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SOUTH SUDAN Children Ministry Offinance and Planning OF Ministry of Finance and Planning WOMEN WOMEN THE SITUATION OF AND AND Children Women CHILDREN OF IN SOUTH SUDAN SITUATION SITUATION THE THE 2018–2020 2018–2020 SUDAN SOUTH IN 1 © UNICEF/2020/Ryeng Acknowledgements This Situation Analysis has been developed with contributions from officials from the Government of the Republic of South Sudan, colleagues across the United Nations Children’s Fund (UNICEF) in South Sudan, and external individuals and organizations.The author would particularly like to thank1. From UNICEF: Kiross Tefera Abebe, Hyacinthe Adouko, George Fom Ameh, Vicky Imuro Anzoa, Solla Asea, Eric Alain Ategbo, Hyun Hee Ban, Jennifer Banda, Denis Collins Businge, Isabelle Carringer, Arnold Cole, Gilbert Dachi, Eliaba Damundu, Gopinath Durairajan, Antonio Galli, Pawan Kucita, Dara Johnston, Vandana Joshi, Emmanuel Kamuli, Ismail Kassim, Juliet Akello Latigo, Jean Lieby, Ian Donald Mackenzie, Ndangariro Moyo, Eston Njoroge, Mads Oyen, Amanda Martins Rivas, Maryam Darwesh Said, Geeta Sharma, Suzanne Suh, Andrea Suley, Aleksandra Vidojevic, Yves Willemot, Blessing Zindi. From external organizations: Children from the UNICEF Child Reporters Programme; civil society organizations (CSOs) representing persons with disabilities; Action Against Hunger; Peter Gaaniko Simon, Radio Maria South Sudan; Maring Joseph Garamoco, Conflict Sensitivity Resource Facility (CSRF); Global Affairs Canada; Ranga Gworo, CSRF; Steward Francis Kutiyote, Windle Trust International; Lasuba Memo, Eye Radio; Robert Morris CSRF; Office of the United Nations Resident Coordinator’s Office (UNRCO); David Otim, CSRF; Oleyo Peter, Sama FM; Luca Scarpa and colleagues, AVSI Foundation; Kitab A. Unango, City Review; United Nations Mine Action Service (UNMAS); United Nations Population Fund (UNFPA); World Health Organization (WHO). UNICEF South Sudan is particularly indebted to the inputs and feedback received from the Government of South Sudan, and would like to extend sincere thanks to representatives from the Ministry of Finance and Planning (MoFP); Ministry of Gender, Child and Social Welfare (MGCSW); Ministry of General Education and Instruction (MoGEI); Ministry of Health (MoH); and Ministry of Water Resources and Irrigation (MoWRI). With special thanks to the 62 individuals (13 girls, 10 boys, 8 women, 31 men) who generously participated in seven focus group discussions (FGDs) held to inform the SitAn. Author: Elizabeth Harrop. Recommended citation: UNICEF South Sudan. The Situation of Children and Women in South Sudan 2018–2020. United Nations Children’s Fund, Juba, July 2021. How to read this report This is a rich and extensive report. Readers are encouraged to locate sections of interest for an in- WOMEN WOMEN depth look at a particular subject. In addition, please also cross-reference different chapters.This AND is because subjects such as disability and violence against women and children may be located in more than one chapter. So please search for terms of interest to find the detail you need. UNICEF South Sudan welcomes updates or corrections to the report. CHILDREN CHILDREN Please contact: Chief of Social Policy, M&E or Chief of Communications, UNICEF, South Sudan. OF SITUATION SITUATION THE THE IN SOUTH SUDAN 2018–2020 SUDAN SOUTH IN 2 THE SITUATION OF Children AND Women IN SOUTH SUDAN 2018–2020 4 WOMEN WOMEN AND CHILDREN CHILDREN OF SITUATION SITUATION THE THE IN SOUTH SUDAN 2018–2020 SUDAN SOUTH IN © UNICEF/2020/Ryeng Foreword Two and half years after the signing of the Revitalized Agreement on the Resolution of the Conflict in the Republic of South Sudan, and a year after formation of the Revitalized Transnational Government of National Unity, South Sudan has an opportunity to put its painful past behind it, and to create a country fit for its children. Violence, poverty, hunger and gender discrimination have been a long barrier to children’s optimal development. This is not about the luxury of having a quality education, or a life free from fear, this is about children’s fundamental rights, as enshrined in the UN Convention on the Rights of the Child and the Child Act 2008 of the Republic of South Sudan. This situation analysis provides key insights to promote and implement equity-sensitive policies, programmes and budget allocations. This is very much a collaborative document, informed by a deep and rich consultation process with many partners and stakeholders. Young people aged below 25 years make up 63 per cent of the population2, and children's cognitive development represents South Sudan’s greatest natural resource. The dynamic capability, vision and intelligence of South Sudan’s children was ably demonstrated during the focus group discussions held as part of the external consultation process for this analysis. During these sessions, Government officials were inspired to hear children talk so passionately and eloquently about their hopes and their challenges. It is our most sincere hope that the findings and recommendations provided will help support South Sudan’s path to peace and prosperity. Further, that this report will highlight the need to prioritize – and include the voices of – children, women, persons with disabilities and other key groups, in actions at every level towards building a child- and women-friendly South Sudan. Ocum Genes Karlo Esther Ikere Eluzai Hamida Lasseko Undersecretary, Ministry of Undersecretary, Ministry of UNICEF Representative, Finance and Planning Gender, Child and Social Welfare South Sudan Juba, July 2021 CONTENTS Acknowledgements 2 Foreword 5 Acronyms 8 Executive summary 11 1. Introduction 25 2. Methodology 27 Limitations 27 3. Country context 29 3.1 Demographic profile 29 3.2 Political economy and governance 32 3.2.1 Economy 32 3.2.2 Governance 37 3.3 Humanitarian risk profile 41 3.3.1 Hybrid security and justice sectors 42 3.3.2 Threats to security 43 3.3.3 Subnational conflict 43 3.3.4 Internally displaced persons and refugees 45 3.3.5 Humanitarian access constraints and attacks 46 3.3.6 Food insecurity 47 3.4 Gender profile 49 3.4.1 Gender frameworks and policies 49 3.4.2 Gender inequality 51 3.4.3 Women’s and girls’ agency 51 3.4.4 GBV, child marriage and FGM/C 53 3.4.5 Gendered effects of humanitarian crises 56 3.4.6 Gendered effects of customary law 57 3.4.7 Impacts on men and boys 58 3.5 Public Finance 60 3.5.1 Overview 60 3.5.2 Spending trends 61 3.5.3 Spending on social sectors 63 3.5.4 Public financial management in South Sudan 63 3.6 Poverty 69 3.6.1 Poverty overview 69 3.6.2 Livelihood sources 69 3.6.3 Income levels 70 3.6.4 Data availability 70 3.7 Drivers of inequities 73 3.7.1 Overview 73 3.7.2 Women and children with disabilities 75 3.8 Businesses 83 3.8.1 Oil sector 83 3.8.2 Non-oil private sector 84 3.9 Country Assessment of Essential Products, Markets and Supply Chains for Children 85 3.10 Knowledge, attitudes and practices 87 3.10.1 Overview 87 3.10.2 Gender 88 3.10.3 Child participation 89 3.10.4 Education 90 3.10.5 Health and Nutrition 89 3.10.6 Water, Sanitation and Hygiene 91 4. The realization of child rights in South Sudan 92 4.1 Country overview 92 4.1.1 Innovative solutions 92 4.2 Causes, challenges and risks 94 4.2.1 Child protection 94 4.2.2 Education 98 4.2.3 Health 112 4.2.4 Nutrition 120 4.2.5 Water, sanitation and hygiene 122 4.2.6 Social Protection 125 4.3 Child rights and well-being: progress and inequities 130 4.3.1 Child Protection 130 4.3.2 Education 132 4.3.3 Health 134 4.3.4 Nutrition 135 4.3.5 Water, sanitation and hygiene 136 4.3.6 Social protection 137 4.4 Global and regional issues 138 4.4.1 Climate change 138 4.4.2 COVID-19 139 4.4.3 Ebola virus disease 143 4.4.4 Poliovirus 143 5. Conclusions and recommendations 144 5.1 Conclusions 144 5.1.1 Issues and opportunities 145 5.2 Recommendations 147 Annex: Child rights stakeholders in South Sudan 160 Acronyms ACPF African Child Policy Forum EPI Expanded Programme on Immunization AfDB African Development Bank ESARO Eastern and Southern Africa Regional Office ALP alternative learning programme EVD Ebola Virus Disease ANC antenatal care FAO United Nations Food and Agriculture AoR Area of responsibility Organization ART antiretroviral therapy FCDO Foreign, Commonwealth & Development Office (UK) ASRH Adolescent Sexual Reproductive Health FGD focus group discussion AUC African Union Commission FGM/C Female Genital Mutilation/Cutting BHI Boma Healthcare Initiative FSNMS Food Security and Nutrition Monitoring System BNA bottleneck analysis FTR Family Tracing and Reunification BR4MNCH Birth Registration for Maternal, Newborn, Child Health FY fiscal year C4D Communication for Development GAM Global Acute Malnutrition CAAFAG Children Associated with Armed Forces and GBV gender-based violence Armed Groups GDP gross domestic product CEDAW Convention on the Elimination of all Forms of GESP General Education Strategic Plan Discrimination Against Women GESS Girls' Education South Sudan CFI Child Friendliness Index GNI gross national income CGP Child Grant Programme GPE Global Partnership for Education CLTS community-led total sanitation HDI Human Development Index CMAM Community Management of Acute Malnutrition HMIS Health Management Information System CNVs community nutrition volunteers HPF3 Health Pooled Fund phase 3 CODI Core Diagnostic Tool HRH human resources for health COHA Rome Resolution on Monitoring and Verification IASC Inter-Agency Standing Committee of the Cessation of Hostilities Agreement ICMN Integrated Community Mobilizers Network CPIMS Child Protection Information Management ICT information and
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