is approved, and is acceptable in quality and form for publication on microfilm and electronically: ____________________________________________________________ ____________________________________________________________ ____________________________________________________________ ____________________________________________________________ ____________________________________________________________ Chair University of California, San Diego 2016 iii TABLE OF CONTENTS SIGNATURE PAGE ......................................................................................................... iii TABLE OF CONTENTS ................................................................................................... iv LIST OF FIGURES ........................................................................................................... ix LIST OF TABLES ........................................................................................................... xiii ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS ............................................................................................. xiv VITA ............................................................................................................................... xvii ABSTRACT OF DISSERTATION ................................................................................. xix CHAPTER 1: INTRODUCTION AND OBJECTIVES ..................................................... 1 1.1 Introduction to biological materials science......................................................... 1 1.2 Objective of studying skin.................................................................................... 3 1.3 Objective of studying scales ................................................................................. 4 CHAPTER 2: BACKGROUND OF COLLAGEN ............................................................ 6 2.1 Types of collagen and its ubiquity in nature ........................................................ 6 2.2 Fibril collagens ..................................................................................................... 8 2.2.1 FACIT collagens ........................................................................................... 9 2.2.2 Beaded filament collagen ............................................................................ 10 2.2.3 Basement membrane collagens ................................................................... 10 2.2.4 Short chain collagens .................................................................................. 11 2.2.5 Transmembrane collagens .......................................................................... 11 2.3 Genesis and formation of fibril collagen ............................................................ 11 iv 2.4 Mechanical response of fibril collagen .............................................................. 14 2.4.1 The molecular scale .................................................................................... 16 2.4.2 The fibril scale ............................................................................................ 17 2.4.3 The microscale ............................................................................................ 20 2.4.4 The macroscale ........................................................................................... 22 2.4.5 Effects of mineralization ............................................................................. 24 2.4.6 Effects of hydration..................................................................................... 26 2.5 Models for collagen extension (tensile response) .............................................. 28 2.5.1 Hyperelastic macroscopic models based on strain energy .......................... 29 2.5.2 Macroscopic mathematical fits ................................................................... 30 2.5.3 Structurally and physically based models ................................................... 33 2.5.4 Viscoelasticity in collagen structures.......................................................... 37 2.6 Collagen in skin .................................................................................................. 42 2.6.1 Rhinoceros (Ceratotherium simum) ............................................................ 42 2.6.2 New Zealand white rabbit (Oryctolagus cuniculus) ................................... 43 2.6.3 Chicken (Gallus gallus) .............................................................................. 45 2.7 Collagen in fish scales ........................................................................................ 47 2.7.1 Alligator gar (Atractosteus spatula)............................................................ 47 2.7.2 Arapaima (Arapaima gigas) ....................................................................... 48 2.7.3 Coelacanth (Latimeria chalumnae)............................................................. 53 2.8 Collagen in bones, teeth, and other tissues ........................................................ 55 2.9 Designer collagen ............................................................................................... 58 v CHAPTER 3: RESULTS ON FISH SCALES ................................................................. 60 3.1 Introduction to scales ......................................................................................... 60 3.2 The protective scales of Atractosteus spatula .................................................... 66 3.2.1 Background ................................................................................................. 66 3.2.2 Methods....................................................................................................... 69 3.2.3 The hierarchical structure of alligator gar scales ........................................ 71 3.2.4 Mechanical performance of the gar scale ................................................... 81 3.2.5 Failure aversion strategies in the gar scale ................................................. 89 3.2.6 Summary ..................................................................................................... 95 3.3 The protective scales of Arapaima gigas ........................................................... 96 3.3.1 Background ................................................................................................. 96 3.3.2 Methods..................................................................................................... 100 3.3.3 Results ....................................................................................................... 107 3.3.4 Discussion ................................................................................................. 130 3.3.5 Summary ................................................................................................... 133 3.4 The protective scales of Latimeria chalumnae ................................................ 135 3.4.1 Structure .................................................................................................... 135 3.4.2 Mechanical response ................................................................................. 138 3.4.3 Failure prevention strategies ..................................................................... 139 3.4.4 Summary ................................................................................................... 141 3.5 Comparison of the three fish scales.................................................................. 141 3.6 Bioinspired flexible armor ............................................................................... 143 vi 3.7 Summary of fish scales .................................................................................... 149 CHAPTER 4: RESULTS ON SKIN ............................................................................... 152 4.1 Introduction ...................................................................................................... 152 4.1.1 Rabbit (Oryctolagus cuniculus) ................................................................ 154 4.1.2 Brown Chicken (Gallus gallus) ................................................................ 154 4.2 Structure and mechanical response of rabbit skin ............................................ 158 4.2.1 Background ............................................................................................... 158 4.2.2 Experimental and computational methods ................................................ 159 4.2.3 The hierarchy of the dermis ...................................................................... 162 4.2.4 Deformation
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