SOUTH SUDAN Children Ministry Offinance and Planning OF

AND Women

1 THE SITUATION OF CHILDREN AND WOMEN IN SOUTH SUDAN 2018–2020 2 THE SITUATION OF CHILDREN AND WOMEN IN SOUTH SUDAN 2018–2020 Sudan 2018–2020.UnitedNationsChildren’s Fund,Juba,July2021. Recommended citation:UNICEFSouthSudan. The SituationofChildrenandWomen inSouth Author: ElizabethHarrop. participated insevenfocusgroupdiscussions(FGDs)heldtoinformtheSitAn. With specialthankstothe62individuals(13girls,10boys,8women,31men)whogenerously Water ResourcesandIrrigation(MoWRI). Ministry ofGeneralEducationandInstruction(MoGEI);Health(MoH); Ministry ofFinanceandPlanning(MoFP);Gender, ChildandSocial Welfare (MGCSW); Government ofSouthSudan UNICEF SouthSudanisparticularlyindebtedtotheinputsandfeedbackreceivedfrom (WHO). Action Service(UNMAS);UnitedNationsPopulationFund(UNFPA); World HealthOrganization Scarpa andcolleagues, AVSI Foundation;Kitab A. Unango,CityReview;UnitedNationsMine Office(UNRCO);DavidOtim,CSRF;OleyoPeter,Nations ResidentCoordinator’s SamaFM;Luca Windle Trust International; LasubaMemo,EyeRadio;RobertMorrisCSRF;OfficeoftheUnited Resource Facility(CSRF);Global Affairs Canada;RangaGworo,CSRF;StewardFrancisKutiyote, Peter GaanikoSimon,RadioMariaSouthSudan;MaringJosephGaramoco,ConflictSensitivity society organizations(CSOs)representingpersonswithdisabilities; From externalorganizations:ChildrenfromtheUNICEFChildReportersProgramme;civil Yves Willemot,BlessingZindi. Rivas, MaryamDarweshSaid,GeetaSharma,SuzanneSuh, Andrea Suley, Aleksandra Vidojevic, Jean Lieby, Ian DonaldMackenzie,NdangariroMoyo,EstonNjoroge,MadsOyen, Amanda Martins Kucita, DaraJohnston,Vandana Joshi,EmmanuelKamuli,IsmailKassim,Juliet Akello Latigo, Carringer, Arnold Cole,GilbertDachi,EliabaDamundu,GopinathDurairajan, Antonio Galli,Pawan Solla Asea, Eric Alain Ategbo, HyunHeeBan,Jennifer Banda,DenisCollinsBusinge,Isabelle From UNICEF:Kiross Tefera Abebe, Hyacinthe Adouko, GeorgeFom Ameh, Vicky Imuro Anzoa, Please contact:ChiefofSocialPolicy, M&EorChiefofCommunications,UNICEF, SouthSudan. UNICEF SouthSudanwelcomesupdatesorcorrections tothereport. more thanonechapter. Sopleasesearchfortermsofinterest tofindthedetailyouneed. is becausesubjectssuchasdisabilityandviolenceagainst womenandchildrenmaybelocatedin depth lookataparticularsubject.Inaddition,please also cross-referencedifferentchapters. This isarichandextensivereport.Readersareencouraged tolocatesectionsofinterestforanin- How toreadthisreport thank in SouthSudan,andexternalindividualsorganizations.Theauthorwouldparticularlyliketo of theRepublicSouthSudan,colleaguesacrossUnitedNationsChildren’s Fund(UNICEF) This Situation Analysis hasbeendevelopedwithcontributionsfromofficialstheGovernment Acknowledgements 1 .

, andwouldliketoextendsincerethanksrepresentativesfromthe Action Against Hunger;

This THE SITUATION OF Children AND Women IN SOUTH SUDAN 2018–2020 4 THE SITUATION OF CHILDREN AND WOMEN IN SOUTH SUDAN 2018–2020

Two and half years after the signing of the Revitalized Agreement on the Resolution of the Conflict in the Republic of South Sudan, and a year after formation of the Revitalized Transnational Government of National Unity, South Sudan has an opportunity to put its painful past behind it, and to create a country fit for its children.

Violence, poverty, hunger and gender discrimination have been a long barrier to children’s optimal development. This is not about the luxury of having a quality education, or a life free from fear, this is about children’s fundamental rights, as enshrined in the UN Convention on the Rights of the Child and the Child Act 2008 of the Republic of South Sudan.

This situation analysis provides key insights to promote and implement equity-sensitive policies, programmes and budget allocations. This is very much a collaborative document, informed by a deep and rich consultation process with many partners and stakeholders.

Young people aged below 25 years make up 63 per cent of the population2, and children's cognitive development represents South Sudan’s greatest natural resource. The dynamic capability, vision and intelligence of South Sudan’s children was ably demonstrated during the focus group discussions held as part of the external consultation process for this analysis. During these sessions, Government officials were inspired to hear children talk so passionately and eloquently about their hopes and their challenges.

It is our most sincere hope that the findings and recommendations provided will help support South Sudan’s path to peace and prosperity. Further, that this report will highlight the need to prioritize – and include the voices of – children, women, persons with disabilities and other key groups, in actions at every level towards building a child- and women-friendly South Sudan.

Ocum Genes Karlo Esther Ikere Eluzai Hamida Lasseko Undersecretary, Ministry of Undersecretary, Ministry of UNICEF Representative, Finance and Planning Gender, Child and Social Welfare South Sudan

Juba, July 2021 CONTENTS

Acknowledgements 2 Foreword 5 Acronyms 8 Executive summary 11 1. Introduction 25 2. Methodology 27 Limitations 27 3. Country context 29 3.1 Demographic profile 29 3.2 Political economy and governance 32 3.2.1 Economy 32 3.2.2 Governance 37 3.3 Humanitarian risk profile 41 3.3.1 Hybrid security and justice sectors 42 3.3.2 Threats to security 43 3.3.3 Subnational conflict 43 3.3.4 Internally displaced persons and refugees 45 3.3.5 Humanitarian access constraints and attacks 46 3.3.6 Food insecurity 47 3.4 Gender profile 49 3.4.1 Gender frameworks and policies 49 3.4.2 Gender inequality 51 3.4.3 Women’s and girls’ agency 51 3.4.4 GBV, child marriage and FGM/C 53 3.4.5 Gendered effects of humanitarian crises 56 3.4.6 Gendered effects of customary law 57 3.4.7 Impacts on men and boys 58 3.5 Public Finance 60 3.5.1 Overview 60 3.5.2 Spending trends 61 3.5.3 Spending on social sectors 63 3.5.4 Public financial management in South Sudan 63 3.6 Poverty 69 3.6.1 Poverty overview 69 3.6.2 Livelihood sources 69 3.6.3 Income levels 70 3.6.4 Data availability 70 3.7 Drivers of inequities 73 3.7.1 Overview 73 3.7.2 Women and children with disabilities 75 3.8 Businesses 83 3.8.1 Oil sector 83 3.8.2 Non-oil private sector 84 3.9 Country Assessment of Essential Products, Markets and Supply Chains for Children 85 3.10 Knowledge, attitudes and practices 87 3.10.1 Overview 87 3.10.2 Gender 88 3.10.3 Child participation 89 3.10.4 Education 90 3.10.5 Health and Nutrition 89 3.10.6 Water, Sanitation and Hygiene 91 4. The realization of child rights in South Sudan 92 4.1 Country overview 92 4.1.1 Innovative solutions 92 4.2 Causes, challenges and risks 94 4.2.1 Child protection 94 4.2.2 Education 98 4.2.3 Health 112 4.2.4 Nutrition 120 4.2.5 Water, sanitation and hygiene 122 4.2.6 Social Protection 125 4.3 Child rights and well-being: progress and inequities 130 4.3.1 Child Protection 130 4.3.2 Education 132 4.3.3 Health 134 4.3.4 Nutrition 135 4.3.5 Water, sanitation and hygiene 136 4.3.6 Social protection 137 4.4 Global and regional issues 138 4.4.1 Climate change 138 4.4.2 COVID-19 139 4.4.3 Ebola virus disease 143 4.4.4 Poliovirus 143 5. Conclusions and recommendations 144 5.1 Conclusions 144 5.1.1 Issues and opportunities 145 5.2 Recommendations 147 Annex: Child rights stakeholders in South Sudan 160 Acronyms

ACPF African Child Policy Forum EPI Expanded Programme on Immunization AfDB African Development Bank ESARO Eastern and Southern Africa Regional Office ALP alternative learning programme EVD Ebola Virus Disease ANC antenatal care FAO United Nations Food and Agriculture AoR Area of responsibility Organization ART antiretroviral therapy FCDO Foreign, Commonwealth & Development Office (UK) ASRH Adolescent Sexual Reproductive Health FGD focus group discussion AUC African Union Commission FGM/C Female Genital Mutilation/Cutting BHI Boma Healthcare Initiative FSNMS Food Security and Nutrition Monitoring System BNA bottleneck analysis FTR Family Tracing and Reunification BR4MNCH Birth Registration for Maternal, Newborn, Child Health FY fiscal year C4D Communication for Development GAM Global Acute Malnutrition CAAFAG Children Associated with Armed Forces and GBV gender-based violence Armed Groups GDP gross domestic product CEDAW Convention on the Elimination of all Forms of GESP General Education Strategic Plan Discrimination Against Women GESS Girls' Education South Sudan CFI Child Friendliness Index GNI gross national income CGP Child Grant Programme GPE Global Partnership for Education CLTS community-led total sanitation HDI Human Development Index CMAM Community Management of Acute Malnutrition HMIS Health Management Information System CNVs community nutrition volunteers HPF3 Health Pooled Fund phase 3 CODI Core Diagnostic Tool HRH human resources for health COHA Rome Resolution on Monitoring and Verification IASC Inter-Agency Standing Committee of the Cessation of Hostilities Agreement ICMN Integrated Community Mobilizers Network CPIMS Child Protection Information Management ICT information and communication technology System IDP internally displaced person CPIMS+ Child Protection Information Management System plus IDSR Integrated Disease Surveillance and Response CRC UN Convention on the Rights of the Child IFMIS integrated financial management information system CRPD Convention on the Rights of Persons with Disabilities IGAD Intergovernmental Authority on Development CRVS civil registration and vital statistics iHRIS integrated Human Resources Information System CSO civil society organization ILO International Labour Organization CSRF Conflict Sensitivity Resource Facility IMF International Monetary Fund CTFMR Country Task Force on Monitoring and Reporting INNF Integrated National Financing Framework CTS Common Transport Services IOM International Organization for Migration cVDPV circulating vaccine-derived polioviruses IPC Integrated Food Security Phase Classification DDR disarmament, demobilization and reintegration IRRM Integrated Rapid Response Mechanism DHIS2 District Health Information System 2 IYCF infant and young child feeding DRC Democratic Republic of Congo J4C justice for children ECD early childhood development JMP WHO/UNICEF Joint Monitoring Programme for ECE early childhood education Water Supply, Sanitation and Hygiene ENAP Every Newborn Action Plan LLIN long-lasting insecticidal nets EORE explosive ordnance risk education M&E Monitoring and Evaluation ERW explosive remnants of war MHH menstrual health and hygiene EMIS Education Management Information System MHM menstrual hygiene management EmONC Emergency Obstetric and Neonatal Care MHPSS mental health and psychosocial support MICS Multiple Indicator Cluster Survey OOSC OPSC OPAC P PFM PETS PER PEHSP OPV OHCHR M M MGCSW MIYCN MIS ODA OCHA OBS NSPWG NSPPF NPSSS NPHL NPAF NMAA NDS NAS NGO MYRP MRM M PWD PV2 PTSD PTA PSEA PPP PMTCT M M M o o o o o o o C WRI FP GEI H JCA P pornography of childrenchildprostitutionand Optional ProtocoltotheCRConsale public financialmanagement Public Expenditure Tracking Survey Public ExpenditureReview Provision ofEssentialHealthServicesProject oral poliovaccine out-of-school children for HumanRights Office oftheUnitedNationsHighCommissioner Ministry ofGender, ChildandSocialWelfare maternal, infantandyoungchildnutrition of childreninarmedconflict Optional Protocol to the CRC on the involvement Ministry ofPetroleum management informationsystem Humanitarian Affairs United NationsOfficefortheCoordinationof Open BudgetSurvey National SocialProtectionWorking Group National SocialProtectionPolicyFramework National PrisonServiceofSouthSudan National PublicHealthLaboratory National Patriotic Alliance Forces Mine ActionAuthority National National DevelopmentStrategy National SalvationFront non-governmental organization Multi-Year ResilienceProgramme Armed Conflict Violations againstChildreninSituationsof Monitoring andReportingMechanismonGrave Ministry ofWater ResourcesandIrrigation Ministry ofFinanceandPlanning Protection ofCivilians persons withdisabilities poliovirus type2 post-traumatic stressdisorder parent teacherassociation by humanitarianpersonnel Protection fromSexualExploitationand Abuse public-private partnership HIV prevention ofmothertochildtransmission Ministry ofGeneralEducationandInstruction Ministry ofHealth Ministry ofJusticeandConstitutional Affairs O fficial D evelopment A ssistance

UNICEF TSA SitAn SOPs SPLM/A-IO SPLM/A-IO R-TG R-ARCSS WHO WFP WASH VDPV UXO UNSCR UNRCO UNOPS UNMISS UNMAS UNHCR UNFPA UNFCCC UNESCO UNECA UNCT UN UNCF UASC TFA STMC SSPDF SSP SSOMA SSNLM/A SPU SME SMC SMART SDG SAM RMNCAH &N RCF RCCE s s o NU NU United NationsChildren’s Fund Single Account Treasury Sudan People’s LiberationMovement/Army Conflict intheRepublicofSouthSudan Revitalized Agreement ontheResolutionof World Health Organization World FoodProgramme water, sanitationandhygiene vaccine-derived poliovirus unexploded ordnance United NationsSecurityCouncilResolution Office Coordinator’s Office oftheUnitedNationsResident United NationsMissioninSouthSudan United NationsMine Action Service United Nations High Commissioner for Refugees United NationsPopulationFund UN FrameworkConventiononClimateChange Cultural Organization United NationsEducational,Scientificand United NationsEconomicCommissionfor Africa United NationsCountry Team United Nations United NationsCooperationFramework unaccompanied orseparatedchildren Transitional Financial Arrangement Transitional State Transfer MonitoringCommittee South SudanPeople'sDefenseForces South Sudanese South SudanOppositionMovements Alliance Army South SudanNationalLiberationMovement/ Special ProtectionUnit in Opposition standard operatingprocedures United NationsOfficeforProjectServices Small andmedium- school managementcommittee and TransitionsRelief Standardized Monitoringand Assessment of situation analysis Sustainable DevelopmentGoals severe acutemalnutrition adolescent healthandnutrition reproductive, maternal,newborn,childand Rapid CreditFacility risk communicationandcommunityengagement National Unity Revitalized Transnational Governmentof P ound S ized enterprises

9 THE SITUATION OF CHILDREN AND WOMEN IN SOUTH SUDAN 2018–2020 10 THE SITUATION OF CHILDREN AND WOMEN IN SOUTH SUDAN 2018–2020

© UNICEF/2020/Ryeng T enabling environmentfortheprovisionofbasicneeds ofthepopulation. development andfortherealizationofwomen’s andchildren’s rights,underpinningan An inclusivepeaceprocessinSouthSudanisamandatory requirementfor pandemic, andbynewoutbreaksofsubnationalviolence. challenged bythefarreachingeconomicandsocialconsequences oftheCOVID-19 is fragile,andSouthSudan’s lowhuman development indicatorshavebeenfurther and totherightsofitswomenchildren.DespiteR-ARCSS, confidenceinpeace land andthe2018peaceagreement–butitalsohas manyriskstoitsdevelopment South Sudanhassomuchpotential–initshighproportion ofyoungpeople,itsfertile signed todatebypartiestheconflict. Prevent All GraveViolations Against Children,themostcomprehensive Action Plan in February2020,tothesigningofComprehensive Action PlantoEndand formation oftheRevitalized Transnational GovernmentofNationalUnity(R-TGoNU) Conflict intheRepublicofSouthSudan(R-ARCSS)September2018and rights andpoliticallandmarks(Box1);fromthesigningofResolution The pastthreeyears2018–2020haveseensignificantprogressintermsofchild being leftbehind. patterns ofdeprivationthatchildrenface,particularlythosemostatrisk and opportunitiesforachievingchildrightswell-beinginSouthSudan,the Assessment Updatewascompleted. The report examinestheprogress,challenges focusses ondevelopmentssinceDecember2017whenthepreviousSituation Executive summary towards reachingtheSustainableDevelopmentGoals(SDGs). The report Country Programmefrom2023,andhighlightsSouthSudan’s progress children andwomeninSouthSudanadvanceofUNICEF’s nextplanned his detailedSituation Analysis providesanupdateofthesituation play theirpart,throughunityandconnection. South Sudan.Childrenandlocalcommunitiescan Time isneededforthingstochangedramaticallyin – Girl15,FocusGroupDiscussion,December2020

11 THE SITUATION OF CHILDREN AND WOMEN IN SOUTH SUDAN 2018–2020 12 THE SITUATION OF CHILDREN AND WOMEN IN SOUTH SUDAN 2018–2020 for women, children and youth South Sudan'sSDGpriorities The numberofout-of-school children 9 in10 Decreased cropyields Poor accesstowater 1 in10 children diebeforetheirfifthbirthday. to 2.8millionin2020. has risensignificantlyfrom2.2millionin2016 people experiencemultidimensionalpoverty. leading toinceasedfoodinsecurityandconflict. and floodingintersectwithongoingemergencies, malnutrition andwaterbornediseases. lack ofsanitationandhygieneexacerbates has thehighestmaternalmortalityrateinworld.

South Sudan Food insecurity It isessentialtoprovide Persons withdisabilities Women andgirls Weak ruleoflaw Public-private partnerships independence in2011. has reachedthemostextremelevelssince provision ofWASH services. support realizationoftheSDGssuchas health conditionsareamajorcontributortodisabilities. are amongthemostmarginalized.Untreated mental violence throughouttheirlives. experience entrenchedinequalityandpervasive extreme violence. contributes toimpunityandthenormalizationof for youngpeople. meaningful andproductiveeconomicengagement

13 THE SITUATION OF CHILDREN AND WOMEN IN SOUTH SUDAN 2018–2020 14 THE SITUATION OF CHILDREN AND WOMEN IN SOUTH SUDAN 2018–2020

ĥ ĥ ĥ ĥ ĥ ĥ ĥ ĥ ĥ Child rightsandpoliticallandmarks2018–2020

Strategy health andnutrition(RMNCAH&N) newborn, childandadolescent Integrated reproductive,maternal, (OPSC). prostitution andchildpornography on thesaleofchildrenchild, Optional ProtocoltotheCRC in Armed Conflict(OPAC) and on theInvolvementofChildren Optional ProtocoltotheCRC on theRightsofChild(CRC): Protocols totheUNConvention Ratification oftwoOptional receiving theirbirthcertificates. see childrenbeingregisteredand law; acriticalmilestonethatwill Civil Registry Act 2018signedinto Sudan (R-ARCSS). Conflict intheRepublicofSouth Agreement ontheResolutionof Signing oftheRevitalized by nationalcouncilofministers. Appropriate ParentalCarepassed Policy onChildrenwithout 2030). Marriage inSouthSudan(2017- National Action PlantoEndChild Launch ofthecostedStrategic addressing malnutrition. and implementationRoadmap Strategic Plan2022–2030 endorsed aMultisectoralNutrition Ministry ofHealth(MoH) 2018–2021. Development Strategy(NDS) Launch oftheNational this byoneyearto2022. the requestofUNtoextend The Governmenthasapproved Framework (UNCF)2019–2021. Launch oftheUNCooperation 3 2018–2022endorsed. 4 2019 2021 2020 2019 2019 May Nov Apr Feb

ĥ ĥ ĥ ĥ ĥ ĥ ĥ ĥ ĥ

and SSOMA cantonments Defence Forces,andinSPLM/A-IO barracks oftheSouthSudanPeople’s raising ongraveviolationsin24 (CAAFAG) andconductedawareness- with armedforcesandgroups identify andreleasechildrenassociated Committee conductedscreeningsto (SSOMA) theUnitedNations. The Sudan OppositionMovements Alliance in Opposition(SPLM/A-IO)andSouth People’s LiberationMovement/Army Defence Forces(SSPDF),Sudan Government, the South Sudan People’s established composedofthe Joint Verification Committee 2019–2023, endorsedbyMoH. Every Newborn Action Plan(ENAP) submission totheCRCCommittee. (due in2020)forfinalization and prepared aninitialreporton OPAC R-TGONU -under Article 8ofOPAC President andSalvaKiir, asPresident SPLM/A-IO, RiekMachar, asVice R-TGoNU formed,withtheleaderof the countrywillreturnto10states South Sudan’s Presidentannounced (COHA) ofDecember2017 Cessation ofHostilities Agreement Monitoring andVerification ofthe SSOMA signsRomeResolutionon to theconflict Action Plansignedtodatebyparties Children, themostcomprehensive Prevent All GraveViolations Against Comprehensive Action PlantoEndand Government ofSouthSudansignedthe submitted underarticle44oftheCRC. Committee ontheRightsofChild Initial reportofSouthSudantothe government meet conditionsforformingaunity by 100daystogivemoretime Unity (R-TGoNU)pushedback Transnational GovernmentofNational Deadline forformingRevitalized 6 . 7 . 5 . 8 . 9 .

10 .

15 THE SITUATION OF CHILDREN AND WOMEN IN SOUTH SUDAN 2018–2020 16 THE SITUATION OF CHILDREN AND WOMEN IN SOUTH SUDAN 2018–2020 each day. to findenoughfood will bestruggling over 7millionpeople it isestimatedthat 2011. Bymid-2021, independence in extreme levelssince reached themost Food insecurityhas droughts andfloodinghave becomemorefrequentandwidespread approximately 1–1.5°Csince the1970s,rainfallpatternsarelesspredictable,and insecurity andconflict. Average temperaturesinSouthSudanhaveincreasedby in floodingintersectwithongoingemergencies,leading toincreasedfood The impactsofclimatechangeincludingdecreasedcrop yieldsandanincrease towards malefamilymembers. at householdlevel,compoundedwithinter-household fooddistributionskewed workload andlackoftimeforcaringpractices; ofavailabilityfood poor health-seekingbehaviour;inadequatehealthservices; women’s heavy childhood infections;inappropriateinfantandyoungchild feeding(IYCF)practices; contribute topoormaternalandchildnutritioninSouth Sudan. These include in early2020 loss ofwinterpasturesdue tofloodingwasadriverinmassivesubnationalconflict children of rapeandotherformssexualviolencefortherecruitmentuse signing ofthepeaceagreement. Abductions ofchildrenwereoftenforthepurpose Spikes inabductionsandsexualviolenceagainstchildrenwerealsonotedafterthe increasing mentalhealthburdenassociatedwithdreadaboutthenextviolent women whoareacutelymalnourishedinneedoftreatment million 6-59montholdchildrenandclosetohalfapregnantorlactating million SouthSudaneserefugees South Sudanremains Africa’s largesthumanitarianandrefugeecrisiswith2.2 Humanitarian situation violence in2020affectedhumanitarianinterventionsandtheCOVID-19response two years,witharisingtollonchildrenandwomen. The increaseinsubnational of R-ARCSS,subnationalandlocalconflictshaveescalatedsignificantlyinthepast While thesecuritysituationhasbroadlyimprovedinSouthSudansincesigning number killedto128sincethestartofconflict By 14February2021,fouraidworkershadbeenkilledinbringingthetotal one intwopeople and highprevalenceofpost-traumaticstressdisorder(PTSD),potentiallyaffecting South Sudanhascriticallevelsofmentalhealthissuesasaresulttheconflict persons 15 12 . . 25 . attack thousands ofwomenandchildren. There areanestimated1.4 Hunger andmalnutritionarethereforearealityforhundreds macro-economic crises,andtheeffectsofCOVID-19measures combination ofshocks,includingfloods,insecurityincidents,the where chronicvulnerabilitieshavebeenexacerbatedbya The mostsevereacutefoodinsecurityconditionsareincounties goat either neededto,orhadsoldslaughteredtheirlastcowand/or revealed thatinsomecounties,upto100percentofkeyinformants households hadnofoodatallintheirhouses For example,inPiborCountyOctober2020,85percentof people willbeinneedoffoodassistance independence in2011. Bymid-2021,itisestimatedthat7.7million Food insecurityhasreachedthemostextremelevelssince to beinneedofassistance2021(upfrom7.5million2020) Up to8.3millionpeopleincluding4.5childrenareexpected 16 . A constantstateoffearisreportedtobecontributingan 22 . 17 . 11 and over 1.6 million internally displaced andover1.6millioninternally 14 . 19 . 21 . The samestudy 23 . Multiplefactors 24 . InJonglei, 20 18 . . 13 . ► violence intheirlifetimes,amongthehighestratesworld Some 65percentofwomenandgirlshaveexperiencedphysicaland/orsexual children asyoung6-8years sellinggroundnutsandpolishingshoes is increasingasaresultof COVID-19 duetothelossofhouseholdincome,with including inarmedconflict, goldmining,brickmakingandcattleherding.Child labour slaughterhouses, amongothers;andengageintheworst formsofchildlabour, Children workinfarmingactivities,construction,restaurants andfoodstands, Child labourisfoundthroughoutSouthSudan,especially inruralcommunities. violence throughouttheirlives,withinownhomesandasaresultoftheconflict Women andgirlsinSouthSudanexperienceentrenchedinequalitypervasive Child rightsconcerns community inwhichtheylive socioeconomic andpoliticalconditionsoftheindividual children,theirfamiliesandthe term solutiontotheproblemofchildtraffickingisneeded whichstrengthensthe through theuseofabduction. The GovernmentofSouthSudannotesthatalong- to beingtraffickedforthepurposesofsexualexploitation orchildlabour Children inSouthSudan,particularlythosewithoutappropriate care,arevulnerable relatives. Girlsaswellboysarerecruited. the denialofeducation,adequatemedicalcareandcommunicationwithparentsor military training,inhumanelivingconditions,frequentabuseandill-treatment, armed forcesorgroupspaintapictureofviolentrecruitmentcampaigns,harsh with somereleasedasyoung8yearsofage.Childrenformerlyassociated thousands ofchildrenwhohavebeenrecruitedintoarmedforcesandgroups, against childreninsituationsofarmedconflictsinceDecember2013. Tens ofthousandschildrenhavebeenaffectedbyincidentsgraveviolations before age18 perpetrators arerarelybroughttojustice.Overhalfofwomenmarriedorinunion and alackofunderstandingthelaw, andaweakjudicialsystemmeansthat marriage andadolescentpregnancy

treatment. and inneedof acutely malnourished lactating womenare million close tohalfa old childrenand million 6-59month An estimated1.4 The problem pregnantor 28 . The COVID-19pandemichasledtoanotableincreaseinchild ►

30 family members. household fooddistributionskewedtowardsmale food athouseholdlevelcompoundedwithinter- time forcaringpractices;andlackofavailability services; women’s heavyworkloadandlackof health-seeking behaviour;inadequatehealth and youngchildfeeding(IYCF)practices;poor include childhoodinfections;inappropriateinfant and childnutritioninSouthSudan. Multiple factorscontributetopoormaternal . ADDRESSING MALNUTRITION 29 . 27 These . Poorenforcement These include 31 , particularly . 26 ► .

volunteers. community nutrition engagement of malnutrition with treatment ofacute prevention and agenda through integrated prevention shift towardan Create aparadigm Priority response

17 THE SITUATION OF CHILDREN AND WOMEN IN SOUTH SUDAN 2018–2020 18 THE SITUATION OF CHILDREN AND WOMEN IN SOUTH SUDAN 2018–2020 ►

out ofschool. children whoare per centof make up20-60 with disabilities girls. Children 53 percentare these, school. Of are outof 3 in5children The problem

similarly inadequate,rising to11 percentforFY2020/21 concerns overmenstrualhygiene,andsafetyintheworkplace and delayedsalaries;femaleteachersmayleavetheteachingprofessiondueto is ahighturnoverofteachers,duetoinsecurityandfearforsafety;small,irregular 100,000 livebirths,thehighest figureintheworld Estimates showanincrease inmaternalmortalityto1,150deathsper among thehighest under-fivemortality rates intheworld South Sudantranslatesto 1 in10childrendyingbeforetheirfifthbirthday school (24percentgirlscomparedto21boys) Furthermore, morethanoneinfive(22percent)ofenrolledchildrendropout in 5children(59percent) significantly, from 2.2millionin2016to2.82020,representingalmost3 The numberofout-of-schoolchildren(OOSC)intheagegroup3–17yearshasrisen cent ofhealthservicedelivery, withonly20percentprovidedbythegovernment Non-governmental organizations(NGOs)arenowresponsible foralmost80per targets an extremelylowinvestmentinfacilitiesandallocation infarshortofinternational to health(provisionalfiguresindicatearise2per cent FY 2020/21),reflecting Only 1percentofthefiscalyear(FY)2019/20government budgetisallocated Less thanhalf(44percent)ofprimaryschoolteachersaretrainedtoteach children withdisabilitiesmakeup20-60percentofwhoareoutschool profession –leadstosevereshortagesofstaff outages, andstaffdonotreceiveadequateortimely pay, which–aswiththeteaching Many ofthefacilitiesrunbygovernmentarebarelyfunctional, withfrequentpower having eatenbeforeschool hungry andwalklongdistancetoschool.Only1in4children(24.7percent)report ►

teach. are trainedto school teachers cent) ofprimary than half(44per school. eaten before report having (24.7 percent) children Only 1in4 LEARNING CRISISINSOUTHSUDAN 41 . The nationalbudget allocationforeducationof5percentinFY2019/20 is Less

►

32 workplace. and safetyinthe menstrual hygiene, to concernsover profession due leave theteaching Female teachersmay delayed salaries. small, irregularand fear forsafety; insecurity and teachers, dueto High turnoverof . Ofthese,53percentaregirls 36 . 40 . 43 . The under-five mortality ratein ► 35 42 44 . Manypupilsarriveatschool

. . 33 to enrolinandstayschool. excluded andat-riskchildren and measurestosupport for childrenwithdisabilities; teachers; assistivedevices payment ofqualified training, recruitmentand provision, especiallythe provide qualityeducation of educationfacilitiesand Enhance thefunctionality the COVID-19pandemic. continue learningduring Support childrento . Itisestimatedthat 38 . Priority response , andis 37 . There . 39 34 . . affected byawaterorvector-bornedisease water-borne diseases. Three infourhouseholds (74percent)reportmembers with highlevelsoffoodinsecurityleadtotheprevalencemalnutritionand Poor accesstowater, sanitationandhygiene(WASH) servicesandgoodscombined community participation. (CLTS) programmes havebeendisplacedfromtheirvillages,negativelyimpacting A significantnumberofcommunitiestargetedforcommunity-ledtotalsanitation Open defecationispracticedby75percentofSouthSudan’s population multidimensional poverty, experiencedbyover9in10people threat tothewell-beingofchildren,majoritywhomarealreadyaffectedby pandemic isforemostasocioeconomiccrisisinSouthSudanandposesanimmense disruptions inimmunizationservicesresultingfromCOVID-19 years ofrecentconflict The uptakeofvaccinationservicesisimprovingafterthedeclinesufferedfrom and 11 percentofthepopulationhasaccesstoaprivateimprovedsanitationfacility population hasanimprovedwatersourcewithin30minutesroundtripcollectiontime, Water supplyandsanitationareseverelyconstrained.Only41percent ofthe security, education andgender-basedviolence(GBV),amongmanyothers of thepandemicreachfaroutsidehealthsector, negativelyimpactingfood ► ►

South Sudan’s population. is practicedby75percent of sanitation facility. Opendefecation has accesstoaprivateimproved and 11 percent ofthepopulation 30 minutesroundtripcollection time, has animprovedwatersource within Only 41percentofthepopulation in theworld. births, thehighestfigure deaths per100,000live mortality to1,150maternal increase inmaternal Estimates showan The problem The problem POOR WASHSERVICEEXACERBATESMALNUTRITION ANDDISEASE 45 , thoughsomechildrenmissedlife-savingvaccinesdueto LOWEST GLOBALHEALTHINDICATORS ►

rates intheworld. highest under-fivemortality fifth birthday, andisamongthe 10 childrendyingbeforetheir South Sudantranslatesto The under-fivemortalityratein ► 51

. disease. by awater-orvector-borne reporting membersaffected 74 percentofhouseholds water-borne diseases,with prevalence ofmalnutritionand services leadstoahigh Poor accesstoWASH 48 46 . . However, theeffects 1 in 50 . 47 . The ► ►

mortality. newborn andchild end preventablematernal, access tohealthcareand system toprovideuniversal Strengthen thefragilehealth partnerships (PPPs). public-private exploring innovative and humanitariannexus, across thedevelopment and hygiene(MHH), including menstrualhealth Ensure accesstoWASH 49 . Priority response Priority response

19 THE SITUATION OF CHILDREN AND WOMEN IN SOUTH SUDAN 2018–2020 20 THE SITUATION OF CHILDREN AND WOMEN IN SOUTH SUDAN 2018–2020 adult prisoners. be separatedfrom juvenile detaineesto in October2019,for was openedinJuba Reformatory School The firstJuvenile communities tosupportchildhealth,nutritionandpregnantlactatingwomen nutrition volunteers(CNVs)inallstateswilllinkhealthfacilitiesandsites to prepareforthenational examination inJanuary2021) (closed duetoCOVID-19) for candidateclasses(primary8andsecondary4students protect childreninemergencies.DevelopedgloballybutcustomizedforSouthSudan, Management Systemplus(CPIMS+)databaseandapplicationdesignedtobetter In June2019,SouthSudanadoptedanewonlineChildProtectionInformation 2020 increase inthenumberofoutpatienttherapeuticsitesfrom8582018to1,171 of severeacutemalnutrition(SAM);treatmentwasmadepossibleduetoasignificant In 2020,morethan198,000childrenaged6-59monthswereadmittedfortreatment Boma HealthcareInitiative(BHI)asanextensionofprimaryhealthcaredelivery. programme’ nationwide. This approachhasalsoenabledthenationwiderolloutof area), primaryhealthcareandhospitallevels,hasenabledthedeliveryof‘one essential healthservicesprovidedatboma(SouthSudan’s smallestadministrative In asignificantstepforlocalizedhealthcaredelivery, astandardizedpackageof with armedforcesandgroupsthepublicationofapracticalguidein2019 and 2019.UNICEFenhanceditsexpertiseinmeetingtheneedsofgirlsassociated significant numberofreleases,accountingfor26-35percenttworeleasesin2018 who wereusedbyarmedforcesandgroupsinSouthSudan.Girlsmakeupa Since 2015,UNICEFhassupportedthereleaseandreintegrationof3,732children There havebeenmanylandmarksinchildrightsthelastfewyears(Box1above). Child rightsprogress children beingregisteredandreceivingtheirbirthcertificates In 2018,theCivilRegistry Act wassignedintolaw–acriticalmilestonethatwill see mainstreaming ofgender-sensitiveapproaches and nutritionprogrammingtoleveragecommonpartnersresources,withthe on preventionthroughamultisectoralapproachwhichallowsWASH, education behaviour promotes anagendaforpeace andunitywithlifeskills,violenceprevention, safe while thereisongoingorientationforanother6,000teachers. The newcurriculum By December2019,over24,000teachershadreceived textbookorientationtraining and translationofprimaryschooltextbooksintofive national languages Having developeditsfirstevernationalcurriculum,including contentdevelopment additional 2.5milliontextbooksweredistributedin2021 in March2019.UNICEFdistributed1.9milliontextbooks toschoolscountrywide. An of GeneralEducationandInstruction(MoGEI)launched newSouthSudantextbooks MoJCA onestablishinga legalaidscheme 53 . UNICEFandpartnersareinitiatingaparadigmshiftinnutrition,focusing 61 . InOctober2020,UNICEF supportedthereopeningofover1,400schools managers moretimetodedicatesupportingvulnerablechildren this innovationwilldrasticallyreduceadministrationtime,givingcase forum. UNICEFcontractedtheSouthSudanLawSocietytosupport Affairs (MoJCA)toestablishaJ4Cworkinggroupascoordination Social Welfare (MGCSW)andtheMinistryofJusticeConstitutional organizations. UNICEFsupportedtheMinistryofGender, Childand case managementtrainingonchildreninconflictwiththelawfor67 detention centresasaCOVID-19preventionmeasurepromptedonline for justicechildren(J4C),whenthereleaseoffrom COVID-19 pandemicprovidedanunforeseenadvocacyopportunity 2019, forjuveniledetaineestobeseparatedfromadultprisoners. The firstJuvenileReformatorySchoolwasopenedinJubaOctober 57 . 54 . Morethan6,000community 60 62 . . 58 . 59 , theMinistry 55 56 The . . 52 . © UNICEF/2020/Chol empowerment. entrepreneurship, education,skillsdevelopment,health,rights,governanceandyouth allow foracceleratedeconomicgrowthsupportedbyinvestmentsinemployment, skilled andproductiveadulthoodtoachievethedemographicdividend. This will It isvitalforSouthSudantotransitionitsyoungpopulationintohealthy, educated, young peoplelittlehopeandcontributetoviolentcrimeinstability young people(anestimated18.8percent) the sizeofworkingagepopulation is increasingthenumberofnewbornseachyear(around350,000in2019)aswell Sudan’s agedependencyratioisjust6.1 Young peopleagedbelow25yearsmakeup62.9percentofthepopulation future Young peopleaskeytothecountry’s government ownershipofapotentialnationalsystem. management informationsystem(MIS)coordinationandtodeveloparoadmapfor UNOPS andWorld FoodPrograme(WFP)conveningkeystakeholderstosupport Working Group.In2020,UNICEFco-organizedaworkshopwithWorld Bank, Social ProtectionWorking Group(NSPWG) andanewPartnersSocialProtection Framework (NSPPF)havestrengthenedthroughtheUNICEFco-chairedNational Coordination mechanismsforimplementationoftheNationalSocialProtectionPolicy 65 . The youthbulge,highratesofunemployed 64 andthisongoingdemographictransition 66 , andlackofaccesstoeducationoffer 67 . 63 . South

21 THE SITUATION OF CHILDREN AND WOMEN IN SOUTH SUDAN 2018–2020 22 THE SITUATION OF CHILDREN AND WOMEN IN SOUTH SUDAN 2018–2020 Section 5.2. recommendations andthespecificactionsentailedareexploredin South Sudan’s risksandopportunities.Thecontentofthese Sixteen consultatively-producedrecommendationsspeakof Recommendations Integrated Community MobilizationNetwork (ICMN)toreachthemost atrisk. political empowerment,with enhancedinvestmentincivilsocietyandUNICEF’s Target vulnerablepopulations includingwomenandgirlsforeconomic,legal Recommendation 10: (PPPs). development andhumanitariannexus,exploringinnovative public-privatepartnerships Ensure accesstoWASH includingmenstrualhealthandhygiene(MHH), acrossthe Recommendation 9: of acutemalnutritionwithengagementCNVs. Create aparadigmshifttowardpreventionagenda through preventionandtreatment Recommendation 8: end preventablematernal,newbornandchildmortality. Strengthen thefragilehealthsystemtoprovideuniversal accesstohealthcareand Recommendation 7: and at-riskchildrenincludinginpastoralistcommunities. for excluded for youth,and training vocational and (ECD) development childhood early functionality ofeducationfacilitiesandprovidequalityprovision,especially Support childrentocontinuelearningduringtheCOVID-19pandemic.Enhance Recommendation 6: reintegration ofchildrenassociatedwitharmedforcesandgroups(CAAF registration; accesstojusticeforchildren;andsupportprevention,release risks includingmentalhealthandpsychosocialsupport(MHPSS);therighttobirth to mitigatetheimmediateeffectsofCOVID-19onexacerbatingchildprotection Improve accessandavailabilityofcriticalchildprotectionservices,especially Recommendation 5: for long-termresiliencetoshocks. programmes, andestablishingstrengtheninganationalsocialprotectionsystem Support amultisectoralCOVID-19responseincludingmassscalingofcashtransfer Recommendation 4: and advocatingforthevoicesofchildrenyouthtobeheard. agenda acrossallprogrammes,employingintegratedgender-sensitiveprogramming Empower childrenasactorsforchangeandmainstreamyouthatransformative Recommendation 3: decision-making, andstrengtheningevidenceonchildren. alignment, coordination,andharmonizationindatainfrastructureforinformed Create astatutorymonitoringandreportingframeworkfortheSDGstopromote Recommendation 2: programming. Support implementationofR-ARCSSincludingreconciliationandresilience Recommendation 1: AG). © UNICEF/2020/Chol shocks, andmitigateconflictovernaturalresources. Support adaptationtoclimatechange,buildcommunityresiliencechange Recommendation 16: Disabilities andthe African CharterontheRightsandWelfare oftheChild. of theChildandratificationConventiononRightsPersonswith Ensure fullimplementationoftheRecommendationsCommitteeonRights Recommendation 15: up GBVriskmitigationinterventions. services forGBVsurvivors,promoteharmfulsocialnormstransformation,andscale Strengthen accesstoandavailabilityofmultisectoralpreventionresponse Recommendation 14: child marriageprogramme. Advocate foraminimumlegalagemarriageanddevelopmultisectoralending Recommendation 13: reach, humanitarianassistanceandservices. Ensure consistentandsecurehumanitarianaccessforthedeliveryof,abilityto Recommendation 12: allocation forcriticalsocialservicessectors. and strengthenpublicfinancialmanagement(PFM)systemstoensureincreased Undertake reformsindomesticandofficialdevelopmentassistance(ODA)financing, Recommendation 11:

23 THE SITUATION OF CHILDREN AND WOMEN IN SOUTH SUDAN 2018–2020 24 THE SITUATION OF CHILDREN AND WOMEN IN SOUTH SUDAN 2018–2020

© UNICEF/2020/Ryeng T opportunities forSouthSudan, Section 5:Providessomebriefconclusions,highlightskeyissuesand global andregionalissuesincludingclimatechange theCOVID-19pandemic. education, health,nutrition,WASH, andsocialprotection. This sectionalsoexplores a thematiclensbasedonUNICEF’s coreprogrammingareasofchildprotection, and theprogressthatpolicyprogrammeinterventions havemade,through Section 4:Furtheranalysesthebarriersthatpreventfulfilmentofchildrights child rights. and supplychainsforchildren;howknowledge,attitudespracticesimpact inclusion; theroleofbusinesses;acountryassessmentessentialproducts,markets situation ofchildrenmostatriskbeingleftbehind,includingasectionondisability resources forleavingnochildbehind;poverty;driversofinequitieshighlightingthe which looksattheadequacyofpolicydelivery, particularlyintermsofbudgetandthe economy andgovernance;humanitarianriskprofile;genderpublicfinance Section 3:Providesthecountrycontextincludingdemographicprofile;political Section 2:Givesdetailsaboutthe sections: and thepatternsofdeprivationthatchildrenface. The issuesareexploredinfollowing challenges andopportunitiesforachievingchildrightswell-beinginSouthSudan, The SitAnfollowsguidancefromUNICEFheadquarters Situation Assessment Updatewascompleted. Introduction recommendations. 1 in advanceofUNICEF’s nextplannedCountryProgrammefrom2023 provides anupdateofthesituationchildrenandwomeninSouthSudan his detailedSitAnisajointgovernmentandUNICEFpublication, report focussesondevelopmentssinceDecember2017whentheprevious followed by SitAn’s methodology 16consultativelycreated 69 toexaminetheprogress, . 68 . The

25 THE SITUATION OF CHILDREN AND WOMEN IN SOUTH SUDAN 2018–2020 26 THE SITUATION OF CHILDREN AND WOMEN IN SOUTH SUDAN 2018–2020

© UNICEF/2020/Mayak December 2020 Girl 17,FocusGroupDiscussion, Inclusivity isvery, veryimportant. really goodopportunityforsharingviews. sat withdifferentstakeholders–itisa This isthefirsttimeGovernmenthas

and 23children(13girls,10boys),asfollows: of writtenfeedbackandsevenfocusgroupdiscussions(FGDs)with39adults(8women,31men) consultations onapreliminarydraftwereconductedfromOctobertoDecember2020intheform Detailed inputswereobtainedonprogrammeactivityandanalysesfromUNICEFstaff.External and civilsocietyorganization(CSO)nationalinternationalNGOreports. from thesubstantial evidencebasethat the reportdrawsupon. in February2021, withsomedataqueries leftunresolved.However, thisdoes notdetract made toprovide asupdatedinformation aspossible,theupdatingprocess wascompleted and nationalinter-agencywide assessmentandanalysis.Whileeveryendeavour was Limitations totheSitAninclude delaysinsomeoftheupcomingdatacollectionexercises, Limitations Feedback fromthediscussions wassynthesizedandincorporatedanonymously. • • • • • • • Methodology A Feedback session7:Government Feedback session6:Childrenandyoungpeoplein Yambio Feedback session5:ChildrenandyoungpeopleinJuba Feedback session4:Personswithdisabilities(PWD) Feedback session3:Opentoallexternalstakeholders society, UN,academia) Feedback session2:Opentoallexternalstakeholders(e.g.,Government, donors,civil Feedback session1:Journalists 2 Government FocusGroupDiscussion,December2020 Government FocusGroupDiscussion,December2020 can learnsomuchfromeachother. outside. Letustellthem,soweallfeelproud, today. Iwanttotrainmysistersandbrothers I amproudoftalkingsoopenlyinthisgrouphere sharing views.Inclusivityisvery, veryimportant. stakeholders –itisareallygoodopportunityfor This isthefirsttimeGovernmenthassatwithdifferent such as national budget briefs; multiple UN documents and databases; global indices; such asnationalbudgetbriefs;multipleUNdocumentsanddatabases;globalindices; data inJanuaryandFebruary2021.ThisliteratureincludedGovernmentsources and informationavailablefrom2018toSeptember2020,withsomeupdatesmade mixed-methods approachwasusedwhichincludedanextensiveliteraturereviewofdata

27 THE SITUATION OF CHILDREN AND WOMEN IN SOUTH SUDAN 2018–2020 28 THE SITUATION OF CHILDREN AND WOMEN IN SOUTH SUDAN 2018–2020

© UNICEF/2020/Ryeng December 2020 Girl 17,FocusGroupDiscussion, education. marriage, somesupportgirls’ source ofwealthinchild not gotoschoolandarea Some believegirlsshould culture anddiversetraditions. communities withadiverse South Sudanhasmany per cent) The youthbulge,highratesofunemployedyoungpeople(anestimated18.8 working agepopulation the numberofnewbornseachyear(around350,000in2019)aswellsize aged below25yearsmakeup62.9percentofthepopulation is amongseveralcountriesinsub-Saharan Africa which will haveincreasingrates While urbanizationratesareprojectedtoslowdowninmostcountries,SouthSudan areas Almost 83percentofSouthSudan’s populationof13.2millionpeopleresidesinrural 3.1 Demographic profile Country context 2050 (45.7percent) The urbanpopulationisexpectedtoalmostdoublebetween2020(24.6percent)and Children aged0-17yearsmakeup47.9percentofthepopulation dependency ratioisjust6.1 3 70 . The highestpopulationdensitiesarealongtheNileRiverandtheirtributaries. 77 , andlackofaccesstoeducationfuelviolentcrimeinstability 72 . 76 (Figure1). 75 children aged0-17years of SouthSudanpopulation 48% young people aged 0-24years of SouthSudanpopulation 63% andthisongoingdemographictransitionisincreasing

74 . SouthSudan’s age 73 andyoungpeople

78 .

71 .

29 THE SITUATION OF CHILDREN AND WOMEN IN SOUTH SUDAN 2018–2020 30 THE SITUATION OF CHILDREN AND WOMEN IN SOUTH SUDAN 2018–2020 empowerment. governance andyouth development, health,rights, education, skills entrepreneurship, investments inemployment, individuals, accompaniedby relative toworking-age fewer dependentpeople growth thatbeginswith accelerated economic dividend” allowsfor The“demographic Population pyramid Figure 1:Numberofwomen/meninSouthSudanagivenagegroup Source: UNFPA SouthSudanwww.unfpa.org/data/SS (population inthousands) 1.4K I 1.2K I 1.0K disaggregated dataonsex, ageandlocation. by HumanitarianResponse Planningwhichcannotprovidefurther of peopleinanygivenlocation. Planningfiguresaremostlyinformed and mortalityhavesincemadeitimmenselydifficult totrackthenumber data mayhavebeenpartiallyreliablebeforetheconflict, displacement impeding datacollectionanduse,especiallyatlocal levels. Whilethis in 2008havebeenprojections,duetofactorssuchas inaccessibility It isimportanttonotethatallpopulationdatasincethe lastcensus governance andyouthempowerment entrepreneurship, education,skillsdevelopment,health, rights, working-age individuals,accompaniedbyinvestments inemployment, country’s population: A shifttofewerdependentpeoplerelative economic growththatbeginswithchangesintheage structureofa the “demographicdividend”. This dividendallowsforaccelerated into healthy, educated,skilledandproductiveadulthoodtoachieve It isimportantforSouthSudantotransitionitsyoungpopulation I 800 I 600 I 400 I 200 I 100 AGE 10 20 30 40 50 60 70 80 90 0 200 79 I . 400 I 600 I 800 I 1.0K I 1.2K

I 1.4K I Table 1:SouthSudanhumandevelopmentindicators2020(orlatestavailable) Indicator under age5) Birth registration(% (per 1,000livebirths) Mortality rate,under-five 1,000 livebirths) Mortality rate,infant(per severe) (%underage5) stunting (moderateor Child malnutrition, (% ages15-49) HIV prevalence,adult (IHDI) Inequality-adjusted HDI (% ofpopulation) at nationalpovertylines Poverty headcountratio preschool-age children) pre-primary (%of Gross enrolmentratio, Index (HDI) Human Development school-age population) primary (%of Gross enrolmentratio, population) secondary school-age ratio, secondary(%of Gross enrolment trained toteach(%) Primary schoolteachers of pupilsperteacher) primary school(number Pupil-teacher ratio, (% ofpopulation) Internet users,total (per 100people) subscriptions Mobile phone 80

Value 0.276 35 100.8 male) 98.6 (91.5female; 67.2 male) 63.7 (57.2female; 31.3 male) 2.5 (3female,2.1 82.3 (2016) 11.57 male) 11 (10.94female; (Rank 185of189) 0.433 85.31 male) 73 (60.38female; 14.29 male) 11 (7.67female; 44 47 8.0 33.5 Source https://data.worldbank.org/indicator/SP.DYN.IMRT.IN http://www.hdr.undp.org/en/countries/profiles/SSD southsudan https://www.unaids.org/en/regionscountries/ https://data.worldbank.org/country/south-sudan http://hdr.undp.org/sites/default/files/hdr2020.pdf https://data.worldbank.org/indicator/SH.DYN.MORT UNDP HumanDevelopmentReport2020 2020 UNDP SouthSudanHumanDevelopmentIndicators World Bank World Bank 2020 UNDP SouthSudanHumanDevelopmentIndicators UNAIDS SouthSudan2019 World BankSouthSudan https://data.worldbank.org/indicator/SE.PRE ENRR World Bank UNDP HumanDevelopmentReport2020 https://data.worldbank.org/indicatorSE.PRM.ENRR World Bank https://data.worldbank.org/indicator/SE.SEC.ENRR World Bank UNDP Human DevelopmentReport2020 UNDP Human DevelopmentReport2020 2020 UNDP SouthSudanHumanDevelopment Indicators 2020 UNDP SouthSudanHumanDevelopment Indicators

countries/

31 THE SITUATION OF CHILDREN AND WOMEN IN SOUTH SUDAN 2018–2020 32 THE SITUATION OF CHILDREN AND WOMEN IN SOUTH SUDAN 2018–2020 billion billion –almostthreetimesthesizeofpredictedFY2020/21 revenueofSSP rate for2020ofSouthSudanesepound(SSP)164to US$1,thisamountstoSSP 393 in 2020wasreportedatapproximatelyUS$2.4billion. Basedonanofficialexchange South Sudanhasbeenindebtdistressforseveralyears. SouthSudan’s debtstock as internaldebtowedbythe GovernmenttotheBankofSouthSudan 35 percentisreportedas oil-related debt.Inaddition,US$223millionisreported World Bank;and1percenttothe African DevelopmentBank(AfDB). The remaining Sudan (Section3.8.1);8per centtoExport–ImportBankofChina;4per the National Bank;24percenttothe Transitional Financial Arrangement (TFA) with The externaldebtstockofUS$2.4billion,iscomprised of28percenttotheQatar 3.2 Political economy and governance spending) social protectioncombined(13.54percentofGDP ondebtvs1.21percent onsocial over 11 timesmore ondebtservicethansocialspendingeducation,healthand Rising debtlevelsremainathreattosocialexpenditure.In2019,SouthSudanspent Debt, inflation andGDP almost allexports,andmorethan40percentofitsgrossdomesticproduct(GDP) South Sudanisthemostoil-dependentcountryinworld,withoilaccountingfor 3.2.1 Economy River, tosupportthecountry’s energyandsecurityneeds its smallpopulation,amuchhigherGDP percapitathansayUgandaorEthiopia financial resourcesavailablethanmanyofitsmorestableneighbours,anddueto Due toitsoilrevenues,theGovernmentofSouthSudantheoreticallyhasmore zinc, tungsten,mica,silver, andgold South Sudan’s othernaturalresourcesincludeiron,copper, chromium,nickel,cobalt, area (Section3.5.4). with asubsequentneedtostrengthenPFMoversightandsomeprogressmadeinthis services sector. This isamultifacetedissueincludingrangeofpoorPFMpractices, However, potentialleakagesmeanfunds are notgoingintothemuch-neededsocial the countrywill continuetoincrease. continued practiceofdeficit budgetingbasedonadditionallending,thedebtlevels of beans groundnuts, sweetpotato,sorghum,sesame,maize,rice,fingermillet,cowpeaand 87 84 . solutions topeopledestroyingnaturalresources. like forests,wildlifeandriversfinding and governmentprotectingournaturalresources very happy. Iwanttoseeelders,communities If thecountryiscleanandgreenitwillmakeme -Boy 12,FocusGroupDiscussion,December2020 . SouthSudanalsohasseveralpotentialhydropowersitesontheWhiteNile 86 . 83 , anditslargefertilelandsproducecassava, 85 . 88 . Withthe 135 82 . 81 . pandemic baseline cent inFY2020/21,about10percentagepointsbelowthepre- political stability. The economyisprojectedtocontract3.6per and asharpdeclineingrowth,reversingsomeearlygainsfrom pandemic andoilpriceshockcreatedsevereeconomicdisruption declined, andtheexchangeratestabilized.However, the COVID-19 pandemic,economicgrowthrebounded,inflation of 549percentinSeptember2016 commodity shortageshavecausedhyperinflation.Inflationreachedanall-timehigh that in April 2020theinflationratewas37.2percent would reach41percentinthelastquarterofFY2020/21,corroboratedbyreports However, thesefiguresappearvastlyoptimistic,asMoFP estimatedthatinflation cent in2018)duetoreducedfinancingofthefiscaldeficit. production to reflectpositivegrowthof5.5percentin2019 2018 averagingapproximately-10percent,butwaspredicted Real GDP percapitagrowthremainednegativefrom2014to hyperinflation. will leadtoasharpincreaseininflationandthepossibilityof transport costs,scarcityofcashandincreasingfoodcosts predicts thatacombinationoftheparallelexchangerate,high rate andthensellingthemontheblackmarket(rent-seeking) rate, leadingtolowerthanintendedtaxesonimports; andbuyingSSP over domesticpurchases;customsdutiesonimports areassessedattheofficial denominated oilrevenueattheofficialratefavours governmentspendingonimports investment insocialsectors.Implicationsinclude:prices distortion;budgetingSSP- The gapbetweentheofficialandparallelratesisacosttoeconomy dropping toUS$1-SSP 174,whereitremaineduntilMarch2021 constant aroundUS$1-SSP 160thenspikedinNovember2020atUS$ 1-SSP 180,then parallel exchangerate.During thisperiod,theofficialexchangerateremainedrelatively and September2020,thevalue oftheSSP halvedreachingUS$1-SSP 516onthe The marketexchangeratedepreciated significantlyin2020(Figure2).BetweenMarch could behundredsofmillionsSSP To illustratetheimplications,ifUS$1millioncameintoSouthSudandifference South Sudanhasaparallelexchangerate(officialvsunofficialmarketrate). Parallel exchange rate Since independence,theSSP hasdepreciatednearlyonehundred-fold captured thefullinflationarypressureduetoCOVID-19pandemic programmes. NGOs tohealthworkersandteachers,aswellon the beneficiariesofcashtransfer education andhealth,duetoadecreaseinvalueofincentives paidbytheUNand power andincreaseincommoditypriceshasaknock-on effectonsectorssuchas beneficiaries ofUNprogrammesalsolose a largeopportunitycost. Those whowouldbenefitfromthatinvestmentsuchasthe This isahugecosttothosebringinginthehardcurrency(e.g.UN,investors),with a peak through thelate2020swhenoilproductionisexpectedtoreach The economyisprojectedtogrowataround4percentannually service delivery, withapotentialknock-oneffectonservicesandstability. per centsince August-September 2020inurbanareas as measuredbyWFP’s ‘ÇostofaBasket’ indexarereportedashavingrisenby42 96 . Whilethenon-oilsectorsareforecasttogrowpartiallyoffsetfallingoil 97 , thelossofoilrevenueswillputimmensepressureongovernment 95 . 90 , andfellto24.5percentin2019(from83.5 98 dependingonwhichexchangeratewasused. 99 . 94 . Priortothe 91 . These figuresmaynothave 93 . WFP 100 101 . The lowpurchasing .

92 attheofficial . Foodprices, 89 , andbasic political stability. some earlygainsfrom disruption, reversing created severeeconomic and oilpriceshock However, thepandemic exchange ratestabilized. inflation declined,andthe growth rebounded, pandemic, economic Prior totheCOVID-19 SSP

33 THE SITUATION OF CHILDREN AND WOMEN IN SOUTH SUDAN 2018–2020 34 THE SITUATION OF CHILDREN AND WOMEN IN SOUTH SUDAN 2018–2020 at theBankofSouthSudantoparticipateinforeignexchangeauctions official exchangeratescanbenarrowedthroughallowingbankswithreserveaccounts between theofficialandunofficialexchangerates. Thegapbetweentheparalleland The currentforeignexchangeauctionsystemexcludesbanksandmaintainsawedge reduced opportunities togenerateanyform ofincome. and foodinsecurity, inability toaffordnon-foodneeds,increasedtransportcosts and reduced purchasingpower ofhouseholdsiscreatingincreasedvulnerabilitytohunger Figure 2:Officialratevsunofficialmarketrate,January-September2020 in FY2019/20 price (section3.5)ledtoarealizationofonly50percent oftheprojectedoilrevenue of governmentrevenueisoil-basedandthedropin internationaloildemandand South Sudan’s economywashardhitin2020, especiallyasapproximately90percent global economicgrowthwasslowing. FY2019/20 wasbasedonanoptimisticeconomicoutlook,despiteindicationsthat at theendof2019didnotmaterializein2020. The SouthSudaneseBudget The positiveneweconomicandpoliticalstartthegovernmentpartnersprojected Economic overview 2020-2021 Source: WorldBank,SouthSudanEconomicUpdate,SocioeconomicimpactsofCOVID-19,December2020 achieve priceandexchangeratestability allowing commercialbankstoparticipateinforeignexchangeauctions,order 2021, theBankofSouthSudanissuednewmonetaryandexchangeratereforms as adeepeningcrisislikely toescalateextremescenariosathouseholdlevel The conditionsunderwhich manySouthSudanesearelivingissummarizedby WFP available tofundongoingcommitments. Sudan’s debtlevelsincreasedandwillcontinuetoincrease due toinsufficientcash eroded investorconfidence,particularlyintheoiland constructionsectors.South In addition,theslowpaceofinstitutionalandpolitical reformledtouncertaintyand been sixmonthsbefore. Notes

200 250 300 350 400 450 100 150 1/1/2020

= righthandside. EXR =exchange;BSSBankofSouthSudan;LHSlefthandside;RHS

/1/2020 104 20 , with oil prices in January 2020 being 78 per cent lowerthantheyhad , withoilpricesinJanuary2020being78per

Premium, %(RHS) Market EXRRate(LHS) 8/2/2020

27/2/2020

17/3/2020

5/4/2020 24/4/2020 103

13/5/2020

BSS IndicativeEXRRate(LHS) 1/6/2020

206/2020

9/7/2020

28/7/2020 16/8/2020 102

. InMarch 4/9/2020 105 20 40 60 80 100 120 140 160 180 - . The care ofsickfamilymembers assumed disproportionatelybywomenandgirlsduringthispandemic,includingtaking and domesticwork.Emergingevidencesuggeststhatcarerolescontinuetobe Women andgirlsareheavilyinvolvedinthecareeconomy, providingunpaid care by poorwomen),werebanned COVID-19 shutdowns.Forexample,streetvendors,includingteastalls(mostlyowned school toundertakeunpaidlabouratthehouseholdlevel linkages withchildmarriageandlackofaccesstoeducation,asmanydropout belonging tolarger(polygamous)familyaggregations cultivated plots,withasignificantportionfarmedbywomen-headedhouseholds Much ofthecountry’s agriculturalproductioncomesfromsmall,rain-fed,hand Agriculture andfood production workers insub-Saharan Africa arewomen Women makeupthemajorityofinformalsectorworkers(3in4economy Women andtheinformal andcare economies employs abouteveryotherworker, mostlyincommerceandpersonalservices of employmentintowns(37percentalljobs),secondonlytoservices,which restricting women’s workandeconomicopportunities family membersatriskandotherconsequencesoftheCOVID-19outbreak,further -Boy 11,FocusGroupDiscussion,December2020 impact ofclimatechangeandenvironmentalissues. plant 100milliontreesandraisechildren’s voicesonthe are sufferingasaresultofcuttingdowntrees.Iwantto places anemptydesert.Cropscannotgrow. Children There istoomuchcuttingdowntreesanditmakes 108 . Influencing factors include schoolclosures,aged . Influencingfactorsinclude 107 . 106 ), whichwereseverelyaffectedby 109 111 . Forgirls,thishasdirect . Agriculture isamajorsource 110 . 112 .

35 THE SITUATION OF CHILDREN AND WOMEN IN SOUTH SUDAN 2018–2020 36 THE SITUATION OF CHILDREN AND WOMEN IN SOUTH SUDAN 2018–2020 Source: WorldBank,SouthSudanEconomic Update,SocioeconomicimpactsofCOVID-19,December2020 Figure 3:AgriculturalProductivityGrowth(%),2017–2019 -15.0 -10.0 10.0 15.0 20.0 -5.0 0.0 5.0 Greater Equatoria 2017 access theirlandandgointofarming,improvinggenderqualityfoodsecurity Women arecentraltofarming.Ifthesecuritysituationimprovesmorewomencan finger millet,andrice)makeuptheremaining3percent cent, includingdoublecroppingintheGreenbelt).Othercereals(includingbulrush, Sorghum isthemaincrop(70percentofareacultivated),followedbymaize(27 While lessthan5percentofarablelandiscurrentlycultivated rainfall inthesecondhalfof2019(Figure3) intensity explainthedifferencesacrossstates,inadditiontoimproveddistributionof 2019 isestimatedtohaveincreasedby10percent.However, differencesinconflict interested inworkingthesector, andmaybenefitfromitspotentialforrecovery another job. A significantnumberofyoungurban SouthSudanesemaythereforebe of thosecurrentlyinagriculturewouldratherdobettertheiractivitythanshiftto About halfofallyoungurbanworkersviewagricultureasagoodjob,andmajority farming activities,resultinginlatesowingandareductionplantedarea casual laborers,andadeclineinothersourcesofincome,willconstrainstandard to purchaselowqualityandexpensiveseed. This, togetherwithalimitednumberof normal year. Morethan60percentofrespondents indicatedthattheywillbeforced September. Productionimpactsareestimatedata10to20percentreduction froma Organization (FAO) indicatessignificantimpactsontheharvestseason August– conducted inSouthSudanJune2020bytheUnitedNationsFoodand Agriculture agricultural activities,leavingseasonalworkerswithoutlivelihoods. A survey Furthermore, COVID-19travelrestrictionsandinsecurityhavesloweddown equipped totakeadvantageofexportmarkets regulatory frameworks,absenceofacoherentlandpolicy, andadomesticmarketill- of ruralinfrastructure,lowabsorptionmoderntechnology, inappropriatelegaland also suffersfromlowproductivityduetoinadequacyinappropriateskillsset,lack Conflict anddroughthavehaltedagriculturalproductioninsomeareas. Greater UpperNile 2018 Bahr EIGhazal 116 . 117 . 114 . 115 South Sudan 2019 , cerealproductionin Agriculture 118 . 113 119 . . Development. and thatdialogueisneededwithstakeholderstoensurethis stressed thatdevelopmentpartnersneedtoaligntheNDS In FGDsheldforthisSitAn,theGovernmentofSouthSudan building aunitedandproudnation. nation, f)buildingasafe,secureandhealthynation;g) peaceful nation,e)buildingademocraticandaccountable compassionate andtolerantnation,d)buildingafree,just prosperous, productiveandinnovativenation,c)buildinga building aneducatedandinformednation,b)a The sevenpillarsofVision 2040arereflectedinNDS:a) and strategies development plan,with67percentdrawingfromsectoralplans in SouthSudandrewtheirobjectivesfromthenational A 2016surveyshowedthatonly5percentofnewinterventions 2040 (2011) The keygovernanceframeworksforSouthSudanincludeV 3.2.2 Governance Please seesection3.8foranoverviewoftheoilsectorandnon-oilprivatesector. products farmers canaccessextensionservicesandconnecttomarketsfortheirvalue-added homes. Twenty aggregation businesscenterswillserveas‘one-stopshops’ where and Jongleistates,mostofwhomareformerlyIDPswhohavenowreturnedtotheir opportunities foralmost20,000farmingfamiliesinCentralandEasternEquatoria agricultural productsinSouthSudan. The projectwillcreateaggregationbusiness aims toenhanceagriculturalproductivityandboostthemarketingtradeof project implementedbyFAO withtheMinistryof Agriculture andFoodSecurity A newfive-year AgriculturalMarkets, Value Additionand Trade Development(AMVAT) SSDI. However, thisinitiativehasalsobeen undermined society anddevelopmentpartnerstofacilitatetheimplementation oftheNDSand Compact 2011 framework forpost-conflictplanning.SouthSudanalso embracedtheNewDeal Development Plan)–hasbeendelayed,whichheldthe promiseofprovidingaviable implementation frameworkfortheNDS(andoriginallySouthSudan Finalization oftheSouthSudanDevelopmentInitiative(SSDI)–acosted priorities ofdonorinterventions. Countries fortheDecade2011–2020 economic transformationin Africa; theProgramme of Action fortheLeastDeveloped implementation challengesbroughtaboutbyconflictandeconomicshocks first SouthSudanDevelopmentPlan(2011-2013), extendedto2016,metimmense 2063 Other keynationalandregionalframeworksincludethe African Union’s Agenda Framework (INNF). NDS covering2018to2023isbeaccompaniedby anIntegratedNationalFinancing Since late2020,theGovernmenthasstarteditsreview oftheNDS,andupdated rarely plan-based original sectorplan,butwhetheritwasbackedbydonorfunding,whichitself improvement happenedwasnotwhetheritlistedinthe review period,thedecisivefactorforwhetherasystem-level Partnership forEducation(GPE)thatduringthe2012-2018 129 which recognizes the “demographic dividend” (Section 3.1)askeyfor whichrecognizesthe“demographic dividend”(Section 120 . 121 125 and the National Development Strategy (NDS) 2018–2021 andtheNationalDevelopmentStrategy(NDS) 127 . This isreflectedinfindingsbytheGlobal as a framework for enhanced partnership between Government, civil betweenGovernment, as aframeworkforenhancedpartnership 126 . withnational This highlightsthepotentialriskofmisalignment 130 ; andthe2030 Agenda forSustainable 128 . 124 . 122 ision 123 . The this. stakeholders toensure dialogue isneededwith Strategy andthat National Development need toalignthe development partners Sudan stressesthat The GovernmentofSouth .

37 THE SITUATION OF CHILDREN AND WOMEN IN SOUTH SUDAN 2018–2020 38 THE SITUATION OF CHILDREN AND WOMEN IN SOUTH SUDAN 2018–2020 Priority Response The Africa RegionalIntegrationIndex infrastructure, whichremainedinthe‘motherstates’ states inJanuary2017.However, manyofthenewstateshadalmostnohealth South Sudantoreplacetheoriginal10,andannouncedcreationoffouradditional In October2015,PresidentKiirunilaterallydeclaredthecreationof28statesin extractive industries(Section3.8.1). criticism, theGovernmentispromotingincreasedtransparencyonrevenuesfrom 2020, SouthSudan’s Presidentannounced thecountrywouldreturnto10states The UNcontinuedtooperateonthebasisofformer10statesand15February between nationallevelandstateministries. alignment ofUNICEF’s programmingandGovernmentmapsbettercoordination Overall, positiveimpactsareexpectedforprogrammeimplementationintermsofre- Peace Index) South Sudanisassessedtobethefourthleastpeacefulcountryinworld(Global South Sudan andglobalregional indices in January2015,signedtheUNConventionagainstCorruption The GovernmenthasestablishedtheSouthSudan Anti-Corruption Commissionand Child PolicyForum’s (ACPF’s) ChildFriendlinessIndex(CFI) Meanwhile SouthSudanrankedlastoutofthe52 African countriesinthe African across theotherindicators(Figure4). scores highonRegionalInfrastructure(0.76compared to0.53average)butlow countries intheIntergovernmental Authority onDevelopment(IGAD),South Sudan up asshecouldbeifenjoyedcompleteeducationandfullhealth indicates thatachildborntodaywillonlybe31percentasproductivewhenshegrows countries ontheWorld Bank’s 2020HumanCapitalIndex.SouthSudan’s indexscore categorized as“leastchildfriendly” ranks African governments’ performanceinfulfillingtheir obligations tochildren.Itis second placeduringtheperiod2014–2018 to thirdplaceoutof178countries(after Yemen andSomalia),havingbeenfirstor frameworks, suchas Agenda 2063andthe Abuja Treaty in Africa ismeetingitscommitmentsunderthevariouspan-Africanintegration SDG 16:THEMOSTURGENTOFALLSDGSINSOUTHSUDAN ►

of all the SDGs in South Sudan, and an ‘enabler’ formostotherSDGareas of alltheSDGsinSouthSudan,andan‘enabler’ and inclusiveinstitutionsatalllevels)isperceivedbymanytobethemosturgent development, provideaccesstojusticeforallandbuildeffective,accountable SDG 16(topromotepeacefulandinclusivesocietiesforsustainable 135 . In 2019 and 2020, its position on the Fragile StatesIndeximproved . In2019and2020,itspositionontheFragile 141 . 138 measurestheextenttowhicheachcountry 136 . SouthSudanranks172outof174 133 . 139 . Comparedtoother 140 132 , whichscoresand . Inresponseto 137 . 131 134 . . Table 2:Selectmacroeconomicindicators,2020actualorestimate(orlatestavailable) Source: Development (IGAD)countries Figure 4:Africaregionalintegrationindex,overallrankingsofIntergovernmentalAuthorityon 0.0 0.1 0.2 0.3 0.4 0.5 0.6 0.7 Corruption Perceptions Index Corruption PerceptionsIndex total employment) Vulnerable employment(%of Unemployment, youth total labourforce) Unemployment, total(%of Debt (%ofGDP) Expenditure (%ofGDP) Revenue (%ofGDP) year (%) same monthintheprevious Food inflationrateoverthe consumer prices(%change) Inflation rate,average (current US$) per capita, Atlas method Gross nationalincome(GNI) current prices GDP percapita(inUS$), (% ages15–24) assistance received(%ofGNI) Net officialdevelopment current prices per capita(inlocalcurrency), Gross domesticproduct(GDP) Governance (IIAG) Ibrahim Indexof African Indicator Uganda Africa regional integration index. Accessed 26 March 2021 https://www.integrate-africa.org/rankings/country-profiles/south-sudan/ 2021 March 26 Accessed index. integration regional Africa Kenya

Djibouti 179/180 Score 12/100,rank 84.9 12.2 71.74 34.12 32.2 42 (January2021) 27.08 1,130 (2015) 303.15 15.9 18.8 52,848.89 score 20.7/100.0 Overall Governance ranking 53/54 Overall Governance Value A verage Ethiopia Somalia www.transparency.org/country/SSD www.hdr.undp.org/en/indicators/43006 www.hdr.undp.org/en/indicators/110906 www.hdr.undp.org/en/indicators/140606 www.hdr.undp.org/en/indicators/99106 https://tradingeconomics.com/south-sudan/food-inflation https://data.worldbank.org/country/south-sudan October www.imf.org/en/Publications/WEO/weo-database/2020/ Transparency InternationalSouthSudan UNDP HumanDevelopment Indicators2020 UNDP HumanDevelopmentIndicators2020 IMF World EconomicOutlookDatabase,October2020 IMF World EconomicOutlookDatabase,October2020 IMF World EconomicOutlookDatabase,October2020 Trading Economics IMF World EconomicOutlookDatabase,October2020 World BankSouthSudan IMF World EconomicOutlookDatabase,October2020 UNDP HumanDevelopmentIndicators2020 UNDP HumanDevelopmentIndicators2020 IMF World EconomicOutlookDatabase,October2020 IIAG http://iiag.online/ Source Sudan South Sudan

Eritrea

39 THE SITUATION OF CHILDREN AND WOMEN IN SOUTH SUDAN 2018–2020 40 THE SITUATION OF CHILDREN AND WOMEN IN SOUTH SUDAN 2018–2020 © UNICEF/2020/Mayak while fiveareinsevereneed147. in2020146). from 7.5million A totalof72countiesfaceextremeneeds, children areexpectedtobeinneedofassistance2021(up million peopleincluding4.5 once againtomajorfloods145.Up8.3million impacts ofCOVID-19. The upcomingrainyseasonisforecasted tolead peopleeachyear144),andthe flooding (affectingalmost1million conflict andsubnationalviolence,asecondconsecutiveyearofmajor In 2020,communitieswerehithardbythetripleshockofintensified impact oftheconflict,throughforexamplelackaccesstohealthcare. January toOctober2020143.Manylivesarebeinglostasanindirect inSouthSudantheperiod havebeenkilled At least2,100civilians and children,withalikelyunder-reportingofchilddeaths142. due toinjuryandviolence,mostlyaffectingadultmalesbutalsowomen 2016 and2017. Almost halfofthose(about190,000people)werekilled death tollconcentratedinJonglei,UnityandtheEquatorias,peaking people haddiedasaresultofthecrisiswithinSouthSudan,with Hygiene and Tropical Medicine,by April 2018, anestimated383,000 population. impact onthecivilian According totheLondonSchoolof The civilwarwhichbeganinDecember2013hashadadevastating 3.3 Humanitarianrisk profile Boy 12,FocusGroupDiscussion,December2020 effects offlooding look beautiful,andbuildbridgestostopthe bridges andhouses.Iwantthecountryto I wanttobeanengineersocanbuild .

41 THE SITUATION OF CHILDREN AND WOMEN IN SOUTH SUDAN 2018–2020 42 THE SITUATION OF CHILDREN AND WOMEN IN SOUTH SUDAN 2018–2020 actors. state provided bynon- and justiceare and howsecurity govern themselves, how communities practices shape institutions and customary range of Sudan, adiverse Across South Humanitarian risksforchildrenandwomen Hygiene and TropicalHygiene London Schoolof According tothe Medicine, by– drought and flooding rates ofGBV. Supportcould alsobeprovidedtoenhance cooperationbetween their increasedaccountability, particularlytowomenandgirls inthecontextofhigh Constructive engagement with communitydefencegroupscouldincludepromoting state resourcesorregulation sense, aspeopleimproviseandadaptjusticeprocesses inacontextofverylimited are providedbynon-stateactors.Justiceisalsohybridinadifferent,morechaotic practices shapehowcommunitiesgovernthemselves,andsecurityjustice authorities. Across SouthSudan,adiverserangeofcustomaryinstitutionsand by integratingstatutoryandcustomarylawspecifyingarolefortraditional South Sudan’s constitutionandlawsofficiallyprovideforahybridjusticesystem 3.3.1 Hybrid security andjusticesectors theft orchildabduction,typicallybytracking,pursuing andconfrontingperpetrators and conductingpatrols. They arealsothefirsttorespondincidentssuchasanimal for protection,armedmentakepreventivemeasures– guardingpropertyandlivestock, that haveamuchmorelocalizedremit. As most communitiescannotrelyonthestate anywhere inthecountry(suchasmilitaryandpolice) to communitydefencegroups that operateinSouthSudan,rangingfromorganized forces thatcanbedeployed The securitysectorisalsoahybridsystemgiventhewide rangeofarmedgroups 78 percentofallvictims violence involvingcivildefence groupsand/orcommunity-basedmilitiasaccountedfor However, theUnitedNationsMission inSouthSudan(UNMISS)reportsthat2020 bring lastingpeace less thanhalfofrespondents(43percent)believethatR-ARCSSwill Confidence inpeaceislow:aNovember2018opinionpollshowsthat of Vice Presidents in theestablishmentofR-TGoNUfinallytookplacewithappointment February 2020,nearlyeightmonthsafteroriginallyplanned,thefirststep improved freedomofmovementforciviliansaswellcivilianactors.In a markedreductioninnationalconflictmanypartsofthecountryand Government andkeyoppositiongroupssignedR-ARCSS. This ledto On 12September2018,afteralmostsevenyearsofconflict,the demographic characteristics process, particularlyelectorallawswithanassociatedcensusand been delayed are thereforenotbeingpassedandprogressontheconstitutionhas the Transitional NationalLegislative Assembly. Necessarynewlaws security arrangements,appointcountycommissionersorre-constitute However, partiestoR-ARCSShavestillimplementthetransitional 5 extreme needswhile

154 72 are insevereneed .

counties face A totalof 149 152 . There isaneedforpermanentconstitutionmaking . 148 151 . . 150 . children inneedofassistance including 8.3 million men, girlsandboys A totalof in 2021. 4.5 million women,

153 . Lakes, andWarrap the firsthalfof2020areconcentratedinfourstates,namely:Jonglei,CentralEquatoria, Warrap-Lakes borderregiontohelpfacilitateadiffusionoftensionsin thoseregions in August, thePresidentdeclaredathree-monthstateofemergencyinJongleiand form ahigh-levelcommitteetoaddresssubnationalviolenceinJongleiState 592 abductedand65subjectedtosexualviolence main sourceofviolenceaffectingcivilians,resultingin658peoplekilled,452injured, Figure 5:Violencebyhalfyear(2017-2020) with massiveconsequencesforhumanitarianneedandinsecurity significantly sinceDecember2018andarehavingarisingtollonchildrenwomen Subnational andlocalconflict–oftenassociatedwithcattleraidinghaveescalated 3.3.3 Subnational conflict proliferation anddiversionofweapons services; theoccupationofcivilianinfrastructure,likeschoolsandhospitals; violations; humanitarianaccessandbureaucraticimpediments;theneedforto character inareassurroundingcantonmentsites;housing,landandpropertyrights as many45,000soldiersincludeGBV; forcedandchildrecruitment;lossofcivilian police. The securityandprotectionrisksassociatedwiththecantonmentprocessof soldiers fromthesignatoryarmedgroupstobeintegratedintocountry’s militaryor A keyissueaffectingsecurityisthefutureofformerfighters:R-ARCSSrequires 3.3.2 Threats tosecurity communities toenhancemutualsecurity policing, andtofacilitatedialoguecooperationbetweendefencegroupsofdifferent community defencegroupsandGovernmentauthoritiesonlocalgovernance leaving hundredsdead In May2020,therewasanewoutbreakofviolenceacross28villagesinJongleiState actively monitored. in SouthSudanandDemocraticRepublicofCongo[DRC]). This isariskthatshouldbe funding fordemobilizationandreintegrationprogrammes(ashashappenedpreviously reintegration, butwithoutincentivizingfurthermobilizationinordertobenefitfrom This highlightstheimportanceofsupportingformercombatantsinsocialandeconomic been relativelypeacefulforyears subnational violenceandlocalizedconflictsintensifiedflaredupinareasthathad Source: WorldBank,SouthSudanEconomic Update,SocioeconomicimpactsofCOVID-19,December2020 Violent Events 600 750 150 300 450 0 Strategic developments Battles 2017H1 159 2017H2 (Figure6). Explosions/Remote violence 160 . During the first quarter of 2020, subnational conflict was the . Duringthefirstquarterof2020,subnationalconflictwas 2018H1 158 (Figure5).Mostoftheviolenteventsreportedin Violence againstcivilians 156 2018H2 . 155 . Protests 2019H1 161 . This promptedthePresidentto 2019H2 Riots Reported Fatalities 157 . During2020, 2020H1 162 0 600 1200 1800 2400 3000 . Later 163

Reported fatalities .

43 THE SITUATION OF CHILDREN AND WOMEN IN SOUTH SUDAN 2018–2020 44 THE SITUATION OF CHILDREN AND WOMEN IN SOUTH SUDAN 2018–2020 raiding andcommunalattacks to influencestateandnationalpowerdynamicsina way thatextendsbeyondcattle programming divided communitiese.g.,around schoolmanagement,waterpointsorlivelihood programming inSouthSudan arenotedforprovidingaspacetoconnectotherwise Source: WorldBank,SouthSudanEconomicUpdate,Socioeconomicimpacts ofCOVID-19,December2020 Toll ofviolenceisconcentratedinfewstates Figure 6:Violence2017-2020byState 79 percentofthevictims 72 payams(13percentofthe540incountry),accounting formorethan recorded. The vastmajorityofviolencein2020wasgeographicallyconcentrated violence, anincreaseof120percentcomparedwith 2019, when2,631victimswere UNMISS reportsthatin2020,atleast5,800civilians were individuallyaffectedby leaders notedaspowerful actors inthisregard cohesion, communityengagement andpeacebuilding,withchiefsreligious There isaneedforlargescale involvementofthecommunitytosupportsocial Northern BahrelGhazal W estern W Eastern Equatoria Central Equatoria estern Equatoria

December 2020 Government FocusGroupDiscussion, are villageareas safety inareasaffectedthemost–these of safety. We needtotackletheissueof but effortsarehamperedasthereislack affected bydiseaseandnaturaldisasters, Government istryingitsbesttoreachareas Bahrel Ghazal Upper Nile 167 . W Jonglei Lakes arrap Unity

0 164 . is increasinglybeingused The intensifiedlocalconflict Riots Battles 10 165 . 20 . Strategic developments Explosions/Remote Violence 30 166 40 . Conflict-sensitiveapproaches to 50 60

Protests V 70 iolence againstcivilians 80 90 100 September 2020) refugees havereturnedhomesincetheoutbreakofCOVID-19(to communication onborderclosures,some25,000SouthSudanese children intransit. transit pointfortheStates. However, Jubahaslimitedcapacityforinterim carefor family reunificationsinview ofthepoorandinsecureroadnetwork,withJuba as the uncertainty inreachingtheir finaldestinations. Air travelremainsthemainconduitfor to therestrictiveCOVID-19 measuresthatputchildrentransitingviaJubaatrisk of 2021 alone not comingback 68 percentofschoolsarefunctioning)isonethemainreasonswhyreturnees education amongfamilies,andalackofqualityprovisioninthearea(only cent arefromSudan 2020 represent asizeableshocktolocallabourmarkets work force.Duetothesheerscaleofdisplacement,returneescould of re-integratingthedisplacedanddemobilizedfightersinto Better analysisisurgentlyneededtounderstandtheloomingchallenge 66,000 SouthSudaneseunaccompaniedorseparatedchildren(UASC) and significantgapsstillexistinensuringappropriatecareforalmosthalfofthe Of greatconcernisthatsome65percentofSouthSudaneserefugeesarechildren, Family separation displaced Nearly 4millionpeoplearedisplaced,includingover1.6whointernally 3.3.4 Internally displaced refugees personsand have beenregisteredinSouthSudansinceDecember 2013 More than20,800unaccompanied,separated,missing andothervulnerablechildren (FTR) There arestill7,861children(3,491girls)requiringfamily tracingandreunification most vulnerableseparatedchildren. gaps meanthatsupportismainlybeingprovidedtounaccompanied childrenandthe affected childreninmanyareasremainshampered by securityconcerns,andfunding continues tobeconcentratedinUnity, UpperNile and JongleiStates. Access to future indicate thatamajorityofSouthSudaneserefugeesdonotintendtoreturninthenear habitual residence,andintentionsurveysconductedin2019allasylumcountries Over 70percentofreturneeshavenotbeenabletoreturntheirpriorplaces distribution ofpopulationalongethniclines. conflict overhousing,landandpropertyorreinforcinggeographicre- major conflictsensitivitybydevelopmentactors,e.g.,inavoidingdriving (planned orspontaneous)returnofrefugeesandIDPswillalsorequire sites total of125,000IDPsareshelteringinthetworemainingProtectionCivilians(PoC) in aself-organizedmanner Since 2017,over357,000refugeeshavereturnedtoSouthSudan cent) Ethiopia (16.5percent),Kenya(5.8andDRC(2.5 Refugee hostcountriesincludeUganda(40.7percent),Sudan(34.6 have beenreunifiedwiththeirfamiliesorprimarycaregiver in Uganda,SudanandEthiopiathefirstquarterof2020 170 173 171 179 184 . newdisplacementsin The spikeinsubnationalviolenceandfloodstriggered . South Sudan is host to over 316,000 refugees of whom 93per . SouthSudanishosttoover316,000refugeesofwhom . More than 16,000 South Sudanese fled the country andsoughtrefugemainly . Morethan16,000SouthSudanesefledthecountry . A isgreatdemandfor surveyinMagwi,EasternEquatoriarevealedthere . In the context of COVID-19, challenges have been experiencedinFTRdue . InthecontextofCOVID-19,challengeshavebeen 168 177 and 2.2 million who are living as refugees in neighbouring countries and2.2millionwhoarelivingasrefugeesinneighbouring . 180 176 . . February Almost 23,000returned in Januaryand 174 . 175 . Despite Government directives and . DespiteGovernmentdirectives 178 . The future . The 172 183 . 182 . Mostofthecaseload , while6,348UASC 181 . 169 separated children. unaccompanied or Sudanese 66,000 South almost halfofthe appropriate carefor exist inensuring Significant gapsstill . A .

45 THE SITUATION OF CHILDREN AND WOMEN IN SOUTH SUDAN 2018–2020 46 THE SITUATION OF CHILDREN AND WOMEN IN SOUTH SUDAN 2018–2020 580 in2020. incidents in2019to reported, from535 incidents was humanitarian access increase in In 2020,amoderate Source: HumanitarianOutcomes, Aid WorkerSecurityReport 2020 five years,sawadecreaseinaidworkerattacks2019to38 South Sudanwhichhashadthehighestnumberofincidentsineachpreceding affected bymajorviolencein277separateincidents41countries) 2019 sawthehighestnumberofaidworkerattacksonrecord(483workerswere bringing thetotalnumberkilledto128sincestartofconflict Humanitarian outcomes Figure 7:Aidworkerattacksinhighincidentcontexts,2016-2019 structures andCOVID-19relatedmovementrestrictionscontributedtotheoverall remained under-reported. The surgeinsubnationalviolence,gapsleadership 535 incidentsin2019to5802020.Despitestrongadvocacy, accessconstraints In 2020,amoderateincreaseinhumanitarianaccessincidentswasreported,from 3.3.5 Humanitarian access constraints andattacks in 2019 humanitarian workers.In2020,nineaidworkerswerekilled 0 10 20 30 40 50 60 189 ), and by 14 February 2021, a further four aid workers hadbeenkilled ), andby14February2021,afurtherfouraidworkers 2016 category in2019 environment; anincreasefromthreecountiesclassifiedinthesame violence againsthumanitarianpersonnelandassets,thephysical high accessconstraintsin2020relatedtoactivehostilities,constant in UpperNile,Western EquatoriaandLakesStatesexperienced communities in anoft-violentmanner, disruptingassistancetovulnerable the countrydemandedemploymentfromhumanitarianorganizations otherwise beenusedforlifesavingsupplies.Localyouthgroupsacross humanitarian assistanceanddivertedresourcesthatwouldhave including variousfeesandtaxesimposedbyauthoritiesdelayed people inneed.Navigatinganuntransparentregulatoryenvironment Local authoritiescontinuedtointerfereinhumanitarianresponses significant inseverity, comparedto24percentin2019 rise inaccessconstraints.Oftheincidentsreported,44percentwere South Sudanremainsoneofthemostdangerousplacesworldwidefor South Sudan Afghanistan 187 . 186 2017 . Syria DRC 2018 188 (comparedtothree 193 (Figure 7). 191 192 185 . Globally, . However, . Fivecounties CAR 2019 190 , Figure 8:IntegratedFoodSecurityPhaseClassification(IPC)SouthSudan assistance may beinIPCPhase2or even inIPCPhase1,becauseofhumanitarian reflect thefullpopulationin needofurgentaction. Thisisbecausesomehouseholds It isworthnotingthatapopulation inIPCPhase3andabovedoesnotnecessarily women willbeacutelymalnourishedandinneedoftreatment In 2021,anestimated1.4millionchildrenand480,000pregnantorlactating December 2020-March2021and April -July2021 Source: IPC,SouthSudan: Acute FoodInsecuritySituationforOctober-November2020andProjections record The 2021leanseasonfrom April toJulyisexpectedbethemostsevereon Food insecurityhasreachedthemostextremelevelssinceindependencein2011. Latest food insecurity estimates 3.3.6 Food insecurity drinking water, rate isattributedtofloodingthathasworsenedthespreadofmalariaandunsafe unexpectedly highprevalenceofdiseases(above50percent). The highmorbidity (minimum acceptablediet:5percent,minimumdietarydiversity:17cent)andan contributing toacutemalnutritionincludeverypoorqualityanddiversityoffood people inneedoffoodassistance(Figure8) people facinghighlevelsoffoodinsecurity(IPCPhase3+)andatotal7.7million catastrophe (IntegratedFoodSecurityPhaseClassification[IPC]5),7.2million 7.2 M Projection: AcuteFoodInsecurity 194 . 108,000peoplein The latestfoodsecurityanalysisestimatespredict 199 . 197

and which has created physical barriers to accessingservices andwhichhascreatedphysicalbarriers April toJuly2021. insecurty (IPCPhase-3orabove)from likely facehighlevelsofacutefood in needofurgentactionanalysedwill 7.2 millionpeopleor60% April -July2021 195 . ofthepeople 196 . The majorfactors Phase 1-1,675,000peopleinfoodsecurity Phase 2-3,138,000peopleinStressed Phase 3-4,668,000peopleinCrisis Phase 4-2,413,000peopleinEmergency Phase 5-108,000peopleinCatastrophe 198 .

47 THE SITUATION OF CHILDREN AND WOMEN IN SOUTH SUDAN 2018–2020 48 THE SITUATION OF CHILDREN AND WOMEN IN SOUTH SUDAN 2018–2020 (October 2020) did nothavesufficientquantityofdrinkingwater, intheweekpriortodatacollection and nightwithoutfood;85percenthadnofoodatallinthehouse;52 October 2020,98percentofhouseholdshadoneormorepersonswhowentallday South Sudan the impactofCOVID-19onfoodsecurityhasbeenless severethananticipatedin Area remainedchallenging,deepeningpeople’s vulnerabilities In 2020,physicalaccesstothehardest-hitJongleiandGreaterPibor survive andhavegatheredmorewildfoodthanusual County inCentralEquatoria,themajorityofhouseholdshavehadtobegforfood 2014) production isstilllaggingbehind pre-conflictlevels(2020is14percentbelow year, importsandhumanitarianassistanceareneeded tofillthecerealgap.Cereal South Sudanisastructurally food-deficitcountrywhereeveninagoodproduction Cereal production insecurity sector, andgenderinequalityaresomeadditionalimportantdriversoffood and agribusinesssectors,extremelylimitedGovernmentinvestmentintheagricultural Chronic poverty, animaldiseasesandcroppests,highlyunderdevelopedagricultural Source: 2012-2021 Figure 9:Numbersofpeopleinfoodinsecurity(IPC)andconcurrentshocks of COVID-19measures(Figure9) shocks, includingfloods,insecurityincidents,themacro-economiccrisis,andeffects Food insecurityisexacerbatedbychronicvulnerabilitiessuchasacombinationof Food security vulnerabilities adults noteatingsothatchildrencaneatfirst limiting mealsizes;reducingthenumberofmeals;goingwholedayswithoutfood;and The mostcommonlyreportedstrategiesusedtocopewiththelackoffoodinclude presenting impediments to the durability of ongoing assistance programmes. presenting impedimentstothedurabilityofongoingassistanceprogrammes. basic needs power ofvulnerablehouseholdswhorelyonmarkets topurchasefoodandother and incomescoupledwiththeeffectsofCOVID-19continue toerodethepurchasing The continuingcurrencydepreciationandassociated impactsoncommodityprices 1,000,000 2,000,000 3,000,000 4,000,000 5,000,000 6,000,000 7,000,000 208 2012

WFP, CropProductioninRelationtoFoodInsecurity inSouthSudan,February2021 Aug - Sep 2012 . Nov 2012 205 Dec 12 - Feb 13 . 206 2013 Mar 2013 207

. However, asmostGovernmentrestrictions wereliftedinMay2020, Aug 2013 203 . Dec 2013

Jun - Aug 2014 . 2014 Sep 2014 (curr) CONFILICT

Oct - Dec 2014 (proj)

Jan - Mar 2015 (proj)

Apr 2015 (curr) 2015 May - Jul 2015 (proj) : PhaseI

Aug - Sept 2015 (curr) Low Oil

Oct - Dec 2015 (proj)

Jan - Mar 2016 (proj) 204

Apr 2016 (curr) Prices 2016

May - July 2016 (proj) . All ofwhicharereducinghouseholdresilienceand

Aug - Sep 2016 (curr)

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Jan 2017 (curr)

Feb - 2017 (proj) 2017

May 2017 (curr) 200

Jun - Jul 2017 (proj) . Inmanycounties, suchasMorobo Sep 2017 (curr) CONFILICT

Oct - Dec 2017 (proj)

Jan 2018 (curr) 201 Feb - Apr 2018 (proj) PIN . 2018 May 2018 (curr) : PhaseII Jun - Jul 2018 (proj)

Sep 2018 (curr)

Oct - Dec 2018 (proj) 202 Jan 2019 (curr)

Feb - Apr 2019 (proj) . InPiborCountyin 2019 May - Jul 2019 (proj)

Aug 2019 (curr) Administrative FLOOD Sep - Dec 2019 (proj) Low OilPrices Jan 2020 (curr) SUBNA VIOLENCE

2020 Feb - Apr 2020 (proj) TIONAL COVID

May - Jul 2020 (proj) FLOOD

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2021 Dec 2020 - Mar 2021 (proj)

Apr - Jul 2021 (proj) the peaceprocess representation forwomenintheR-TGoNUandtoprovidetheiractiveparticipation called uponSouthSudantomeetitsR-ARCSScommitmentensure35percent Child South Sudanisyettoratifythe African CharterontheRightsandWelfare ofthe disrupted duetoCOVID-19thisislikelyresultinfurthercerealshortages These include: international treatiesandframeworksinsupportoftherightswomenchildren. and nationalgenderpolicies. The SouthSudanGovernmentisapartytoseveral Gender equalityisahumanrightenshrinedininternationalrightslaw 3.4.1 Gender frameworks andpolicies 3.4 Gender profile in deficitareasduetoextremelyweakmarketsupplyroutes production insurplusareas(Western Equatoria)willnotleadtoincreasedavailability 466,000 tonnesisexpected. The deficitisnotuniformlydistributed, butanincreasein Crop productionestimatesforSouthSudanin2021indicatethatacerealdeficitof The majornationalgenderpoliciesare: women) women) andthereconstitutedJointMonitoringEvaluationCommission(35percentof Transitional Security Arrangements MonitoringandVerification Mechanism(41percentof As ofDecember2020,35percentquotahasonlybeenimplementedintheCeasefireand needs foraperiodofthreemonthsintheyear Sudan cancurrentlyproducecerealsthatareonlysufficientfortheirownconsumption December 2018householdsurveyfoundthatanaveragefarminginSouth compliance withthegenderequality-relatedprovisionsofpeaceagreement prioritization ofgenderissues or remainindraftform(due tothelackoffundingorpoliticalwill)andthereisa low practice manygender-oriented policiesinSouthSudanhavenotbeenimplemented While MGCSWexiststopromote genderequalityandwomen’s empowerment, in ĥ ĥ ĥ ĥ ĥ ĥ ĥ

MGCSW African CharteronHumanandPeoples'Rights report (2020)21 and onreproductiverights,includingfamilyplanningabortion(article14) several reservations,includingondiscouragingpolygamousmarriages(article6) OPAC andOPSC The UNConventionontheRightsofChild(CRC);anditsOptionalProtocols: The NationalGenderPolicy2013 Women in Africa Women launched in2016 Council Resolution(UNSCR)1325withregardtowomen, peaceandsecurity, The SouthSudanNational Action Plan2015–2020onUnitedNationsSecurity Strategic National Action PlantoendchildmarriageinSouthSudan2017-2030. National GenderPolicy The StrategicPlan2013–2018developedin2013for theimplementationof (CEDAW) UN ConventionontheEliminationof All FormsofDiscriminationagainstWomen 219 . The Rights(ACHPR)has African CommissiononHumanandPeoples' 221 . SouthSudanesecivilsocietyactivistsforgenderequalityhavewarnedofnon- 224 213 ; ; SouthSudanhasdrafteditsfirstCEDAW +25 reportandBeijing 220 215 . 217 226 212 . . South Sudan has signed but not ratified the Protocol and made theProtocoland . SouthSudanhassignedbutnotratified . . 225 227 ; . 223 which is in the process ofbeingrevisedby whichisintheprocess 211 . 216 anditsProtocolontheRightsof 209 . As importshavebeen 210 222 . The . . 218 214 .

49 THE SITUATION OF CHILDREN AND WOMEN IN SOUTH SUDAN 2018–2020 50 THE SITUATION OF CHILDREN AND WOMEN IN SOUTH SUDAN 2018–2020

© UNICEF/2020/Chol December 2020 Girl 17,FocusGroup cannot gotoschool. leaders iftheyaremarriedasgirlsand the rise.We willnothavewomenasfuture dropouts amonggirls,buttheirnumberon Steps arebeingtakentoreduceschool Child marriageisacommonproblem. Discussion, Discussion,

powers, privilegesandauthorityunderapatriarchalsystem experiences abuse a financialincentivetoensurethatmarriagesremainintact,evenifthegirlorwoman only bepossiblewhenthedowryisrepaidtohusband’s family. The dowryisthus Many womenforfeitalltheirbelongingsiftheyseparateordivorce,anddivorcemay their success leadership incommunitypeaceprocessesSouthSudanhaveprovedessentialto threats ofviolence,discrimination andintimidationinSouthSudan or seekingtoengageinpublic andpoliticalforumsrelatingtopeaceprocessesreported assigned time-consuminghouseholdresponsibilities relegated totheprivatesphereandcareeconomy(Section3.2.1)inwhichtheyare discrimination andviolence –keepwomenawayfromparticipating as discriminatorylaws,institutional obstacles,socialstereotypesandgender-based increases theirworkloadandplacesexcessivedemandsontime This affectstheirhealth,makesthemvulnerabletoallformsofGBVandharassment, Women oftenhavetowalklongdistancescollectwater, carryingheavycontainers. countries subordinate statusaswellbeingcloselytiedtootherformsofviolence out of19delegations In 2018,outofsixUN-ledorco-ledpeaceprocesses, women wereincludedinonly14 and under-recognized)historyofpeacemaking in differentsectors.SouthSudanesewomenhavealong(butunder-documented in peacebuilding,whichactsasanentrypointforsupportingwomen’s leadership Despite pervasivegenderinequality, womenandgirlshaveagencyinfluence Peacebuilding 3.4.3 Women’s andgirls’agency in humandevelopmentachievementsbetweenwomenandmen South SudanhasaGenderDevelopmentIndexof0.842,meaningitlowequality 3.4.2 Gender inequality peace processesthroughouttheworld mediators, fourpercentofsignatories,and13 ofnegotiatorsinallmajor at least15years. Yet between1992and2018,womenmadeuponlythreepercentof meaningfully included,theresultingpeaceagreement is35percentmorelikelytolast longevity ofpeaceagreements. Tangible evidencehasshownthatwhenwomenare Women’s involvementinpeaceprocessesisvitalto theoverallsuccessand and patriarchalcultures Child marriageisdeeplyrootedinSouthSudanesecustomaryandreligioustraditions to 14percentforboys The grossenrolmentratiointosecondaryeducationis8percentforgirlscompared one manhavingmultiplewives)arecommoninsomeareas household consumptionwastheroleofwomen of respondentsinanOxfamsurveystatedthatensuringavailabilitycleanwaterfor do occupysuchpositionsarenotperceivedashavingmuchpowerorinfluence There areveryfewwomeninpositionsofauthoritythecommunity, andthosewho access andcontroloverresources. girls' education,restrictionsoftheirmobility, limiteddecision-makingpower, andlackof Traditional genderrolesandsocialnormsdeepeninequality, particularlyaround 229 . Men dominate most social spheres and are accorded most productive assets, . Mendominatemostsocialspheresandareaccordedproductiveassets, 241 . 238 243 . 239 . A numberofsystemic, culturalandstructuralbarriers–such 235 . (3.4.4 below). Polygamous relationships (thepracticeof (3.4.4below).Polygamousrelationships 242 . 234 240 . andwomen’s participationand 231 . 230 . Meanwhile, women are . Meanwhile,womenare 236 228 , andreinforcewomen’s , ranking 185 of 189 , ranking185of189 245 244 . . Women engaging 233

. Ninety per cent . Ninetypercent 237 . 232

51 THE SITUATION OF CHILDREN AND WOMEN IN SOUTH SUDAN 2018–2020 52 THE SITUATION OF CHILDREN AND WOMEN IN SOUTH SUDAN 2018–2020

© UNICEF/2020/Hill of womeninthesecuritysector health facilities,andviolence,itisleadingtochangeinnormsaroundtheacceptability this presentsarisktowomenandtheirchildren,dueto,forexample,lackoffood employment incantonmentsitesandtoberecruitedenlistedintothearmy. While However, asaresultofthepooreconomic situation,womenhavebeenforcedtoseek highlighted theirachievementsandcontributionstosustainablepeace A paneldiscussioninJubaMarch2020withSouthSudanesegirlsandwomen position afterherhusbanddied apart fromcaseswhereawomanhasgainedemploymentasresultoffilling reserved formen,andwomenhavestruggledtogainaccessthisareaofwork, Employment inthesecuritysector, suchasthepoliceormilitary, istraditionally Women inthesecurity sector and women’s leadership nature acknowledged, andtheirrolesareoftenmoreofasymbolicratherthansubstantive Even whenwomenareincludedinpeaceprocesses,theirpresenceisrarely knowledge mounting ortheneedforservices,theyspeakfromaninformedpositionoflocal phases, isessential. This isbecausewhenwomenraiseconcernsabouttensions aspects ofpeaceandsecurity, fromtheonsetofanemergencytorebuilding Simon Jial,toldtheSecurityCouncilthatensuringwomenarecentralplayersinall In March2019,thefounderofHopeRestorationSouthSudan, Angelina Nyajima Sudan’s peaceprocesses and informally, inthepre-negotiation,negotiationandimplementationphasesofSouth both civilsocietyandpoliticalpartiesovercamebarrierstoparticipate,formally by women are involvedatalllevelsofdecision-making level. However, anintegratedapproachtopeacebuildingisneededinwhichwomen bottom-up approachwithinwhichtheywereinvolvedinpeacebuildingatgrassroots general inSPLM/A-IO elected asaNuerseniorchiefinJubaPoCsite.ChiefNyandierwasformerly for womentobecometraditionalleaders,in2018,RebeccaNyandierChatimwas woman (thefirsttoassumetheposition)- Angelina Teny This isaidedbythefactcurrentMinisterofDefenseandVeteran Affairs isa 246 . 255 247 . . 254 . In addition, the two main parties in the country are now led in thecountryarenowled . Inaddition,thetwomainparties 249 . Due to barriers to full participation, womenadopteda . Duetobarriersfullparticipation, 251 252 . . 250 . 253 . Whileitisveryunusual 248 . Women from highest ratesintheworld experienced physicaland/orsexualviolenceintheirlifetimes;thisisamongthe of GBVisunclear, studiesindicatethatsome65percentofwomenandgirlshave shelter GBVsurvivors which providesshelters,orothermechanismssuchasanetworkoffamilieswillingto There isalackofprotectionforGBVsurvivors,andcoordinatedresponseneeded family courts referGBVsurvivorsbackhomeforresolutiontobesoughtwithinthe means thatperpetratorsarerarelybroughttojustice.Evenpoliceandcustomary Poor enforcementandalackofunderstandingthelaw, andaweakjudicialsystem health careandpsychosocialsupport cent ofwomenknowwheresexualandotherGBVsurvivorsshouldseek to reportcasesofGBV. Inaddition,73.7percentofmenand71.6 cent ofmenand91.3perwomenknowatleastoneplacewhere There ishighawarenessofwheretoreportGBV: nationally, 94.2per violence betweenhusbandandwife wife, while84percentsaidtheyexperiencedorwitnessedsexual experienced orwitnessedphysicalviolencebetweenhusbandand in Nyal,88percentofmarriedwomenandgirlssaidthattheyhad In asurveyconductedwithnearly200womenandadolescentgirls fear ofre-victimization including self-blame,fearofreprisals,mistrustauthorities,andrisk/ However, survivorsgenerallydonotspeak ofGBVformanyreasons, lives, withintheirownhomesandasaresultoftheconflict Women andgirlsinSouthSudanexperiencepervasiveviolencethroughouttheir Pervasive gender-based violence 3.4.4 GBV, childmarriage andFGM/C added fortransportationwhichthesurvivorpays perpetrator isknownandthepoliceneedtotravelgetthem,anadditionalfee contracted HIV to negativesocietalperceptionsofbeinga“rapevictim” andsuspicionofhaving transmitted infections,psychologicaltrauma,PTSD,stigma andostracizationowing experienced physicalbodilytrauma,forcedandunwanted pregnancies,sexually Men andboysarealsosurvivorsofGBV(Section3.4.7). SurvivorsofGBV poverty andalcoholconsumption level ofeducation,theuseviolenceasasocially-acceptednorm, Drivers ofGBVinSouthSudaninclude:spousalagedifference,low experience sexualviolenceforthefirsttimeunderageof18 including HIV available forsurvivors,resultinginmanyuntreatedsexuallytransmittedinfections, 264 . In addition, it costs money to file a complaint with the police,andwhere . Inaddition,itcostsmoneytofileacomplaintwith I should,mymother orfatherbeatsme It makesmesadwhenIdonot something -Girl 10,FocusGroup Discussion,December2020 263 267 . . 266 262 . . Stigma and shame impede access to the limited services tothelimitedservices . Stigmaandshameimpedeaccess 257 . 260 (see also Section 3.10). (seealsoSection3.10). 258 261 . andwomen The majorityofgirls . 265 . 256 . Whilethefullmagnitude 259 . including HIV. infections, transmitted untreated sexually resulting inmany for GBVsurvivors, services available to thelimited impede access Stigma andshame

53 THE SITUATION OF CHILDREN AND WOMEN IN SOUTH SUDAN 2018–2020 54 THE SITUATION OF CHILDREN AND WOMEN IN SOUTH SUDAN 2018–2020 exposure ofgirlsandwomentoGBVincludingchildmarriagesexualviolence. The closureofschoolsandrestrictionsputinplaceduetoCOVID-19haveincreased Figure 10:TopcausesofadolescentmortalityinSouthSudan(2019) marriage, andadolescentpregnancy targeted inparticularatyounggirls,withanotableincreaseforcedandchild violence andcriminality, includingheightenedsexual andgender-basedviolence COVID-19 pandemic–havealsoledtoanincreaseineconomicallymotivated Increased livelihoodpressures–aresultofeconomicdeteriorationowingtothe per cent)aremarriedorinunionbeforeage18 Child marriageisitselfaformofGBV. Overhalfofwomen(aged20-24years)(51.5 Source: UNICEF datahttps://data.unicef.org/resources/adolescent-health-dashboards-country-profiles/ 18, and10percentbeforetheageof15 in Nyal,UnityState,anestimated71percentofgirlsaremarriedbeforetheage girls aged15-19yearsisfromcomplicationsrelatedtoearlychildbearing(Figure10) childbearing Nationally, almost1in3(31percent)ofadolescentgirlshavealreadybegun obstetric fistulaandthestigmaassociatedwithit usually incattle orcash–tothegirl’s family. Inpastoralistcommunities, thebride’s In mostSouthSudanesecommunities, marriageinvolvesthepaymentofadowry – Communicable, maternal,perinatal andnutritionalconditions 5 Leishmaniasis 4 Diarrhoeal diseases 3 HIV/AIDS 2 Malaria 1 Roadinjury 5 Leishmaniasis 4 Diarrhoealdiseases 3 HIV/AIDS 2 Malaria 1 Roadinjury -Government FocusGroupDiscussion,December2020 trauma ofherchildhoodending. a woman,butshehasthepsychological When agirlisimpregnated,shecalled 272 Girls 10-14 Boys 10-14 , with severe impacts on physical and mental health such as from healthsuch , withsevereimpactsonphysicalandmental 271 . 269 . 268 273 . RateswithinSouthSudanvaryand . The leadingcauseofmortalityin Injuries Injuries 5 Roadinjury Tuberculosis4 3 Diarrhoealdiseases 2 HIV/AIDS 1 Maternalconditions 5 Diarrhoealdiseases 4 Interpersonalviolence Tuberculosis3 2 HIV/AIDS 1 Roadinjury Girls 15-19 Boys 15-19 270 . Bahr elGhazalandUpperNile and Muslimcommunities,particularlyinthenorthernregionsofcountry, including years, themajorityofhighnumberyouthsuicides In astudyinsevenstatesof214adolescentsandyouthaged14–30 pressures areincreasingtheriskofchildmarriage(Section3.4.5). the PenalCodecriminalizesandsetsoutpenaltiesforanyonecausingFGMC criminalizes allforms of FGM/C on childrenas well as the failureto report FGM/C, and FGM/C isprohibitedundertwolawsinSouthSudan: The Child Act 2008definesand as theidealmarriageageis15to16years or becauseitcausesgirlstomarryatanolderage,whichalsodecreasestheirvalue, girls beingunmonitoredinschool(andtheir“honour”perceivedtobeatrisk); Attending schoollowersbridepriceinpastoralistcattlecampcommunitiesdueto the bride’s age,education,beauty, orheight price varyingdependingonthecommunity, familywealthandstatus,or family mayreceiveanywherefrom10toseveralhundredcows,withthe Sudan HouseholdHealthSurvey(preliminaryresults)revealsthatatanationallevel Overall, morementhanwomenrejectGBV, butwithregionalvariations.The2020South Attitudes to GBV Republic ofSudan(90percent) at 1percentforwomenaged15–49years,muchlowerthanintheneighbouring Female genitalmutilation/cutting(FGM/C)prevalenceinSouthSudanisestimated Female genital mutilation/cutting communities arenotinfactprotectedbythisorotherlaws However, similartootherhumanrightsviolations, girlsfromFGM/C-practising physical healthandwell-being that thousandsofgirlsaresufferingirreversibledamagetotheirsexualorgans, her didnotacceptthepregnancy, orsheherboyfriendwasdiagnosedwithHIV were duetobeingforcedintomarriage,orthepersonwhoimpregnated raped andtherefore‘spoilt’) outside withoutpermissionwhichwouldincreaseherchancesofbeing for brideprice(forexample,boysmaybeattheirsisterswalking against girlswithinthehomeistypicallyassociatedwithgirls’ prospects paying brideprice)areallcloselylinkedtoprice.Physicalviolence strategy togainorretaincattle)andabductionofgirls(bymenavoid inheritance (widowsforcedtoremarrytheirhusbands’ relativesasa Many patriarchalpracticesinSouthSudan,suchaschildmarriage,wife believe childmarriage (75.9%) rejectforcinga woman intopregnancy than women(51.5%) (79.6%) thanwomen More men(58.0%) Slightly moremen is notjustified or sterilization More men(85.0%)that prostitution ortohave women (80.9%) forcing awomaninto sexual intercourse

reject 275 . 280 281 279 . FGM/ChasbeenreportedamongbothChristian . (78.0%) thanwomen not justifiabletoraid . However, evenaprevalenceof1percentmeans (76.2%) saiditwas villages forwomen Slightly more

Gender-based 278

violence men 274

OP . conflictandeconomic The ongoing . 276 forfemales 283 . (83.2%) rejectaccepting (85.8%) thanwomen or practisingFGM/C Slightly moremen Slightly (83.5%) thanwomen(79.2%) GBV practicesisnotjustified More thanmen(44.9%) community tointentionally said itisnotjustifiablefor women (40.8%)expressed and rejectallformsofGBV Slightly morethanmen infect anotherwithHIV that eachofthedifferent any personinthe 282 277 Upper Nile. Bahr elGhazaland the country, including northern regionsof particularly inthe Muslim communities, both Christianand reported among FGM/C hasbeen 284 . . :

55 THE SITUATION OF CHILDREN AND WOMEN IN SOUTH SUDAN 2018–2020 56 THE SITUATION OF CHILDREN AND WOMEN IN SOUTH SUDAN 2018–2020 More men(40.7%)than to beathiswifewhen she goesoutwithout a manisnotjustified women (36.6%) permission; said than women(36.9%) More men(39.5%) his wifewhenshe neglects children; said amanisnot justified tobeat acceptance orrejectofdifferentpractices considerable variationintheirgendergroupswithpeopleshowingdifferential lower thananyindividualpractice. This resultsuggeststhatbothgendershave striking isthatthecompositeprevalenceforrejectingGBVpracticessubstantially that thesmallestproportionofwomenandmenexpressedasunjustifiable.Whatis Child marriage(locallyreferredtoas“marrying-offchildren”)wastheGBVpractice “justifications” forGBVagainstwomen A similarpattern–ofmorementhanwomenrejectingGBVwasfoundfordifferent by hostfamiliesandnotreceivefoodassistance and girlswhoaredisplacedlivingamonghostcommunities maybede-prioritized so theymayrefusefoodorpassonwithinfamilies. Inaddition,adolescentboys may suffergreaterfoodinsecurityduetotheircultural andsocialrolesascaregivers, humanitarian crisesduetogendernormsand inequality. Forexample,women Women and girlsaredisproportionatelyaffectedbytheintersectionofvarious 3.4.5 Gendered effects of crises humanitarian change women’s perceptions through women’s groups,andtotaketheleadinfightagainstGBVcouldhelp and culturallyacceptablestrategiesforrespondingtoGBV. Empoweringwomen to 65.0percentinCentralEquatoriaState)illustratestheneedforcontext-specific who expressednojustificationforallGBVpracticesrangedfrom15.7percentinUnity The widevariationinperceptionofGBVpracticesacrossstates(forexample,women man isnotjustifiedtobeathiswifewhensheargueswithhim. Virtually thesameproportionnationally, ofwomen(44.4%)andmen(45.8%)saida

than women(49.9) More men(54.4%) his wifewhenshe said amanisnot justified tobeat refuses sex; 287 . 286 . 285

. 288 . (57.8%) More men(65.2%) beat hiswifewhen is notjustifiedto she burnsfoo; than women said a man of men and Nationally, 23.7percent justified tobeatwomen under alltheassessed of womensaiditisnot circumstances. 19.9 percent them ortheirfamilies maize andpalmnutslocally, butthisisnotenoughtosustain insecurity, womencannotaccesstheirfarmsandinsteadgrow 303 childrenreleasedin2019(Aweil, MirandWau) primarily duringattacksorraids about 33percentofwomenhaveexperiencedsexualviolencefromanon-partner, per centofthe745childrenreleasedin Yambio in2018 working asdomestichelpersand'wives'orsexualslaves.Girlsaccountedfor35 Girls aswellboysareassociatedwitharmedforcesandgroupsinlargenumbers, to ariseinnon-partnersexualassault associated criminalityandviolenceareconsideredacontributor “value”, andinfluencepotentialdowry (more) harmful,andbecausefallingvictimtosexualviolence wouldreduceagirl’s as aperceivedprotectionagainstotherformsofGBVwhicharetobe marriage, asmanyfamilieswanttheirdaughterstomarrysoonpossible,both The increasedriskofallformsGBVasaresultthecrisisisreinforcingchild before 18 Additionally, girls displacedbyconflictareconsideredatgreaterriskofbeingmarried and theyseeaneedtoprotectdaughtersfrompregnancy outsideofmarriage. where schoolshaveclosed,asfamiliesdonotseeother optionsfortheirdaughters, which includesmarryinggirlsoffatyoungerages bride wealth seek toinflictrevenge,restorehonourorforcecompensationforperceivedlossof adultery includingelopementaresignificantdriversofviolenceandconflictasfamilies While conflictdrivesGBVandchildmarriage,thereverseisalsotrue:and/or Child marriage andconflict during timesofcrisis Domestic violenceislargelysociallyacceptedbymenandwomenincreases GBV andconflict Child marriageisbecomingcommonasanegativeeconomic copingstrategy violence andotherGBVviolationsthrive further createsanenvironmentforcriminalactivityinwhichconflict-relatedsexual rendering womenandgirlsvulnerabletoabuse.Localizedsubnationalconflict various forcesexacerbatesinsecurityforwomenandgirls, The disarmament,demobilizationandreintegration(DDR)of slavery, andotherformsofGBV survive, exposingthemtoagreaterriskofrape,abductionforthepurposessexual girls alsohavetowalkfurtherforageforfood,firewoodandothernecessities With severefoodinsecurityandtheeconomiccrisisacrosscountry, womenand marriages areprominentand sociallyacceptedamongrefugees though childandforcedmarriage isillegalunderUgandanlaw, child,earlyandforced (UNHCR) confirmedreports fromtherefugeepopulationinUganda2017that A 2018needsassessment fromtheUnitedNationsHighCommissionerforRefugees violence and thenormalizationofextremeviolence,includingsexual Weak ruleoflawandmilitarizationcontributetoimpunity girls beingsexuallyexploitedtoalleviatetheeffectsofpovertyinPoCsitesJuba increasing theriskofGBV after marriage girls areoftentakenbackto SouthSudantobemarriedoffandreturnUganda only 294 304 . and The generalincreaseofarmsinthecommunity . 300 306 . . 289 293 . inwomenand There isevidenceofanalarmingincrease . 296 . 291 292 . . Women areoftenthemainproviders,butdueto 301 295 . . Poorshelterisalso 297 . 303 . Childmarriageismorecommon 299 298 . andfor26percentofthe 305 ;andunderage off atyoungerages. includes marryinggirls coping strategy, which a negativeeconomic becoming commonas Child marriageis 302 , 290 .

57 THE SITUATION OF CHILDREN AND WOMEN IN SOUTH SUDAN 2018–2020 58 THE SITUATION OF CHILDREN AND WOMEN IN SOUTH SUDAN 2018–2020 3.4.6 Gendered effects of customary law are notconsideredillegalinSouthSudaneselaw) and civilsocietycampaignstostopit killed asaformofrestitution(inplacecattle),isstillinpracticedespiteGovernment Girl childcompensation,apracticewheregirlisprovidedtothefamilyofsomeone of disputesinSouthSudanarehandledbycustomarycourts The legalsystemconsistsofbothstatutoryandcustomarylaws. An estimated90percent and protectwomen’s propertyrights services andinformationonreportingsystems protection forvictims/survivorsandwitnesses,lackoflegalaidlimitedMHPSS further obstaclesduetoagenerallackoffinancialresourcesfilelegalclaims,limited the widespreadabsenceoflocalcourtspreventsthis.Women inSouthSudanface While itistheoreticallypossibletoappealfromthecustomarystatutorycourts, or husband(notthegirl) school) orfivecows(wheresheis). Thepaymentactsascompensation forthefamily payment ofthedowry, ortheperpetratorhastopayonecow(wheregirlsisnotin levels ofGBVinSouthSudan (husbands) thattheywillnotbebroughttojusticeforGBVhelpsperpetuatethehigh preservation ofthemarriageandfamilyunit,knowledgebyperpetrators customary courtsmayhandlerapecases arrangements tohavetheperpetratormarrysurvivorarewaysinwhich they frequentlytryrapecases.Paymentsfromtheperpetratororhisfamily, or such assexualviolenceincludingrape,exploitationandabuse,inpractice Although customarycourtsarenotsupposedtohearseriouscriminaloffences for examplebyforcingdaughterstomarrymenselectedtheirfamilies Report totheCRCCommitteenotesthatcustomarycourtsdisadvantagewomenandgirls, impunity ofperpetrators application discourageswomenandgirlsfromreportingincidentsofGBV In casesinvolvingwomen,customarylawstendtoprevail,butitsdiscriminatory 3.4.7 Impacts onmenandboys protection risksforwomenandgirls or substanceabuse,whichleadstoantisocialbehaviour, oftencreatingadditional effects oftheconflictonmen.Manymenandboys are resortingtoalcoholand/ Research byOxfaminSouthSudanidentifiedsignificant negativepsychological use byarmedforcesandgroups problems integrated CAAFAG knowotherswhosereintegration failedduetomentalhealth to severedepression,butwith alackofservicestoassistthem.Severalformer well- several boyshadsymptomsofanxietyuptoalevel adisorder, PTSDormoderate among men conflict and crisis, therecanbeaparallel shiftinperceptionsofdiminished self-worth gender rolesforwomenare significantlychallengedorshifting,asisoftenthe case in Social normsaffectmenand boysaswellwomenandgirls.Whentraditional Girl 15,FocusGroupDiscussion,December 2020 teachers towardgirls. boy refusesitisthesameenmityasmale Female teachersharassboysinschool.Ifthe 319 . 320 . Gendernorms –inparticularidealsof masculinity, honour andfemale 309 313 . Most cases of intimate partner violence are ignored (these . Mostcasesofintimatepartnerviolenceareignored(these . 311 . 315 317 314 . . Boys are particularly atriskofrecruitmentand . Boysareparticularly . Customary property lawsdonotrecognize . Customaryproperty 318 312 . InonestudyofformerCAAFAG (allboys), . This formofsettlementmayincludethe 316 . 310 . As customarycourtsprioritize 307 . South Sudan’s Initial . SouthSudan’s Initial 308 . , resultingin underreported The impactofsexualviolenceonSouthSudanesemenandboysismassively reported havingexperiencedsometypeofsexualviolence Table 3:SouthSudangendercharacteristics2020(orlatestavailable) and formerboyCAAFAG with HIV; girlfriendlefthim;andisolationfromthefamily, especiallyforgangmembers bride prices;theirgirlfriendwasforcedtomarryarichman;diagnosed man); inabilitytoresolveissueswithromanticrelationships,includingpayingexorbitant especially aninabilitytoprovideforthemselvesandtheirfamilies(poorself-worthasa for self-harmamongmalesweremostlydifficultycopingwiththeirlifecircumstances, In astudyof214insevenstatesadolescentsandyouthaged14–30years,thereasons and protectoroftheirhouseholds. impacted men’s capacitytoliveupgenderedexpectationsoftheirroleasprovider of theirownhousehold.Conflict,thedepletionassetsandhighunemploymenthave to marry, astheyarenotconsideredtobe‘men’ untiltheyaremarriedandincharge purity –aresignificantdriversofconflict.Menandboysfacesocialpressure in UpperNilewerebeheadedaftersufferingmutilationoftheirsexualorgans of GBVisrestrictingmovementoutsidecamps,particularlyformenandboys per 100,000livebirths) Maternal mortalityratio(deaths 1,000 womenages15-19) Adolescent birthrate(birthsper female vsmale(years) Expected yearsofschooling, vs male(years) Life expectancyatbirth,female population ages15andolder) service provider(%offemale institution orwithmobilemoney- Women withaccountatfinancial (% heldbywomen) Share ofseatsinparliament (HDI), femalevsmale Human DevelopmentIndex modern contraceptive (or whosepartnerisusing) a years whoarecurrentlyusing Number ofwomen15-49 in union) 20–24 yearswhoaremarried or by age15(%ofwomenages Child marriage,womenmarried in union) 20–24 yearswhoaremarriedor by age18(%ofwomenages Child marriage,womenmarried HDI values) (GDI) (Ratiooffemaletomale Gender DevelopmentIndex Indicator 322 . Inonesurvey, 9percentofmeninJubaand6Rumbek 321 .

interval 789to1,710) 1,150 (uncertainty 158 Female 3.5,male5.9 56.4 Female 59.4,male 4.7 26.6 0.46 Female 0.38,male 4.3 9 52 0.842 Value 323 maternal mortality2000to2017 World Health Organization(‎2019)‎. Trends in UNICEF dataSouthSudan Indicators 2020 UNDP SouthSudanHumanDevelopment Indicators 2020 UNDP SouthSudanHumanDevelopment Indicators 2020 UNDP SouthSudanHumanDevelopment Indicators 2020 UNDP SouthSudanHumanDevelopment http://www.hdr.undp.org/en/countries/profiles/SSD 21 March2021 Health Survey2020,(preliminary results)dated Republic ofSouthSudan, National Household UNICEF data https://data.unicef.org/resources/dataset/child-marriage/ UNICEF data https://apps.who.int/iris/handle/10665/327596 dashboards-country-profiles/ https://data.unicef.org/resources/adolescent-health- Indicators 2020 UNDP SouthSudanHumanDevelopment Source . In August 2019,fourmen

324 325 . The risk risk The . .

59 THE SITUATION OF CHILDREN AND WOMEN IN SOUTH SUDAN 2018–2020 60 THE SITUATION OF CHILDREN AND WOMEN IN SOUTH SUDAN 2018–2020 children. essential servicesto ability todeliver the Government’s revenue islimiting The reductionofoil a keydefiningfeatureofpublicfinanceinSouthSudan lack ofallocationavailablefundingtosocialservicesectorsandpoorPFM,whichis they maynotbepassedbytheendoffiscalyear. to prepareandsubmitanFY2020/21budgetatnationalstatelevel,eventhough issued tolegitimizeongoingexpenditure.However, theGovernmentisstill required been approved.Intheabsenceofanapprovedbudget,PresidentialDecreeswere year beginson1July, howeverinMarch2021,theNationalBudgetFY2020/21was donor drivenapproachownedbythecommunity over-reliance ondonorstoberelievedthroughfuture peaceandstability, andanon- FGDs highlightedtheneedtochangecultureofdependency ondonors,withthe government infrastructures. 4 illustrates,exceptforhealth,littleinvestmentistaking placetosupportsustainable South SudanreliesheavilyonODA todeliverbasicsocialservices.However, as Table interim estimatesfortotalexpenditureofSSP 218.2billion Interim revenueprojectionsforFY2020/21arepredictedatSSP 135.8billion,with 3.5.1 Overview 3.5 Publicfinance million) budget stoodatSSP 46billionwhichequatestoapproximatelyUS$299–US$350 ODA amountedtoalmostseventimesthenationalbudgetin2017(TheFY2017/18 Overseas development assistance services tochildren The reductionofoilrevenueislimitingtheGovernment’s abilitytodeliveressential prepared the integratedfinancialmanagementinformationsystem(IFMIS)andismanually extra-budgetary expenditures,andbudgetexecutionisalsoundertakenoutside including discrepanciesbetweentheprogrammedandexecutedresourcesdueto 333 332 . ODA 2018 budget in isoverthreetimesthesizeofnational South Sudan’s estimated expenditure for FY2019/20 was SSP 208.2 billion. . negative barrel (USD$-30),thefirsttimeinhistorythatoilpriceshaveeverturned However, in April 2020thepriceofoilfelltolessthanzeroUSD$per financing in oilproductionandprices,byexploringpossibilitiesforexternal billion, whichtheGovernmentproposestomanagethroughanincrease international wasestimatedatSSP 155billionleavingadeficitofSSP 52 Revenue fromoil,taxes,licensesandothersources,bothdomestic FY2019/20 reliant onoiltofundthemajorityofnationalbudget(84percentfor imposed significantfiscalpressures,astheGovernmentisheavily 330 328 . However,the significantreasonis amuchgreaterandmore 327 . already This suddenandmassivedeclineinrevenuehas 329 . ). 335 . 331 . The budgethasdeficiencies 326 . SouthSudan’s fiscal 334 . Data LandscapeDiagnosticReport,March2021 Source: DevelopmentInitiativesbasedonIATI transactiondatainNationalBureauofStatisticsandUNSouthSudan,SudanSDGs of theSSP PFM Reformsshouldleadtoaninitialincrease,followed byastabilisationofthevalue The combinationofRCF2,theunificationexchange rate,andimplementationof payment supporttostabilizetheexchangerateandalso tostabilizethemarket for fivemonths),andtheotherhalfwillremainwith centralbankforbalanceof support topaysalaryarrears(theGovernmenthasnot paidcivilservantsalaries RCF disbursementof$174.2million.Halfthisamount willbeusedforbudget On 30March2021,theIMFagreedtogiveSouth SudanGovernmentasecond to closingtheexternalfinancinggapandeasingadjustmentburden recognizing thatadditionalfinancingfromtheinternationalcommunityremainscritical to animprovedeconomicpositionbyJanuary2021,withtheIMFandGovernment The RCF, otherloans,gainsmadeontheexchangerateandimprovedoilpricesled The RCFisintendedtoaddressbalanceofpaymentsandfiscalfinancingneeds. FY2020/21, equatingtoabout10percentagepointsbelowthepre-pandemicbaseline. based onaprojected3.6percentcontractionoftheSouthSudaneseeconomyin to SouthSudansinceitjoinedtheFundin2012. The RCFwasgrantedbytheIMF, health, social andhumanitarianissues, and peace Government sectorswithresponsibility forchild-focusedissuesincludingeducation, identifiable incurrentbudget documentation.Budgetallocationsaremadetodifferent Budget allocationsfortheimplementation ofchildren’s rightsarenot explicitly 3.5.2 Spending trends COVID-19 pandemic from theInternationalMonetaryFund(IMF)ofUS$52.3milliontoaddress In November2020SouthSudanreceivedaRapidCreditFacility(RCF)disbursement IMF Rapid Credit Facility Table 4:ODA:Percentageoftotalspendbysector Sector Humanitarian Health Governance andsecurity Cross-cutting Agriculture andfoodsecurity Education Other socialservices Infrastructure Water andsanitation Banking andbusiness Industry andtrade Environment General BudgetSupport 339 . 336 . This isthefirstIMF-supportedfinancialassistanceprovided 2015 39 15 18 7 9 5 2 2 1 0 0 0 0 340 2016 . 50 19 9 7 3 5 3 2 2 0 0 0 0 2017 54 12 16 5 3 4 2 1 1 1 0 0 0 337 . 2018 54 10 12 338. 5 8 4 3 1 2 0 0 0 0

2019 50 15 13 12 2 3 3 1 1 0 0 0 0 2020 48 16 8 9 3 4 3 6 2 0 1 0 0

61 THE SITUATION OF CHILDREN AND WOMEN IN SOUTH SUDAN 2018–2020 62 THE SITUATION OF CHILDREN AND WOMEN IN SOUTH SUDAN 2018–2020 How thebudgetwasallocatedinFY 2019/2020 FY2019/20 the largestbudgetshare,itislessthanhalf55percentshareallocatedin classification sharewillbetoinfrastructureat23percent Althoughthisisstill The indicativebudgetceilingsforFY 2020/21indicatethehighesteconomic (FY2017/18), accountability(FY2018/19)andinfrastructure(FY2019/20) the highestcostitemforlastthreefiscalyearshasbeenpublicadministration After severalyearsofsecuritybeingthelargestbudgetlineinSouthSudan’s budget, The plannedbudgetallocationinFY 2020/2021 FY2019/20 andFY2020/21 Figure 11:Proportionoffundingbysector,SouthSudanNationalBudget Infrastructure 23% Health 2% Education 11% Infrastructure 55% Accountability 0.2% 342 Functions 5% (Figures11 and12). Economic Others 4% Nutural Rs& Rural Devt3% Health 1% Salary arrears forCentral Salary arrears Govt. andStates10% Education 5% Natural Resources& Public Rural Devt1% Administration 10% T Public Administration11% ransfers toStates4% Functions 1% Economic Rule ofLaw3% Accountability 2% Others 5% COVID-19 9% Peace Budget4% Rule ofLaw3% Security 9% Affairs 2% Social &Humanitarian Security 10% Peace Budget6% Social &Humanitarian Affairs 1% 341 . both oilandnon-oilrevenuesareexpectedtounderperform FY2020/21 isexpectedtorisemorethanSSP 123billion(13percentofGDP)as violence, socialandpoliticalinstability, andemigration vulnerabilities arelikelytodeepen,exacerbatinglevelsofpoverty, inequality, crime, long-term peace.However, ifchildrenareneglectedinbudgetarydecisions,current children andyouth,canhelpboosteconomicgrowth,eradicatepovertyleadto Adequate resourcesdedicatedtosocialsectors(Box2)andstrategicinvestmentin South Sudan’s rapidpopulationgrowthpresentsbothopportunitiesandchallenges. 3.5.3 Spending onsocialsectors is SSP 10billionhigherthantheplanneddeficit forFY2019/20 However, the quarter three (Q3) budget deficit was reportedas SSP 60.8 billion,which per centunder-spendoftheestimatedSSP 208.2billionbudget. Expenditure forFY2019/20isestimatedatSSP 151.7billionwhichamountstoa27 than projected,andtaxrevenueat17percentbelowestimates. cent belowtheSSP 155.9billionbudget.Oilrevenueisreportedat50percentlower The thirdquarterresultsforFY2019/20reportedrevenueofSSP 90.9billion,42per Interim financial results for FY2019/20 Figure 12:ProportionofSouthSudannationalbudgetbycategory,2017–2020 Source: MoFP NationalBudgets 10.0% 20.0% 30.0% 40.0% 50.0% 60.0% 0.0% © UNICEF/2020/Ryeng Wages & Salaries FY2017/18 Use ofGoods& Services FY2018/19 Capital FY2019/20 345 . Transfers 344 FY2020/21 . 343 . The deficitinthe Expenditures Other

63 THE SITUATION OF CHILDREN AND WOMEN IN SOUTH SUDAN 2018–2020 64 THE SITUATION OF CHILDREN AND WOMEN IN SOUTH SUDAN 2018–2020

© UNICEF/2020/Ryeng Box-2 adjustment foreducationpredicted forFY 2020/21(seebelow). However, allocations arefarbelowthis,butwithapositive social services per centbudgetallocationto The NDStargetisfora15 Social services national budget. is 15percentofthe spending targetforhealth The Abuja Declaration Health target of15–20percent for theIncheonDeclaration the countryhassignedup per centofthebudget,and would accountfor10–15 announced thateducation President Wani Igga In February2019,Vice Education Social sectorspending 346 . 347 .

targets Source: WorldBank,SouthSudanEconomic Update,SocioeconomicimpactsofCOVID-19,December2020 Budget execution:criticalsectorsareunderfunded Figure13:OutstandingbudgetobligationsforFY2019/20 in FY2019/20 sectors) decreasedfroman11 percentshareinFY2018/19toan8.5 The collectivesocialsectorallocation(education,health,andhumanitarian FY2019/20 budget for socialsectors MGCSW commitment toallocating1percentofitsannualbudgetfinanceNSPPFthrough to 1.83percentinFY2019/20,whichisapositivetrendlightoftheGovernment’ the socialandhumanitarianaffairssectorshareincreasedfive-foldfrom0.28percent There continuestobenofundingforchildprotectionorWASH services.However, target of15percentthenationalbudgetforhealth allocation furtherwidensthemassivegapinachieving Abuja Declarationspending of teachers,partlyduetostaffleavingasaresultunpaidsalaries. per centtothehealthsector(Figure13). The situationiscriticalduetoadireshortage was actuallypaidouttotherelevantinstitutionsineducationsector teachers inschools.However, inFY2019/20,only82percentofthebudgetedamount budgeted forFY2019/20,whichissignificantandwillhelpsupporttheretentionof There wasaproposedincreaseintransferstostatesandcountiesforbasiceducation just 1percentandeducationdroppingsignificantlyfrom9to5cent. per centand4respectively–leavingthehealthsectorwithabudgetshareof Budget execution, % of budget 100% 200% 300% 400% 500% 600% 0% 350 . 0% 348

Contingency Fund bothdecreased–by1 . InFY2019/20,healthandeducationshares 11% Social & Humanitarian 14%

Infrastructure 21%

Economic Functions 27% Health 82% Education 86% Natural Resources 123% 349

Peace Implementation . 127% Security 200%

Interest Payments 215% The healthsector

Public Administration , andjust27 388%

Rule of Law 538%

Accountability s

65 THE SITUATION OF CHILDREN AND WOMEN IN SOUTH SUDAN 2018–2020 66 THE SITUATION OF CHILDREN AND WOMEN IN SOUTH SUDAN 2018–2020 for thefirsttime. Open BudgetSurvey participated inthe when SouthSudan progress since2017, achieved significant nascent butithas PFM programmeis South Sudan’s budget oversight54 Revenue shortfallsandcashrationingledtotheaccumulationofexpenditure oversight) transparency indexat7andpublicparticipation11 (butwithadropto43forbudget 2 percenttoa1share FY2019/20. However, thesocialandhumanitariansectorbudgetsharehalvesfroma (to 11 percent)andthehealthbudgetsharewilldoublefrom1to2 centfrom Government expenditure. The educationbudgetsharewillincrease by6percent The combinedshareofthesocialsectorbudgetamountsto14percent FY2020/21 toCOVID-19responseplans. The Governmenthasindicatedthatitwillallocate9percentofthenationalbudgetin FY2020/21 budget for socialsectors expenditure arrears;andinadequatefiscalreportsinsufficientaudits poor governancestructuressuchasaweakpublicprocurementsystem;chronic inefficient cashmanagementandtheabsenceof a TreasurySingle Account(TSA); Key PFMshortcomingsinclude:thelackofacrediblemacro-fiscalframework; 3.5.4 Publicfinancialmanagement Sudan inSouth resource envelope and thefactthatGovernmentwasunabletoraiserequisiteamountfor as fundshavenotbeendisbursedduetoboththecredibilityofrevenueprojections translate intoactualexpenditure.Socialsectorshavehistoricallybeenunderspending The situationmayprovemorelimitedforthesesectors,aspromisedfundsnot gap, withadeficitexpectedofSSP 123billion dashboard totrackstatebudget preparation/reportingprogress A NationalPFMCapacity BuildingProgrammesawthedevelopmentofaPFM Public ExpenditureReview(PER)and Tracking Survey(PETS). improve Governmentspendingledtobuy-inforanupcoming educationsector engagement inbudgetprocesses,suchasaroundCitizens Budgets. Analyses to budget transparencyagendain2019ledtomoreinformation onandmorepublic Along withanimprovementintheOpenBudgetIndex 2017–2019,thelaunchof 360 . 352 359 the transparencyindexscored5,publicparticipation 2, and Sudan’s scoreinthethreekeyOBSareaswaslow:outof100, in theOpenBudgetSurvey(OBS)forfirsttime.South significant progresssince2017,whenSouthSudanparticipated South Sudan’s PFMprogrammeisnascentbutithasachieved external borrowingarrangements covered throughexpensiveandsometimesnon-transparent arrears, notablyonsalaries,andremainingfinancingneedswere servants asimportantcustomers market demand,asbusinessesandtraderslooktopublic SSP 6.53billion(5months) organized forcesSSP 5.75billion(5months),statetransfers (19 months);centralgovernment,SSP 6.17billion(5months), billion categorizedasfollows:foreignmissions,USD1.63 arrears wereestimatedatSSP 18.45billionandUSD1.63 payroll police and50,000othercivilservantsareonthenationalpublic (Figure13). asignificantfinancing The FY2020/21budgethas . improvements,with The 2019OBSshowedsomemarginal 358 . 351 . 353 356 . . Salary arrears are taking a toll on . Salaryarrearsaretakinga 357 355 ; some 400,000 soldiers and ; some400,000soldiers . InFY2019/20,totalsalary 361 . 354 . planning processhadbecomedormantsince2013–2014. reactivating strategicplanningasthefirstphasein budgetingcycle,asthisnational for theimplementationofNDS. The FY2020/21NationalBudgetPlanfocuses on The firstNationalBudgetPlanbyR-TGoNUforFY2020/21 waspreparedasatool National Budget Plan FY2020/21 Inspector ofInternal Audit; andDirectorateof Accounts and MonitoringCommission;MinistryofWater ResourcesandIrrigation(MoWRI); Government Board;National Audit ChamberoftheFiscalandFinancial Allocation Ministry ofLabourandPublicService;MoGEI;MoH;Federal The STMCischairedbytheUndersecretaryofPlanninginMoFP andincludesthe and statetransfersguidelines,byscrutinizingthemonthlyreportsfromstates. accurately andarerecordedinanIFMIS. This isdoneaccordingtoapproved budgets addition, itistaskedwithensuringthattransferstostatesaremadeinatimelymanner, accountability, andcoordinatingcapacitybuildingsupportforstategovernments.In The STMCistheprimarymechanismformonitoringPFMandbudgetperformance In November2020,State Transfer MonitoringCommittee(STMC)wasre-established. accounting officers. agencies arerequiredtoconfirmallprogrammes,directoratesandthenameof aid financingplans.Duetothechangesinstateandinstitutionalstructures,spending Budget Plans,composedofagencybudgets,andconsolidatedannualplansincluding component ofthePFMsystem. The StateBudgetPreparationWorkshops formulated shift backtofunctionalsubnationalgovernment,andastrengtheningofanimportant State BudgetPreparationWorkshops inJubaandWau whichsignifyanimportant for subnationalgrantsandtransfers.However, inFebruary–March2021MoFP held administrative areas. This ledtoextremechallengesinrecalculatinginterimceilings In early2020,R-TGoNUannouncedtherevisionof32statestotenandthree Progress insubnational PFM and InternationalFinancialInstitutions. basis andincludesthemajorinternationaldonoragencies,UN,partnerorganizations a majorinformationsharingandcommunicationplatformwhichmeetsonmonthly In 2019,thePFMDonorWorking Groupwasreactivated. This structurehasbecome PFM Donor Working Group Oversight Committeeiscompilingamedium-termPFMReformRoadMap. payroll system.Inadditiontotheseongoinglegalandinstitutionalreforms,thePFM Public Procurementand Asset Disposal Authority; androllingoutabiometricelectronic strengthening the Anti-Corruption Commissionandthe Audit Chamber;establishinga strengthening cashmanagement;clearingarrears;verifyingthecountry’s debtposition; Institutions andpartners. The focusofPFM reformsareasingletreasuryaccount; finance, economicandplanningministrieswithsupportfromInternationalFinancial A PFMReformOversightCommitteewasestablishedinJune2020,comprisingkey PFM Reform Oversight Committee 362 . Affairs; Local

67 THE SITUATION OF CHILDREN AND WOMEN IN SOUTH SUDAN 2018–2020 68 THE SITUATION OF CHILDREN AND WOMEN IN SOUTH SUDAN 2018–2020

© UNICEF/2020/Ryeng men Just 29percentofwomeninSouthSudanareliteratecomparedto40 poverty cent, followedbyUpperNile(78percent)andLakes(72 Jonglei Statehasthehighestpercentageoffemale-headedhouseholdsat84per Most householdsinSouthSudanarefemale-headed(62percent). At statelevel, multidimensional poverty Nine intenpeopleSouthSudan(91.9percentofthepopulation)experience (55.4 percent)comparedtothosewithsomesecondaryeducation(26.4 by anuneducatedpersonaremorethantwiceaslikelytobebelowthepovertyline Poverty levelsdeclinesignificantlywithhigherofeducation;householdsheaded over 60percentofchildrenliveinmonetarypoverty Source: WorldBank,SouthSudanEconomic Update,SocioeconomicimpactsofCOVID-19,December2020 Figure 14:SouthSudanLivelihoodsources,% subsistence agricultureandlivestockrearing Around 85percentoftheworkingpopulationisengagedinnon-wagework,chiefly 3.6.2 Livelihood sources estimates ofothercountriesatsimilarlevelsdevelopment opportunity, andeducation rural, characterizedbyagenerallackofaccesstoservices,infrastructure,economic Though evidentamongtheurbanpopulationalso,povertyinSouthSudanisprimarily 3.6.1 Poverty overview 3.6 Poverty primary vs8percentpost-primary) and educationlevel(24percentforfemalesvs18males;28 income-poor andliveontheequivalentoflessthanUS$1perday on highlyvulnerablelivelihoodsources(Figure14). Hunting/gathering Food assistance Crop agriculture Unskiled labor Salaried work 370 . Food insecurity outcomes are also associated with householdheadgender . Foodinsecurityoutcomesarealsoassociatedwith Livestock Firewood 367 Brewing Fishing Trade Other . SouthSudan’s higherthantheaverage povertyheadcountratiois much 0 2 2 2 366 363 5 , with 74.3 per cent experiencing severemultidimensional , with74.3percentexperiencing 4 4 . At least80percentofthe populationiscategorizedas 5 7 371 8 8 . 10 373 . However, asizeablenumberdepends 13 15 365 . 20 368 . 372 364 . . InSouthSudan 25 369 30 . 35 38 40

69 THE SITUATION OF CHILDREN AND WOMEN IN SOUTH SUDAN 2018–2020 70 THE SITUATION OF CHILDREN AND WOMEN IN SOUTH SUDAN 2018–2020 imported markets, asmostare commodities inthe prices ofthemajorfood correlated withthe has beenpositively exchange rate The deteriorating an importantjobactivitysince2013,oftenthehousehold’s primaryactivity to land.Evenamonghouseholdsthathavenotbeendisplaced,nearlyhalflost residents, and90percentofIDPsinPoCsiteslivepoverty. FewIDPshaveaccess the povertylevel.InurbanSouthSudan,morethan70percentofnon-displaced in thetownsofSouthSudanareproductiveenoughtoprovidealivelihoodabove helpers generating activitiesandyouth face difficulties infindingwork beyondbeinghousehold of roughlyUS$2perworkerandday. Households areunabletodiversifyincome about SSP 600-1,000orUS$2-3perday, andbusinessesreportamedianincome Median incomeforyoungworkersinhouseholdactivities2019wasequivalentto non-alcoholic beverages cent fromOctober2019to2020,mainlydrivenbyhigherpriceinfoodand and diseaseoutbreaksasthemaincausesoflivestockloss national cerealneedsinthelastfiveyears subsistence farming,butcerealproductionhasonlymetonaverage63percentofthe climate change(Section4.4.1). Approximately 80percentofpeoplerelyon which (51percent)wasusedtopurchasecereals In 2018,overall,63percentofhouseholdexpenditurewasonfood,nearlyhalf since 2015 consumption anddependonmarkets Most householdsdonotproduceenoughtoprovideforyear-roundhousehold Real incomedeclinedby70percentbetween2011 and2019 3.6.3 Income levels them unreliable. 2008 census,buttheextent ofpopulationmovementsoverthepastdecademake The NationalBureauofStatistics continuestomakepopulationprojectionsbased on by ageandgender. Further, thereisnomulti-dimensionalChildPoverty Assessment. comprehensive inbetterunderstandingthevulnerability profilesindifferentlocations Cluster Survey(MICS)orDemographicandHealth (DHS)whicharevery population. Forexample,SouthSudanhasnotconducted aMultipleIndicator There islimiteddataonthesocialprotectionneedsand vulnerabilityprofileofthe 3.6.4 Data availability or slaughteredtheirlastcowand/orgoat study, 5–100percentofkeyinformantsinagivencounty eitherneededtoorhadsold 385 . 377 . by11.5 increased The SouthSudanConsumerPriceIndex(CPI) per survey buthadlivestockbeforethe2013crisiscitedcattleraiding Sudan. The householdsthatdidnotownlivestockatthetimeof year). This wasduetodroughtandinsecurity conditionsinSouth of livestockowned(about60percentreportedadecreaseyearon December 2017to49percentin2018),andthenumber the numberofhouseholdsowninglivestock(from54percentin Livestock ownershipslightlydecreasedin2018bothtermsof in Juba prices being45-90percenthigherinDecember2019than2018 and agriculturalactivitiescontributedtosorghum,maizewheat Limited cerealsuppliesandthelingeringimpactofconflictontrade households intofoodinsecurity the costofimportingfoodintocountry, andpushedmany markets, asmostareimportedfromUganda. This hasincreased correlated withthepricesofmajorfoodcommoditiesin 378 379 . . The deterioratingexchangeratehasbeenpositively 374 . A situationthatwillonlygetworsewith 382 375 . . 380 376 . . Foodpriceshavebeensoaring 381 383 . InanOctober2020 . Fewjobactivities 384 . areas normallyaccessibleonfoot,asseeninthepicturesbelow. National HouseholdHealthSurveyusedcanoesorwalkedthroughfloodwatersin Barriers todatacollectionincludeinsecurityandflooding.Datacollectorsforthe2020 Source: RepublicofSouthSudan,National HouseholdHealthSurvey2020,(preliminaryresults)dated21March 2021 step alongtheroadtoafullcensus and humanitarianclimate,theplannedpopulationestimationsurveywillbeacritical full NationalPopulationandHousingCensusremainsuntenableinthecurrentpolitical planned surveyhasmodulesoneducation,agricultureandsocialprotection.Whilea population estimationsurveyin2021. As wellascountingpeopleandhouseholds,the (UNCT) andtheUnitedNationsPopulationFund(UNFPA) afterareplanning a The NationalBureauofStatisticstogetherwiththeUnitedNationsCountry Team was undertakenin2010 water andsanitation. A secondSudanHouseholdHealthSurvey and alsocoveredotherbasicsocialservicessuchaseducation, including childmortality, nutrition,reproductivehealth andHIV/AIDS, in twodecadesthatcoveredkeysocialdevelopmentindicators 2011) wasconductedin2006modelledonMICS.Itthefirstnationwidesurvey The firstSudanHouseholdHealthSurvey(beforeSouthSudan'sindependencein vulnerability intwoStatecapitals,JubaandWau children livingandworkinginthestreets,conducted2020toexaminechildren’s There aresomegeographicallytargetedassessmentssuchasanassessmenton national agencies. needs areregularlyassessedandupdatedbyinternational and 2017,withathirdin2020linkedtoCOVID-19.Humanitarian Statistics undertookaHighFrequencySurveyonpovertyin2015 IPC isconductedtwiceperyear, andtheNationalBureauof 2020 not attainedtheNationalHealthSectorStrategicPlantargetsduring exhibited improvedcoveragein2020.However, mostindicatorshave have hadbaseline(2011) ormid-term(2015)coverage estimates, Survey wascompletedin2020

© LATH/2020/Lew&Yak 390 . accessible onfoot. waters inareasnormally walked throughflood Survey usedcanoesor Household Health for the2020National flooding. Datacollectors include insecurityand Barriers todatacollection

71 THE SITUATION OF CHILDREN AND WOMEN IN SOUTH SUDAN 2018–2020 72 THE SITUATION OF CHILDREN AND WOMEN IN SOUTH SUDAN 2018–2020

© UNICEF/2020/Wilson in streetsituations,girls,andpastoralists CAAFAG, childrenwithdisabilities,childlabourers(section4.2.1), living inconflict-affectedandremoteareas(including childrenofIDPs), Children mostlikelytobeexcludedfromeducation includeboysandgirls displaced orhadrefugeestatusbeforetheCOVID-19pandemic factors. InSouthSudan,13percentofthepopulationaged0-17years,was quality, andconstantemotionalphysicalstress,among manyother housing stability, virtuallynohopeofaccessinganybasicserviceminimum most exceptionalmultidimensionalchallenges,astheirsituationimpliesno victims ofdisplacementandrefugees. These childrenarguablyconfrontthe Unique groupsofchildrenconfrontextremewell-beingstressorsincludingas 3.7.1 Overview 3.7 Drivers of inequities out ofschool education services. About 22percentofschool-agedrefugeechildrenarestill conflict-sensitive educationinfrastructureisabarrier forchildrentoaccess Sudan andhowthisimpacts childrights. More researchisneeded ontheinterplaybetweenthesefactorsinSouth ethnicity, location,theirlegalstatus,andwhether theyareinoroutofschool. intersecting vulnerabilities, suchasthosebasedongender, age,disability, Children mayhaverisksanddisadvantages -Boy 15,FocusGroupDiscussion,December2020 make moneytosurvive. children goonthestreetastheyneedto afford tosendchildrenschool.So, school. Parentsarepoorandcannot There aremillionsofchildrenout 393 .

392 . Limiteddisability-,gender-or whicharecompoundedby . 391.

73 THE SITUATION OF CHILDREN AND WOMEN IN SOUTH SUDAN 2018–2020 74 THE SITUATION OF CHILDREN AND WOMEN IN SOUTH SUDAN 2018–2020 school children. numbers ofout-of- representing significant most marginalized, remain amongthe communities Children inpastoralist are notorphansandfewer originatefromsingleparentfamilies Juba andWau study, whichfoundthatmostchildrenliving and workinginthestreets hours working inthestreetsthangirls,andsomereportedly exceededmorethan12working boys reportedassistinginthefamilybusiness.More boys spentslightlymorehours things fromthegarbageforsurvival,boyswereinvolved inrobberies,andfarfewer The situationofboysinthestreetsappearsmorecomplex. Along withcollecting inequality (Section4.4). and girls(Section3.4)ClimatechangetheCOVID-19pandemicexacerbate Customary lawandsocialnormsareagraveimpedimenttotherightsofwomen access tobasicservices. support needstobeprovidedchildrenfrompastoralistcommunitiesensure aged 15to18yearsreportedbeingemployedinastreet shopormarket activity ofcollectingthingsfromthegarbage.Morethan one-half(57%)ofoldergirls many as20percentof5-to7-year-oldgirlsreported engagementinthehazardous 7 years(80%)reportedbeingengagedinassistingthefamilybusiness;however, as children areengagedinpastoralism representing significantnumbersofOOSC;atleast60percentSouthSudanese Children inpastoralistcommunitiesremainamongthemostmarginalized, these childrenaresupported,isvast. However, theneedtodevelopandcapacitybuildsocialwelfareworkforce,sothat not abletocareforthechildorifisanorphan,separatedunaccompanied. UNICEF supportsfostercareorwithrelativesasthealternativeifparentsare are beingtakentofollowtheapplicablelawsandpoliciesprotectthesechildren. to eat. The numberofchildrenwithoutparentalcareisgrowing,whilefewmeasures food their familiesarenotabletotakecareofthemandprovideenough because disproportionately affectingchildren,whoaredriventodangerouscopingstrategies The overallerosionoftraditionalfamilystructuresandcommunity-widesafetynetsis make gaugingthefullcharacteristicsofthisvulnerablepopulationproblematic poverty, conflict, populationdisplacement,foodinsecurityandfragilefamilystructures, emerge fromvariedbackgrounds.Multipleoverlappingfactors,includingextreme The natureofstreetchildreninSouthSudanisnothomogeneousand Children instreetsituations Further, 1in3children whohadenoughfoodathomestillcontinued tosleepon 81 percenthadoneorboth parentsalive A 2017studyfoundthatamong thechildrenwhosleptonstreetsinSouthSudan, respective areascouldbechildreninpastoralistornomadiccommunities teachers inonestudyestimatedthatover80percentofout-of-schoolchildrentheir 401 . internal displacement,amongotherreasons hunger, domesticandphysicalabuseatthe placeoforigin;and including theaspirationalsearchofbetterlivelihoods;escapefrom A complexinterplayoffactorspushchildrenontothestreets, Sudan persons andunpredictablenumberofIDP’s andreturneesintoSouth These conservativeestimatesmasktherisingnumbersofhomeless children wereestimatedtobehomelessinthecapitalJubaby2013. and workinginthestreetssixoutof10statesatleast3,000 By 2015,asmany35,000childrenwereestimatedtobeliving some asyoung5yearsold Wau, themajority(42percent)wereaged11 to14yearsold,butwith In asurveyofchildrenlivingandworkinginthestreetsJuba 398 . 394 . Moreover, 15percentofinterviewedhead 402 . findingsinthe2021 There weresimilar 399 . Mostoftheyoungestgirlsaged5to 397 . 403 . 400 395 . . Greater 396 . Curbing hungeristhemainreasonforchildreninallagegroupsconsumingdrugs Substance abusecontinuestobeaproblemamongstchildreninstreetsituations. police stationsforweeksandsometimesgivenprisontermspettycrimes of moneyandthuscomeintoconflictwiththelaw. Theyarefrequentlydetainedin To survivetheyareofteninvolvedincriminality, suchastheftoffoodorsmallamounts Children onthestreetsarealsotargetsforrecruitmentintoarmedforcesandgroups. 3.7.2 Women andchildren with disabilities farming educational institutions. This couldtransformprospectsforsmallscalecommercial voice communicationsby2020,aswell60-70percentofgovernment,healthand pandemic, theGovernmentplannedfornearlyhalfpopulationtohaveaccess particularly intermsofaccesstoinformation.PriordisruptionsfromtheCOVID-19 is beingdevelopedwhichwillbringmajorbenefitsandhelpreduceinequalities, A nationalcommunicationsgridforinformationandcommunicationtechnology(ICT) Communications andleavingnoonebehind of SouthSudan alcohol abuse,werefactorsassociatedwithchildrenendingupsleepingonthestreets violence betweenparentsandphysicalpunishmentofchildren,inadditiontoparents’ the street.Shortageoffoodathomeanddomesticviolence,includingbothphysical with suchservices. of those who arenotreached behind andmitigatetheriskof increased marginalization rape byafellowstreetmember cent ofboysinallagegroupsreportedbeingsubjectedtoforcedprostitutionandor girls aged11 to 14yearsreportedbeingrapedbyafellowstreetmember. Under5per In a2021JubaandWau study, 14%ofgirlsaged8to10yearsand28percent

75 THE SITUATION OF CHILDREN AND WOMEN IN SOUTH SUDAN 2018–2020 76 THE SITUATION OF CHILDREN AND WOMEN IN SOUTH SUDAN 2018–2020

© HI/2021/Najati Disability andhumanrights Box-3 with others" society onanequalbasis effective participationin may hindertheirfulland with variousbarriers which ininteraction sensory impairments mental, intellectualor have long-termphysical, including “thosewho Disabilities (CRPD)as Rights ofPersonswith the Conventionon (PWD) aredefinedby Persons withdisabilities A humanrightsmodelofdisability 409 . with others society onanequalbasis effective participationin that hinderstheirfulland and environmentalbarriers impairments and attitudinal between personswith results fromtheinteraction recognizes thatdisability a humanright they areentitledtoas accommodations which by reasonable and areunsupported stigma anddiscrimination, as PWDaresubjectto “disabling” foraslong As such,disabilityisonly 411 . 410 . CRPD

indivisible interrelated and rights areinterdependent, recognizes thathuman PWD intoaccount.Italso must takethediversityof disability lawsandpolicies layers ofidentity. Hence, disability isoneofseveral acknowledges that of humanrights.It the denialorrestriction legitimate groundfor must notbetakenasa construct andimpairments that disabilityisasocial of disabilityrecognizes The humanrightsmodel 412 .

77 THE SITUATION OF CHILDREN AND WOMEN IN SOUTH SUDAN 2018–2020 78 THE SITUATION OF CHILDREN AND WOMEN IN SOUTH SUDAN 2018–2020 adolescents andyouthinSouthSudaninclude Pathways tonewdisabilityorexacerbatingamongchildrenand cent for5–17-year-oldsand18.3peramongadults18-49years cent. Prevalencenationallyincreaseswithage:1.3percentfor2–4-year-olds,5.4 prevalence offunctionaldifficulty(disability)amongpersons2-49yearsis25.7per The 2020NationalHouseholdHealthSurveyrevealsthatthenationalhousehold in SouthSudan capacitated withknowledgeonPWD,drawingtherichresourceofdisabilityCSOs Information System(HMIS),andalsoforpeoplecollectingdataondisabilitytobe in theEducationManagementInformationSystem(EMIS)andHealth There isaneedfordisaggregateddatatoincludedisabilityincluding,example, of disability It isestimatedthat15percentoftheworld’s population,currentlylivewithsomeform Data onpersonswithdisabilities up to40percentinthecommunityofCit-Cok indicate thatinGokState,27percentofhouseholdshaveamemberwithdisability victims oflandmines aswellwithpsychological stressandtrauma. In addition,decadesofconflict haveleftmanychildrenwithphysicaldisabilities as member withadisability South Sudanfoundthataround15percentofhouseholdshadatleastonefamily A 2016householdsurveycarriedoutbytheFoodSecurityandLivelihoodClusterin 413 . 417 . adolescence andyouth. children dieofmalnutritionwithoutprogressingtoolder as soontheyseefamiliarfoods.Manyofthese children affectedarestrickenbynoddingseizures Nodding syndrome Disabling neglectedtropicaldiseases epilepsy Lack ofappropriatedrugsforcontinuoustreatment Road trafficaccidents, times withbraindamage. health serviceswithseveredisfigurementsandburns,at accidents wereaged20–30 years). (in onestudyinJuba,46per centofdriversinroadtraffic both physicalandneurologicalimpairmentsamongyouth accidents andotherformsofviolence,contributegreatly to disabling diseases. and sustainedcampaignstohaltthesedebilitating filariasis (elephantiasis). Thereisaneedtoprioritizeurgent onchocerciasis (riverblindness),leprosyandlymphatic 414 . Morerecentestimatesatthesubnationallevel(2019) meanadolescentsandyouthwithepilepsycometo (linkedtoriverblindness),wherein 415 includingbodaboda-related . 418 : suchas 416 . , high prevalenceofPTSDestimatedat41–53percent South Sudanhascriticallevelsofmentalhealthissuesasaresulttheconflictand Sudanese whostayedinthecountry among SouthSudaneserefugeesand48percent Northern UgandaandSouthSudanfoundtheprevalenceofPTSDwas46percent years ofage,withthemajority(59percent)being14–25 yearsold attempted suicides.Ofthe55confirmedcases,78per centwereofyouthbelow35 During 2018,therewereatleast55confirmedsuicides inMalakalPoCsite,aswell and elsewhere,disabilityfuelsthedevelopmentofmental-healthconditions Untreated mentalhealthconditionsareamajorcontributortodisabilityinSouthSudan Mental healthandpsychosocialimpactoftheconflict gone, makinganalreadydifficultsituationworse COVID-19, afurtherimportantarenaforpsychosocialsupportis psychiatric wardwithlimitedbeds.Withtheschoolclosuresdueto Sudan hasonlythreepsychiatrists,23psychologistsandone struggle toaccommodatethemostbasichealthcareneeds.South often overlookedornotattendedtoasfragilehealthcaresystems mental healthisverydamagingforchildren’s development,itis been affectedbypsychosocialdistress.However, whilepoor UNICEF estimatesthatsince2013overamillionchildrenhave themselves, andseveralknewtwoormore at leastoneadolescentoryoungpersonintheirfamily orcommunitywhohadkilled in sevenstatesof214adolescentsandyouthaged14–30 years,64percentknew community membersandteachers) toprotectandtakecareoftheirchildren. caregivers’ copingskills,ultimatelyaffecting thecapacityofadults(parents, prolonged staysinPoCsites andmorerecentlyduetoCOVID-19,alsooverstretches Failure tomeetcriticalsafetyandbasicneedslimited freedomofmovementfrom travelling toandfromtowns daily chores,suchascollectingfirewoodorblacksoiltobeautifytheirhomes,while Young womenwerealsofearfulofrapeandgangwhiletryingtogoabouttheir about thenextattackwhenintownortryingtoreachtheircattlecampsfarms. and youth,especiallyinBor Yambio cities,spokeaboutconstantfearanddread increasing mental-healthburdenonadolescents,youthandadultsalike. Adolescents In a2019study, aconstantstateoffearwasreportedtobecontributingan Government FocusGroupDiscussion,December2020 tackled itwillgreatlyaffectthem. street andthishasapsychologicaleffect.Ifitisnot civil war. Theyseegunsandadeadpersoninthe Teens andyoungadultsaretraumatizedbythe 423 . 421 . 425 . 422 . 420 . One studyconductedin 424 . Inanotherstudy prevalence ofPTSD the conflictandahigh issues asaresultof levels ofmentalhealth South Sudanhascritical 419 .

79 THE SITUATION OF CHILDREN AND WOMEN IN SOUTH SUDAN 2018–2020 80 THE SITUATION OF CHILDREN AND WOMEN IN SOUTH SUDAN 2018–2020 abuse. drug andsubstance behaviours suchas their attentionfrom engaged, diverting adolescents andyouth Sports helptokeep PWD initiatives, community-basedrehabilitationandassistive devicesforfamilieswith WFP andotherdevelopmentagencies,are investing infooddistribution,livelihood adolescents andyouth,whichkeepsthemtheirfamilies poor. However, UNICEF, There arealmostnosocialsafetynetsandfood-security schemesforPWD,including has explicitmeasuresforchildrenwithdisabilities been absentfromworkduetolackoffinancing disseminated widelyandisseenasinactive disability for protectionofchildrenwithdisabilitiesfromdiscriminationbasedontheir suicidal thoughts(seeningirlsandboysaged12–17years) profound psychologicaldistress,includingnightmares,feelingsofhopelessnessand Many SouthSudanesechildrenandadolescentsaredisplacedexperiencing South SudanisnotasignatorytotheCRPD Legal andpolicy framework for PWD MHPSS tohelpthemaccepttheirdisability PWD whohaveacquiredtheirdisabilityafterbirthorduringconflictreportaneedfor broadly, whichgivesthemanadvantage intheirdevelopment The majorityofboys,ontheotherhand,areinvolvedinsportsaseducationmore the situationremainsgrim. The majorityofgirlsandPWDareexcludedfromsports. sporting activities.InPoCs,despitethehighpopulationofadolescentsandyouth, schools. There isinadequatefunding,whichconstrainstheimplementationofplanned their talentsandrealizefullpotential.Sportsarealsonotwelldevelopedin sports groundsandrecreationalcentreswhereyoungmenwomencandevelop sports interventionsinSouthSudanareminimal,andthecountrylacksadequate policies MGCSW. There arecallsforaconsolidated ministryandstreamliningoflaws and OrphansCommission Act, 2011. Whereas,congenitaldisabilitiesfallunder on theWar Disabled,Widowsand Orphans andtheassociatedWar Disabled,Widows Disabilities acquiredlaterinlifegenerallycomeunderthemandateofCommission finalization been draftedbuthasnotyetsignedbyGovernment,isinthelaststagesof 438 . 437 432 . 435 . South Sudan has a National Disability and Inclusion Policy (2013)which Policy . SouthSudanhasaNationalDisabilityandInclusion . Rumbek has a unit for inclusive education, but thepersoninchargehas . Rumbekhasaunitforinclusiveeducation,but well-being and/orpreventortreatmentaldisorder” local oroutsidesupportthataimstoprotectpromotepsychosocial The IASCcompositetermMHPSSisusedtodescribe“anytypeof attention frombehaviourssuchasdrugandsubstanceabuse.However, Sports helptokeepadolescentsandyouthengaged,divertingtheir Emergencies standards and self-helpactivities,inlinewithupgradedUNICEFChildProtection on addressingsocialstigmaanddiscrimination,psychologicalfirstaid, psychological interventionssuchaspsychoeducational capacity onMHPSSinchildprotection–withafocuslowintensive UNICEF supportedprogrammes.In2020,therewasincreasedstaff children werereachedwithpsychosocialsupportservicesthrough 429 . 434 431 427 . An InclusiveEducationPolicyhas , thoughtheChild Act 2008,provides 436 . . 433 , althoughthishasnotbeen 426 430 . 428 . . In2019,229,973 language, brailleandeasytoreadinformation) inaccessible healthinformationandknowledge(lackofsign workers’ negative attitudestowardsPWD;andinadequate factors includingphysicallyinaccessiblehealthfacilities; In SouthSudan,PWDstruggletoaccesshealthcaredue widespread exclusion and unemployedthantheirpeerswithoutdisabilities,dueto services andemployment. They aremorelikelytobeilliterate and peoplewithdisabilitieshavelimitedaccesstoessential low, negativesocialattitudesandstructuraldiscriminationprevail, disability issuesamongkeydecisionmakersandthepublicis and areamongthemostmarginalizedinsociety. Awareness of PWD inSouthSudanfacesignificantsocialandpoliticalexclusion health careduringtheirmostrecentproblem only 43.2percentofpersonswithafunctionaldifficultyaccessed of babieswithvisualimpairments of traditionalharmfulpracticesagainstPWD,includingthekilling are alsobarrierstoemploymentforPWD A lackofeducation,vocational trainingandcommunicationbarriersintheworkplace the community Families feelashamedoffamilymemberswithdisabilities andoftenhidethemfrom discrimination, isolationandneglectintheirhomes,communities andschools. Children, adolescentsandyouth,adultswithdisabilities facecontinuous disability children, thenhavetheaddedburdenofalackrecognitionandsupportfortheir face “doublejeopardy”duetothefacttheyarealreadydisadvantagedaswomenand physical disabilities.Women andchildrenwithdisabilitiesinSouthSudancurrently and specifically, therightsandneedsofchildrenwithhearing,visual,intellectualor There isaneedforgreaterrecognitionandunderstandingoftherightsPWD Social andpolitical exclusion vulnerable anddependent. Women andgirlswithdisabilitiesalsoexperiencehigher education andemployment forwomenandgirlswithdisabilities,makingthemmore particularly vulnerableduring armedconflict. Traditional genderroles limitaccessto The GovernmentofSouth Sudan recognizesthatwomenandgirlswithdisabilities are jobs, ase.g.,theycannotusethestairstogetoffice, weretheytogetthejob be usedonthepublictransportsystem,evenlarge buses.PWDmaynotapplyfor being builtarenotinclusive,withnozebracrossings for example. A wheelchaircannot Transport, mobility andaccessforPWDisahugeissueinSouthSudan.Newroads Government FocusGroupDiscussion,December2020 disease instead. are hardertoassess,doctorswronglyconcludethereis discriminatory. Asintellectualandsensorydisabilities address disabilityinawaythatisnotstigmatizingor There isalackofhealthcareprofessionalsto 439 . 446 . 440 . Insomeethnicgroups,therearereports 441 . 445 . 442 . Nationally, 443 . information andknowledge. and inaccessiblehealth attitudes andinadequate workers’ negative health facilities; physically inaccessible due tofactorsincluding to accesshealthcare with disabilitiesstruggle In SouthSudan,persons 444 .

81 THE SITUATION OF CHILDREN AND WOMEN IN SOUTH SUDAN 2018–2020 82 THE SITUATION OF CHILDREN AND WOMEN IN SOUTH SUDAN 2018–2020 to dropout. potentially leading calling atschool, bullying andname high levelsof to copewith disabilities have Children with without adisabilitywillbeprioritizedforeducation There isoftennotenoughmoneytoenrollallchildrenofonefamilyand activities (self-employment) of income,which58percenthadcompletelystoppedtheirincomegenerating as aresultofCOVID-19. Almost all(97percent)experiencedareductionorloss experienced newchallengesinaccessingneededhealthcareandprescriptions In asurveybyHumanitiesandInclusion,53percentofPWDsaidtheyhave PoC siteschildrenwithdisabilitiesmaynotbeabletoaccessschool equipment disabilities havenotbenefittedfromdistancelearning–duetoalackofmaterialsand entrepreneurship since2017,training55womento-date MGCSW hasbeentrainingwomenwithdisabilitiesforleadershipand and poverty, andlackofaccesstosupportpeopleservices stigmatization (duetopeoplebelievingtheywillcontractCOVID-19fromPWD),abuse Social isolationisalsofurthercompoundedbyCOVID-19,withanincreasein Impact of COVID-19 onPWD levels ofphysical,psychologicalandsexualviolence Children withdisabilitiesmakeup20-60percentofchildrenwhoareoutschool expand accesstoeducationforchildrenwithdisabilities. and isresponsibleforupdatingthecurriculumexploringinnovativesolutionsto framework. The unitspearheadsadvocacyforeducationchildrenwithdisabilities is dedicatedtoplanningandcoordinatingeducationwithinaninclusive MoGEI hasaSpecialNeedsEducationUnitwithintheCurriculumDirectorate,which Children with disabilitiesandeducation testing andtreatmentfacilities locations orthoseisolatedathome. They mayalsofacephysicalbarriersinaccessing distances towaterpoints.PublichealthcampaignsmightnotreachPWDindistant inaccessible handwashingstations,latrinesandbathroomslong PWD mayfaceadditionalbarriersinadoptingCOVID-19protectivemeasuresdueto per centofPWDarevictimsphysicalorothertypesviolence 453 . dropout levels ofbullyingandnamecallingatschool,potentially leadingto If theyareenrolled,childrenwithdisabilitieshavetocope withhigh bathrooms arenoteasilyaccessibleforstudentswithdisabilities as signlanguage,braille,andassistivedevices).Classrooms specialized teachersormaterialsforchildrenwithdisabilities(such school with adisability, whichwillcompromise theirchanceofattending In addition,childrenareoftendesignatedasacaregiver ofanadult seems “normal”. inclusion ofchildrenwithdisabilitiesduringplaytime, as theirexclusion or visualimpairmenttoparticipate. Teachers failtoencouragethe and football,whichmakesithardforthosewithaphysical disability with alackoftransportforchildrendisabilities 461 459 . . Most activities during playtime are physical, e.g., volleyball . Mostactivitiesduringplaytimearephysical,e.g., 451 . 450 460 . 456 . Schoolsmaybeinaccessible 447 . In Torit countymorethan80 449 . 452 . Childrenwith 457 448 455 . There areno . . 458 454 . . In . In denial ofhumanitarianaccessbypartiestotheconflict actors toinstigate,maintainandexpandqualityassistivetechnologiesservices,the the needforGovernmenttosignCRPD,lowtechnicalcapacitybyresponsible and humanitarianagenciestoprioritizetargetedsupportforchildrenwithdisabilities, factors. These includetheabsenceofdataonneeds,needforGovernment The lackofassistivetechnologiesprovisionisdrivenbyavarietyinterrelated South Sudanhasthethirdlargestoilreserveinsub-Saharan Africa 3.8.1 Oil sector 3.8 Businesses impairments of mobilitydevices,withfewexamplesforvisual,hearing,communicativeorcognitive systematically. The majorityoffree-at-point-of-useprovisionassistivetechnologiesis by asmallnumberofNGOs,withonlyfivecurrentlydistributingassistivedevices in SouthSudan. Almost allassistivetechnologiesprovisioninSouthSudanis led functioning ofPWD–arelikelytoberequiredbymanychildrenwithdisabilities Assistive technologies–thesystems,servicesandproductsthatenhance Assistive technologies and wheelchairs.OnlythreestatesofKapoeta,Latjor Yei Riverhaddoneso materials forchildrenwithdisabilitiesparticularlybraille,largeprint,glasses,walkingsticks During theOOSCmapping,respondentswereaskediftheyhadpurchasedscholastic FY2019/20 budget day onaverageinFY2020/21, compared175,000barrelsperdayusedtoforecast the the FY2019/20budget.Production levelsaresettodecrease,at170,000barrels per of US$35perbarrel,significantly lowerthanthepriceofUS$55perbarrelused in (Section 3.5).However, theGovernmentpredictDarBlendtosellatanaverage price The Governmentisdependentonoilrevenuetofund themajorityofnationalbudget impaired inJuba,whichonceopen,willaccommodate350students MGCSW issupportingtheRejafEducationalCentreforvisuallyandhearing COVID-19 delayed itsMarch2020oillicensinground,duetothe oilpricecrash(Section3.5)and India's Oil&NaturalGasCorporationandMalaysia's PetronasCarigali.SouthSudan currently activeinSouthSudanincludeChinaNational PetroleumCorporation, Source: MoGEI,PreliminaryReport:NationwideOutofSchoolChildrenCatchmentMappinginSouthSudan,May2020 Table 5:Numberofchildrenwithdisabilitiesasgivenbyinterviewedheadteachers numbers ofenrolledchildrenbytypedisabilities(Table 5). During thenationalmappingofOOSCin2020,headteacherswereaskedtogive Rank 6 5 4 3 2 1 467 Enrolled childrenthathavedifficultiesinwalking Enrolled childrenthatareunabletocommunicate Enrolled childrenthathavedifficultywithself-care Enrolled childrenthathavedifficultywithrememberingorconcentrating Enrolled childrenthatdonothearifnohearingaids Enrolled childrenthatdonotseeifnoglasses Indicator forChildrenwithdisabilities 464 . . 468 . 465 . 466 463 . Oilcompanies . 462 . 3,661 2,640 5,459 5,174 2,476 1,531 Number ofchildren

83 THE SITUATION OF CHILDREN AND WOMEN IN SOUTH SUDAN 2018–2020 84 THE SITUATION OF CHILDREN AND WOMEN IN SOUTH SUDAN 2018–2020 growth inthecountry. generation andexport employment, income entities thatcreate into viablebusiness sector, especiallySMEs, and developtheprivate term goalistoengage The Government’s long- agriculture extensionservices,watersupply, andeducationforlocalcommunities line. The oilsectorcanalsoprovidebasicpublicservicessuchashealthcare, sources, (ii)theconstructionofroadsand(iii)buildingmaintainingatransmission communities. Suchprojectswillinclude:(i)thedevelopmentofarenewablepower communities, particularlyasawayfortheoilsectortocompensateaffected The NDSstressestheneedforPPPstofinanceprojectswhichbenefitlocal all ofSouthSudan’s activeoilfields ecosystems. The Governmentisconsideringacomprehensiveenvironmentalauditof safeguards leadingtoenvironmentalpollution,healthrisks,anddestructionof South Sudan’s oilproductionhasbeenassociatedwithbreachesofenvironmental and woodproducts;cotton;non-oilminerals These includelivestock;meats;hides;ediblevegetables andfruit;oilseeds;wood South Sudanhasmany“lowhangingfruits”thatcould potentiallyleaddiversification. as wellforwhetherthereisadequateinvestmentinto socialservices(Section3.5). consumer goodsareimported There isvirtuallynomanufacturingindustryandpracticallyallintermediate 3.8.2 Non-oil private sector to oilproducingstates(about1.5percentofGDP)areindexedontoprices 291 million. The TFA paymentstoSudan(about10percentofGDP)andthetransfers FY2015/16, SouthSudanaccumulatedpaymentarrearsonthe TFA toSudanofUS$ to deliverapaymentin-kindof10millionbarrelsoilperyearuntilFY2020/21.In Under the TFA signedwithSudanin2012,theSouthSudaneseGovernmentagrees infrastructure, humancapital, andadequatepolicyreforms The tourismindustryforexample, hasgreatpotential,butlacksinvestmentin high transportationcostsindirectly associatedwithCOVID-19restrictionmeasures conditions, alackofskilledandunskilledlabour, poorfinancialmanagement,and been inhibitedbyconflict,underdevelopedinfrastructure anddeterioratingroad The functioningofmarketsandtrade,investments inSouthSudanhave Government’s long-termgoalistoengageanddeveloptheprivatesector, especially are smallandmedium-sizedenterprises(SMEs),operateintheinformalsector. The and theadditionofkeystafftoenhanceregulatoryoversightobligations Initiative (EITI)butconfirmsGovernmentcommitmenttoitseffectiveimplementation, acknowledges limitstoimplementationoftheExtractiveIndustries Transparency The MinistryofPetroleum’s (MoP’s) June2018-May2019PetroleumReport expand per cent)looktoinformalsourcesoffundsdealwithshocksor cent of13,184businessesinthepastthreeyears),andmost(67 income generationandexportgrowthinthecountry SMEs, intoviablebusinessentitiesthatcreateemployment, million in2019 investment inthenon-oilsectorreachedanestimatedUS$22 private sector. Withpervasiverisk,fewbusinesses demand weretheprimarydriversofdecliningbanklendingto levels. Disruptionsintradeactivityaswellreducedhousehold restrictions buthassincerecoveredtoitslowpre-COVID-19 Private sectorcreditdeceleratedfollowingCOVID-19containment a diversifiedeconomythatallowsworkerstoescape poverty this isinvestedwelldecisiveforwhetherSouthSudan develops Most Governmentrevenueisderivedfromoilincome,andwhether 477 . 473 . The vastmajorityofbusinesses,mostwhich 475 471 . . 479 . 481 . 476 474 borrow(3per . Private 470 469 . 478 . 472 , 480 . . networks job allocationcanreflectethnicaffiliationandoftenrelyonkin private sector down. This hasbeenestimatedtocostUS$850million,befundedmainlybythe policy ofuniversalaccessandpromotecompetitionamongproviderstokeepcosts submarine cablesandbuildanationalbroadbandnetworklinkedtoit;implement Efforts arebeingmadetoestablishaccesstheglobalcommunicationnetworkof index (where1hasthemostbusiness-friendlyregulations) 185 of190countriesintheWorld Bank’s easeofdoingbusiness in specificsectors qualified personnelandprofessionalsmatchedwithskillsdemand and internationallevels,SouthSudan’s pooloftechnically personnel andprofessionalswillneedtoberaisedregional to beahugeconstraint. The standardsoftechnicallyqualified from sustainedpeaceandsecurity, humanresourcesarepredicted With theexpectedrejuvenationandgrowthofeconomyresulting corporate incometaxrate. made payingtaxesmorecostlyforcompaniesbyincreasingthe increasing businessregistrationfees,andin2014SouthSudan 2018, SouthSudanmadestartingabusinessmoreexpensiveby Transport Services(CTS)supports logisticaloperationsacross thecountryby The free-for-userInternational OrganizationforMigration(IOM)-managedCommon checkpoint fees to explosiveremnantsofwar (ERW), ambushesandlooting,aswellillegal season. Insecurityprevailsacrossmuchofthecountry, withriskofaccidentsrelated more than60percentofthecountryiscutofffromroad travelduringtherainy networks intheworld.Mostroadsareofgravelorearth andinpoorcondition communities inSouthSudan,butthecountryhasone oftheleastdevelopedroad Land/road istheprimarymodeofdeliveringhumanitarian assistanceandconnecting build otherkeyinfrastructure hazards; supporttherepairanddevelopmentofroad, riverandairroutes,help coordinate andprovidelogisticsservices;clearroutes andareaswithexplosive humanitarian responseandeconomicdevelopment, the UNsupportseffortsto In SouthSudan,connectivityandinfrastructurearepoor. To facilitateboth 3.9 Country assessment of essential needed tosupporttheGovernmentquestfordiversification Significant improvementstothelegalandregulatoryframeworkforinvestmentare Please seesection3.2.1forinformationontheagriculturalsector. duplicated andsometimesunsustainable water wells.However, manyoftheseeffortsarescattered, unevenlydistributed, activities, mostlyfocusedoninfrastructuresuchashospitals,clinics,schools,and There isanactivenetworkofcompaniesundertakingCorporateSocialResponsibility and raisedfalseexpectationsofactualemployability training havetendedtobedisconnectedfrommarketopportunities employability isneededinthiscontext,notinghoweverthatskillsand docks andriverports,toenable loadingandunloadingofbargesboats There isaneedforcapacity-building andriverinfrastructuredevelopment,including of for children products, markets and supply chains 486 . 488 490 . 484 . River transport has potential, but is dependent onseasonality.. Rivertransporthaspotential, butisdependent . and An emphasisonyouthskills development 489. 487 . 485 . Further, 483 482 . In . SouthSudanisranked 491 specific sectors. with skillsdemandin professionals matched qualified personneland pool oftechnically and SouthSudan’s and internationallevels, to beraisedregional professionals willneed personnel and technically qualified The standardsof .

85 THE SITUATION OF CHILDREN AND WOMEN IN SOUTH SUDAN 2018–2020 86 THE SITUATION OF CHILDREN AND WOMEN IN SOUTH SUDAN 2018–2020 of theprivatesector expanding therole opportunities and promoting livelihood to foodthrough and increaseaccess food production, increase sustainable to stabilizeand Country Team aims The UnitedNations

© UNICEF/2020/Ryeng trade andhumanitariansupplyroutefromUganda,iskey and throughNimule,whichisastrategicpointofentryintoSouthSudan,major Maintaining logisticsthroughneighbouringcountries(Ethiopia,KenyaandSudan) programmes atriskandsignificantlycomplicateanyscale-upinSouthSudan. Supply chaindisruptionsduetoCOVID-19puthumanitariananddevelopment warehousing facilities capacity asmanyofthetargetedareasinSouthSudanhaveinadequateorno also offersacommonwarehousemanagementsystemcoupledwithsizablestorage support andtechnicaladvisoryservicestothehumanitariancommunity populations. The UNalsocontributestotheLogisticsClusterforlogisticscoordination, transporting humanitariansuppliestokeylocationshelppartnersreachvulnerable food. UNCT activitieswillaimtostabilizeandincreasesustainablefoodproduction, of accessibilitynutritiousfoodsforchildren,specificallypoorqualityanddiversity The deteriorationofthenutritionsituationinSouthSudanispartlyattributedtoalack chain issuesinthedeliveryofmalariadrugsremainakeychallenge heavy rains,severelyimpactstheavailabilityofhealthcare.Supply Conflict, inadequatehealthworkers,andpoorroadconditionsdueto to allocatetheforeignexchangeitneedsforoperations will stopsupplyingpowertothenationalgridafterGovernmentfailed In January2021,SouthSudan’s mainelectricityproviderannouncedit services. This affectedthenumberofinfantswhoaccessedearlyinfantdiagnosis affected bysupplyshortages,last-miledeliverychallengesandstigma. (ART), as wellaslosstofollowup(LTFU) rates,weresignificantly In 2019,HIVtesting,initiationandadherencetoantiretroviraltherapy availability ofsupplies and nationalsupplychainsystemsarealsomajorfactorsimpactingon High costsformovementofgoodsandservicesweakGovernment and expandingtheroleofprivatesector and increaseaccesstofoodthroughpromotinglivelihoodopportunities 493 . 497 . 494 495 . . 498 . 492 . The UN . The 496 . health caresystem mainly duetolackofaccesspreventivematerialsandmistrustinthe COVID-19 anditsprevention,uptakeofpreventivebehavioursislow and relatedrevengekillings abduction ofchildrenformarriageorotherpurpose;andcattle-raiding male familymembers;widowinheritance;traditionaltribalmarkings; ears andlips;givinggirlsascompensationforcrimescommittedby practices suchasthepullingofhealthyteeth,anddeforming and violenceagainstwomengirls;FGM/C;otherharmful are forcedandchildmarriages;culturallyinstitutionalizedgender-baseddiscrimination youth, womenandmen,violatetheirrights.Keyamongthesenegativepractices practices thatareharmfultothehealthandwell-beingofchildren,adolescents other practicestheeffectofwhichareneutral.However, therearealsomanynegative such asbreastfeeding,respectandcaringforelders,culturaldances. There are In SouthSudan,therearemanypositiveculturalpracticesthatshouldbepromoted, 3.10.1 Overview 3.10 Knowledge, attitudes and practices education high numberofschooldropoutswhilechildmarriageisakeybarrierto and thelongdistancestoschoolareamongmainreasonsfor impede uptakeofrights-respectingbehaviours.Lowincomeparents The complexwebofsocialnormsinterfaceswithsystemicissuesto around thepandemic. awareness onCOVID-19throughprovidingfactualinformation andcounteringmyths by COVID-19,CommunityDiscussionLeadersbecame focalpointsforcommunity engagement ofthelocaljusticesystemamongothers. Withthenewchallengesposed at statelevelincludingspeakingagainstGBVpublic forumsandevents; GBV awareness in churches, schools, and through door-to-door campaigns; advocacy implemented bygroupsinRumbek, Yei, Bor, Lainyaand Aweil. The actionsincluded in communitydiscussions. A totalof53communityactionsweresuccessfully discussion participantsidentifiedwithpositivebeliefs andattitudesafterparticipating transformation model,anassessmentofbeliefsfound that74percentofcommunity Through theflagshipCommunitiesCareProgramme,apivotalsocialnorms to thepeopleincountry. and developmentpartners-led)hasemergedasauniquesolutionforlastmilereach communication, usinganetworkofcommunity-basedmobilizers(bothGovernment channels arethemainsourcesofinformation/communication.Door-to-door influencers (elders,andCSOs);securityhumanitariancommunication communication channels.Religiousinstitutions(mosquesandchurches);community system) anduseofemergencysymbols(smokesignals)aresomethetraditional theatre, mobilemiking(vehiclesmountedwithloudspeakersasapublicaddress information topeopleinacountrywhichhasmorethan50locallanguages.Folk Radio istheonlyformofmassmedia(with40-60percentreach)fortakingreliable locations unreachable. in thecountry’s manyhard-to-reachareas,whileconflictandinsecurityrender infrastructure ispoor, andmobilepenetration remainslowandalmostnon-existent key messagesandinformationaroundlifesavinginterventions. The communication South Sudan’s communicationlandscapepresentsuniquechallengestorelaying 500 . Similarly, around despitehighknowledgeandawareness 501 . 499 . , interventions. around lifesaving and information relaying keymessages unique challengesto landscape presents communication South Sudan’s

87 THE SITUATION OF CHILDREN AND WOMEN IN SOUTH SUDAN 2018–2020 88 THE SITUATION OF CHILDREN AND WOMEN IN SOUTH SUDAN 2018–2020 in mostcommunities. a widely accepted practice in SouthSudanmakingit rooted intoculturalnorms Child marriageisdeeply childhood towomanhoodandmaturitythegirlis considered readyformarriage the firstmenstruation(menarche)isconsidered benchmark oftransitionfrom Among theculturaltaboosandnormsobservedamong pastoralistcommunities, stain, andmenboystalkingaboutmenstruationis consideredaserioustaboo. places consideredsacred,profoundshamewhenwomen orgirlsareseenwitha girls’ movementfromthehouseoncetheystartmenstruation,restrictionvisiting negative perceptionsaroundmenstruation. These includefoodrestrictions,restricting Traditional andsocialnormsincommunitiescontinuetocreatechallenges and ending childmarriageprogramme and Practices(KAP)Studyonchildmarriagewillbeusedtodevelopamultisectoral widely acceptedpracticeinmostcommunities.FindingsofaKnowledge, Attitude Child marriageisdeeplyrootedintoculturalnormsinSouthSudanmakingita in compensationforacrimecommittedbyherfamily, insomecommunities assault; childabductionduringcattleraids;andthepracticeofgivingagirltofamily making inthefamilyandcommunity;widespreadGBVincludingrapesexual and secondaryschoolforgirlsthanboys;lackofparticipationindecision- mortality; lowliteracyratesforgirlsandwomen;lowerofenrolmentinprimary discrimination include:widespreadpracticeofchildmarriage;highratesmaternal and deep-rootedpatriarchalattitudes.Someofthemanifestationsgender-based Discrimination againstwomenandgirlsisasignificantchallenge,owingtopervasive 3.10.2 Gender told thecommunitywillsee them asaprostituteiftheyhavesexbeforemarriage that havingsexwillmakethem sickor weak and inhibit growth. Girlson the other hand are Adolescents areinstructednottotalkaboutsex(especially girls),andsomeboysaretold GBV prioritizing familyhonouroverwomen’s safetyareharmfulsocialnormsthatsustain Men’s authoritytodisciplinewomen,adesireprotectwomen’s sexualpurity, and family, upholding societalethics. future byprotectingherfrom“immorality”andresultingdishonourshametothe as givingsocialstatustoagirl,wifeandmother–solutionsecureher in doingso.Instead,childmarriageandconsequentlypregnancycanbeseen From thisperspective,societieswhichacceptchildmarriagedonotseetheharm assaults. in areaswherewomenandgirlsareexposedtoahighriskofphysicalsexual or takingtheirchildren,especiallygirls,outofschool. This isprevalentparticularly or sixyearsaftertheirfirstmenstruation In somecommunities,girlsareconsidered“expired” when theystayunmarriedforfive 504 . stress, theirformofinsuranceoftenconsistseatingless Literature indicatesthatwhenthepoorcomeundereconomic are “wastinggirls”. pending), bothmenandwomenpointedtohow“lengthystudies” During FGDsforaKAP studyonchildmarriage(publication is intheirbestinterest,insteadofbeing“wasted”schools. across thecountry, parentsbelievemarryingtheirdaughters protect familyhonorandensure‘brideprice’.Inothercontexts for fearofunwantedpregnancies. This islinkedtothedesire or guardianshaveavoidedsendingadolescentgirlstoschools dropping outofschool.InSouthSudan,someparentsand/ Child orteenagepregnancyisoneofthemainreasonsforgirls 503 . 506 . 502 507 . . 505 . needing toattendschool,wheretheyarenottreated as adults education. Boys–afterparticipatingininitiationrituals –viewthemselvesasnolonger Cattle herdingcommunitieshaveplacedvalueonworkexperienceversusformal educational opportunitiesforgirls(3.10.2above). Cultural perceptionswherebyeducationisseentodevaluebrideprice,limit participate activelyinthesegroupsbecauseofculturalbarriers children remaininextendedfamilies.However, children do not operate primarilythroughprovidingmediationandensuringthat customary/village courtsandwomenyouthgroupswho includes kinship,clan,community, church-basedinstitutions, Children affectedbyGBVareprotectedlocalgroupsthat in towns and dresscode,whichisculturallyunacceptable seenasmeantforpeopleliving beliefs thateducationdestroyslocalculture,asitchanges children’s habits,language society developing nationallegislation,withdifferentinitiativesaroundthisprimarilyledbycivil 2015 hasstressedrolesforyouthinoverseeingeffortspeacebuildingand building anddecision-makingprocesses. The Peace Agreement signedin August to thepositive,transformativerolethatchildrenandyoungpeoplecanplayinpeace chapter VofR-ARCSS mechanisms for Transitional Justice, Accountability, ReconciliationandHealingin and participateeffectivelyinthedesignimplementationof women, youngpeople,andchildren,areconsultedincluded that theGovernmentensureallSouthSudanese,including The CommissiononHumanRightsinSouthSudanrecommends therefore non-believingfamiliesdonotsendtheirchildren toschool believed thatchildrengotoschoolprayandbetaught toprepareforbaptism, Among somepastoralistcommunities(inKapoeta,Eastern EquatoriaState),itis and skillsformarketparticipation. begun tochangeastribesrecognizethevalueofpolitical participation,representation barriers, notschooldistance,asthepredominantreasontoattend Research athouseholdlevelinBorandRumbekEast2018identifiedcultural 3.10.4 Education South Sudan and theirroleinsocietywhichwereabarriertosubstantivechildparticipation A studybySavetheChildrendescribedverytraditionalattitudestowardschildren 3.10.3 Childparticipation Government. were activeparticipantsintheFGDsforthisSitAn,includingsharingtheirviewswith the programmetoincludemorechildrenthroughoutcountry. ChildReporters included 48ChildReportersadvocatingfortheirrights.UNICEFplanstoscaleup UNICEF SouthSudanpilotedaChildReportersProgrammein2020,which that aretakentoimprovethewell-beingofchildrenandrespecttheirrights, In anefforttoensurethatthevoicesofchildrenareheardandguidedecisions with similarassessmentsfor girlsandeducationvsdomesticchores responsibility ofamantoassess boysassuitableforeducationorcattlerearing, girls indecision-makingthefamilyandcommunity participation insocial,politicalandeconomiclifethereisalackof 512 516 . . Children’s activitiesaredividedaccordingtoparents’ interests, and itisthe 508 . Negative attitudes towards children with disabilities hinders their hinders . Negativeattitudestowardschildrenwithdisabilities 511 . The Governmentnotesthatthereisincreasingattention 509 . 514 510 . However, thishas . 515 517 . There arealso . Programme in2020 UNICEF ChildReporters South Sudanpiloteda heard, UNICEF the voicesofchildrenare In anefforttoensurethat 513 .

89 THE SITUATION OF CHILDREN AND WOMEN IN SOUTH SUDAN 2018–2020 90 THE SITUATION OF CHILDREN AND WOMEN IN SOUTH SUDAN 2018–2020

© UNICEF/2020/Ryeng wives toattend ANC, andinsecurity domestic chores,negativeinfluencefromhusbandswhowerereluctanttoallowtheir barriers toantenatalcare(ANC)utilization. This includedtheheavyburdenof and poorhygienepractices. The socio-culturalcontextandconflictcreatedsignificant practices arepoor, asreflectedbylateconsultations,highlevelsofhomedeliveries Family healthcarepractices,health-seekingbehaviours,andmaternalIYCF 3.10.5 Health andnutrition promoting opendefecation areas traditionallyactivelydiscouragingtheuseofimprovedsanitationfacilitiesand Customary practicesassociatedwithdefecationvaryfromregiontoregion,many complementary foods,andotherculturaltaboostraditionalpractices of breastfeedingat12–15months,usepre-lactealfeeds,earlyintroduction Inappropriate feedingpracticesalsoincludediscardingcolostrumatbirth,cessation diarrheal infections,whichhasanimpactonthehealthofunderfivechildren A lackofsafeandcleandrinkingwaterimproperdisposalwasteincreases 3.10.6 Water, sanitation and hygiene care; and23.5percentwiththeavailabilityofmedicines times; 25.3percentwithfriendlinessofhealthworkers;26.9the infants: only24.4percentaresatisfiedwithopeninghours;19.7waiting In addition, ANC servicesareratedlowestofallhealthcarebymothers sustain communitydemandforhealthservicesandappropriatecarepractices Social mobilizationactivitieswithcomprehensivemessagingarebeingscaledupto the qualityofdiets) months aredeprivedofminimalacceptablediets(acompositeindicatortomonitor Complementary feedingpracticesarepoorand95percentofchildrenaged6–23 certain foods,givingsaltywateratbirthtothenewborn taboos andtraditionalpracticessuchasprohibitingpregnantwomenfromeating spell namedcalamakechildrenmalnourishedandthatanelixircantreatit

© UNICEF/2020/Ryeng 520 . Poor maternal and child nutrition are impacted by cultural impactedbycultural . Poormaternalandchildnutritionare 526 . 518 . 521 519 , andthebeliefthata . 523 522 . 525 . 524 . .

91 THE SITUATION OF CHILDREN AND WOMEN IN SOUTH SUDAN 2018–2020 92 THE SITUATION OF CHILDREN AND WOMEN IN SOUTH SUDAN 2018–2020

© UNICEF/2020/Mayak real time. The appalsohasthecapacitytotakephotos,generate reportsandrecord of childprotectioncases,whichfrontlinecaseworkers canupdateandmonitorin Developed globallybutcustomizedforSouthSudan, theappcontainsadatabase emergencies. A totalof27,176childrenhavebeenregisteredbyMarch 2021. a newonlineCPIMS+databaseandapplicationdesigned tobetterprotectchildrenin Management System(CPIMS)toregisterUASC.InJune 2019,SouthSudanadopted Since 2011, UNICEFhassupportedthenationalChildProtectionInformation supported healthfacilities approaches willbeusedtoimprovequalityofmaternalandnewborncareinUNICEF for gapidentificationandprioritizationresourceallocation.Innovativetraining service delivery, whichprovedkeyforevidence-basedplanningandprogramming, UNICEF conductedbothnationalandstatelevelbottleneckanalysis(BNA)ofhealth 4.1.1 Innovative solutions challenged inmakingprogresstowardsmeetingtheSDGs and accesstothemostbasicofservicesdenied.SouthSudanisthereforedeeply behind acrosstheboard,withtheirsafety, healthandwell-beingalldeeplycompromised, In thefaceofconflictandassociatedhumanitariancrises,childrencontinuetobeleft 4.1 Country overview rights inSouthSudan The realizationofchild the internationalcommunity, bymeanssuchastheUNCFfor2019–2021. better andconsistentnutritionservicedelivery with tools,equipment,trainedpersonnelandotheraspects forprogrammequality defaulter ratesandprioritizedthoserequiringsupport.Nutritionfacilitieswereprovided A scorecardassessedperformanceofNGOpartnersaccordingtocure,deathand in 2019thatmotivatednutritionfacilitiestowardscontinuousqualityimprovement. Quarterly assessmentandstarratingofnutritionfacilitieswasasignificantinnovation 4 528 . 529 . 527 , despite assistance from , despiteassistancefrom

93 THE SITUATION OF CHILDREN AND WOMEN IN SOUTH SUDAN 2018–2020 94 THE SITUATION OF CHILDREN AND WOMEN IN SOUTH SUDAN 2018–2020 project. child health(BR4MNCH) maternal, newborn, birth registrationfor piloted underthe notifications hasbeen Digitalization ofbirth notification services. were reachedwithbirth children (20,046girls) During 2020,38,262 assist inthedefenceofjuveniles andotherinmatesondeathrow carried outin2019.UNMISS continuedtoprovidesupportlegalaidproviders to the justicesystemtofullycomply withfairtrialsafeguards. At least13 executionswere of capitalpunishmentremained aconcern,inparticularowingtothelimitedability of children becomemorevulnerable toneglect,abuseandGBV the chancetobeheardorparticipateinprocedures concerningthem.Detained unlawfully arrested,detainedforprolongedperiods(often withadults),anddonotget for childrenincontactwiththelaw, aswellviolationsoftheirrights.Childrenare national standardsonchildren’s rights,resultingininadequatesupportand protection The weakjusticesystem,includingforchildren,isnot inlinewithinternationaland vulnerable protection systemtoregulatechildactorsand servicesforthemost and abusiveenvironmentstheGovernmentisyet todefineaneffectivechild of regulationstorollouttheChildren’s Act meanschildrenremaininexploitative very lowandmechanismsforchildprotectionareextremely limited. The absence including welfareandjustice.Localcapacitytodealwithchildprotectionissuesis Years ofconflicthasresultedinalackcomprehensivechildprotectionsystems the law. However, awarenessoftheactislow, andimplementationcapacitylacking. for howtodealwithmattersregardingchildprotectionincludingchildrenincontact The SouthSudaneseChild Act 2008iscomprehensiveandthemainlegalframework Child protection systems 4.2.1 Childprotection 4.2 Causes,challenges andrisks services During 2020,38,262children(20,046girls)werereachedwithbirthnotification due tobadinternetconnectionetc. restrictions. However, a lessonlearnedisthatthismodalityofworkcanresultindelays trainings topartnersinabsentiaduemovement conducting for flexibility provided COVID-19 context. The increaseduseoftechnologyandonlineworkmodalitieshave capacity buildingforcasemanagementactors,whichwaseasilyaccessibleinthe management ofchildreninconflictwiththelawprovidedaninnovativeinitiativefor registration formaternal,newborn,childhealth(BR4MNCH)project 531 533 . Digitalization of birth notifications has been piloted underthebirth . Digitalizationofbirthnotificationshasbeenpiloted . A pre-recordedweb-andmobile-friendlytrainingforcase the healthfacilitiescouldbeoverwhelmed. health facilitiesreceivedtimelyandqualityservices,eventhough case management. This ensuredthatGBVsurvivorsaccessing installing socialworkersinhealthfacilitiesandallowingforremote reactivated, referralpathwaysbeingreviewedregularlyaswell response servicesbecameverydynamicwithhotlinesbeing As partoftheCOVID-19response,modedeliveryGBV way. improving thequalityofsupportgiventochildreninasystematic operating procedures(SOPs). These effortsaregearedtowards and complementstheSouthSudanCaseManagementstandard Management Handbookprovidesapracticalguidetocaseworkers, time todedicatesupportingvulnerablechildren drastically reduceadministrationtime,givingcasemanagersmore families andreunitechildrenwiththeirparents. This innovationwill audio, whichwillmakeitmucheasierforcaseworkerstotrace 534 . Inaddition,theuse 535 . 532 530 . . A newCase violations were recorded in2020). violations conflict Grave violations againstchildren insituations of armed Only 35percentofchildrenunderfivehavetheirbirthregistered implications forgenderequality(section3.4.6). how strongthe respective system is, in aspecificarea. The duallegalsystem alsohas complex; justicematters are dealt with differently throughoutthe on country depending law) andaninformalsystem(basedoncustomary–makesthejustice The dualjusticesystem–consistingofbothaformal(basedonstatutory and toinheritance,becausetheyaredeprivedofregistrationatbirth South Sudanisconcernedasmostchildrenmissoutontherighttobelongafamily The rightofachildtoberegisteredatbirthisbigconcernasfarprotectionin born outsidehealthfacilitieswherethereisnoprovisionforformalbirthregistration. other formsofsexualviolence andfortherecruitmentuseofchildren of R-ARCSS;in2018abductions ofchildrenwereoftenforthepurposerape and Spikes inabductionsandsexualviolenceagainstchildren werenotedafterthesigning as 3yearsofage women, 66girls,19menand 6boysincludingpregnantwomenandchildrenas young UNMISS documented224 casesofconflict-relatedsexualviolenceaffecting 133 Grave Violations againstChildren (MRM) betweenDecember2013 grave violationsagainstchildren and November2020(175grave were reportedtotheMonitoring in Situationsof Armed Conflict and ReportingMechanismon In total,12,900incidentsof Children comprise around of conflict-related Boy 13,FocusGroupDiscussion,December2020 The insecurityreallyaffectsourlivesaschildren. and raped.Ifyoucareaboutyourlifestayhome. go outasyouwillbekilledorinjured.Girlsaretaken neighbourhood andfights.From8pmto5amyoucannot safety tomovefreely. Therearealotofgangsinmy South Sudanisnotstable.We need peacewiththe reported cases violence 25% ofall 542 . In some cases, civilians were killed after beingsexuallyassaulted. . Insomecases,civilianswere killedafter 538

1 The reportedincidentshaveaffected Grave childrightviolations over 98,481verifiedchildren 2 3 536 . Manychildrenare 537 . 541 4 . In2019, Of these, whose sexisunknown girls, alongwithover to beboysandover41,243 5 number ofincidents with 50%ofthetotal epicentre ofgraveviolations region remainedthe The greaterEquatoria 53,701 wereverified 3,529 540 539

95 THE SITUATION OF CHILDREN AND WOMEN IN SOUTH SUDAN 2018–2020 96 THE SITUATION OF CHILDREN AND WOMEN IN SOUTH SUDAN 2018–2020 does notcovertheemployment ofchildrenunder14yearsinunpaidemployment, age fortheadmissionofa child topaidemploymentis14years.Whilethisprovision Nations Conventionagainst Transnational OrganizedCrime Trafficking inPersonsEspecially WomenandChildren,supplementing theUnited South SudanhasnotyetratifiedtheProtocoltoPrevent,SuppressandPunish Labour (C182) Convention onMinimum Age (C138) andILOConventiononWorst FormsofChild In 2012, The GovernmentsignedtheInternationalLabourOrganization(ILO) the individualchildren,theirfamiliesandcommunity inwhichtheylive trafficking isneededwhichstrengthensthesocioeconomic andpoliticalconditionsof The GovernmentofSouthSudannotesthatalong-term solutiontotheproblemofchild trafficked childrenfromothercountries through theuseofabduction.SouthSudanisalsoa destination andtransitcountryfor trafficked forthepurposesofexploitationincluding sex workorlabour in SouthSudan,particularlythosewithoutappropriate care,arevulnerabletobeing could benotreleasedasplanned Over 200CAAFAG weredocumentedtobereleasedfromSPLM/A-IOin2020,but Trafficking inchildren andchildlabour armed forcesandgroups,somereleasedareasyoung8yearsofage 3.4.5). Sincethestartofconflict,thousandschildrenhavebeenrecruitedinto nonetheless associatedwitharmedforcesandgroupsinlargenumbers(Section recruitment andusebyarmedforcesgroups(Section3.4.7).Girlsare While girlsfacehighervulnerabilitytosexualviolence,boysaremoreatriskof Recruitment intoarmedforcesandgroups CAAFAG intotheircommunities,theriskofre-recruitmentremains for failuretofolloworders however, theboysfaceddifficultiesbeingreleasedandreceivedfrom30to50lashes “voluntarily” owingtolackoffinancialmeanssupportthemselves.Onceenlisted, separated fromtheirparentsduetotheconflictjoinedSSPDFandSPLM/A-IO and communicationwithparentsorrelatives.InUnityState,boyswhohadlostwere frequent abuseandill-treatment,thedenialofeducation,adequatemedicalcare violent recruitmentcampaigns,harshmilitarytraining,inhumanelivingconditions, Children formerlyassociatedwitharmedforcesorgroupspaintapictureof Girl 17,FocusGroupDiscussion,December2020 washing cars,orspendtimeingangsonthestreet. is childlabour. Boysarealsosenttodojobslike to sellfruitbutthisisharmfulforchildrenasit as asourceofincome.Theysendgirlstomarket parents havelosttheirjobsandareusingchildren COVID-19 hasmeantalotofchanges.Most 550 . According tosection25(3)ofthe Child Act of2008,the minimum 544 . 545 548 . While DDR services areinplacetoreintegrate . WhileDDRservices . 547 . However, children 546 . , particularly 549 543 . . polishing shoes,andgirlscarryingsellingbottledwaterthatisboiledfiltered vendors inthestreets,withchildrenasyoung6-8yearssellinggroundnutsand leave childrenandyouthvulnerabletoamyriadofhealthissues proximity tofiresatthecamps.Exposureanimalbornediseasesandcattleexcreta the camp,includingdangerfromcattleandwildlife,neighbouringtribes,close communities inthedailyworkingsofcattlecamp.Childrenfacemanyhazardsat at thecattlecamps,andbetweenagesof14-17,arehighlyutilizedamongthese aged 5-13years(someasyoungtwoorthree)areinvolvedinsomeformofwork Sudan, whichhasoneofthelargestlivestockherdingpopulationsin Africa. Children Cattle cultureandcattlecampsplayasignificantroleamongmanytribesinSouth since January2004 (at least255ofthemchildren)and5,134havebeeninjured (atleast728children) As ofNovember2020,1,404peoplehavebeenkilledbyexplosivedevices children togoschool” “Parents aredelegatingtheirresponsibilitiestochildrenandmakingitharderfor threat ofchildlabourandtrafficking For many, growingeconomicvulnerabilityasaresult ofCOVID-19isincreasingthe in theChildLabourIndex However, SouthSudanisoneofthefourworstperformingcountries Risk of unexploded ordnance whether ornotthechildisapaidemployee related totheminimumageappliesallworkperformedbychildren, section 12(2)oftheLabourBill2012,providesthatprovisions areas More than500,000peopleinSouthSudanarecurrentlylivinghighminerisk unsafe foruseduetolandminesandERW estimated tobearound18.3km conflict, goldmining,brickmakingandcattleherding and engageintheworstformsofchildlabour, includinginarmed restaurants andfoodstands,slaughterhouses,amongothers; Children inSouthSudanworkfarmingactivities,construction, appropriate funding believes thatallthesetasks canbeclearedwithinfiveyears–givensafeaccess and to 949,307unexplodedordnance(UXO) As ofJanuary2021,morethan74,321clusterhavebeen destroyedto-dateinaddition sustained effortsofUNMAS,bilateraldonors,andnational andinternationalpartners. Sudan, theimpacthasbeenreducedconsiderablythrough theconcertedand Although landmineandERW contaminationcontinuestoexist throughoutSouth factors includingparentsbeingaddictedtoalcohol or cattlecamp,tochildrenbeingusedasthemainfamilybreadwinneraresultof Sudan, fromchildrenbeingtaughtlifeskillsthroughe.g.,workingonafamilyfarm Patterns inchildlabourarereportedanecdotallytobechangingovertimeSouth a negativeconnotation communities, andtheconceptofchildlabourgenerallydoesnotcarry South Sudan,especiallyinruralcommunities,notablypastoralist and 12,estimatedtobeworkinginmining,retailhospitality “urgent”, withmorethan600childreninthetown,mostlybetween8 government inKapoeta,EasternEquatoria,hascalledthesituation 561 . MinesandERW 566 563 . . It is estimated that at least 166 schools and 44 clinics are . Itisestimatedthatatleast166schoolsand44clinics are 553 558 . 552 562 . . Child labour is found throughout . Childlabourisfoundthroughout affect the right to life, development and survival of children. 2 (approximately 2,614 football pitches).UNMAS (approximately2,614football 565 559 . The totalcontaminationareaisnow 564 . inchildrenactingas There isanincrease 551 . . 557 . As oneFGDrespondentsaid 554 . The 555 556 . .

breadwinner. as themainfamily to childrenbeingused farm orcattlecamp, working onafamily life skillsthroughe.g., children beingtaught in SouthSudan,from are changingovertime Patterns inchildlabour 560 .

97 THE SITUATION OF CHILDREN AND WOMEN IN SOUTH SUDAN 2018–2020 98 THE SITUATION OF CHILDREN AND WOMEN IN SOUTH SUDAN 2018–2020 Source: UniversaliaManagementGroup,SummativeGPESouthSudanprogrammeevaluation,May2019 cent ofcountyprimaryschoolsreachP8 counties and86percentofvillagesdidnothaveapre-primary school.Only20per per centofthevillageswithnosecondaryschool.Similarly, atotal of42percent numbers increasingatloweradministrativeunitsto93 percentofthebomasand100 assessed bythefieldteamshadnosecondaryschools intheirrespectiveareas,with secondary schoolsandpre-primaryschools. A totalof49percentthe346counties The nationalOOSCmappingsurveyin2020foundagenerallackofaccessto functional (comparedto59 percentinthe2017assessment).Ofschools The 2018EducationCluster Assessment foundthat80percentofschoolswere years found that42percentofchildrenwereover-agedfor theirclassbyfourofmore aged pupils.Forexample,astudyof62schoolsinLakes andEasternEquatoria, a highernumberofclassrooms undertreesinruralschools construction, suppliesand allocation ofteachers,withmoretemporarystructures and pastoralist communities,andtoadultswithoutabasiceducation) 646 alternativeeducationsystemschools(providinginstructioninremoteareasto There arearound5,400schools:591pre-primary, 3,848primary, 297secondary, and permanent, and848aresemi-permanent At countylevel,2,042schoolsareunderatree,1,134 aretemporary, 1,115 are at muchgreaterriskofsevereinjuryanddeath puts childrenandadolescents,whoarecurioustendtopickupunfamiliarobjects, means theylackthelocalknowledgeneededtoavoidriskofminesandUXO. Meanwhile thecontinuedinternaldisplacementofcivilianstoplacestheydonotknow providers include thoserunbyfaith-basedorganizations,communities,NGOs,andcommercial Management ofschoolsisdecentralizedtostategovernments.Private privately-run schools.PublicschoolsareestablishedandfundedbytheGovernment. secondary education.Provisionofeducationisapartnershipbetweenpubliclyand South Sudan’s educationsystem(Table 6)comprisespre-primary, primaryand Education overview 4.2.2 Education for safereturn Uganda, withsafelandneededforresettlementandagriculture,asaprerequisite the contaminationstraddlesprimaryreturnroutesforrefugeesinDRCand Greater Equatoriaregion,whichiscurrentlytheareaofgreatestinsecurity The majorityoftheremainingcontaminationiscentredinsouthernpart prevention againstfurtherdeathorinjuryfromexplosivethreats. (EORE) remainsthekeyinterventiontoinformciviliansofbehaviorchangeasa Table 6:SouthSudanschoolsystembyageandlevel Level ofEducation shool/pre-primary) Early childhoodEducation(pre- Primary Education Secondary Education 572 . 569 . 567 . Grades ofEducation ECD 1,2 Upper level:P5,P6,P7,P8 Lower level:P1,P2,P3,P4 S1, S2,S3,S4 571 573 . highproportionofover- There canbea . Urban schools are favouredintermof . Urbanschools 568 . Explosiveordnanceriskeducation 574 . 570 Age Group(Years) 3-5 Upper level:10-13 Lower level:6-9 14-17 . . Muchof

This in pre-primaryservices communal mobilityanddisplacement(duetoconflict) –inhibitsparentalengagement literacy levels. This –coupledwithteenparenthood,highratesofpovertyand In addition,mostparentsandcaregiversofyoungchildren haveloweducationand promote familyandcommunityawarenessengagement inpre-primaryeducation. and communities,thereiscurrentlynospecificfunding orcapacityforactivitiesto While thecurrentECDstrategydoesincludeaplanfor includingfamilies latrines training) haveaccesstodrinkingwaterand51percentofschools (including alternativeeducationsystemandfortechnicalvocational The 2018 Annual EducationCensusfoundthatonly75percentofeducationfacilities coordination formonitoringofpre-primaryactivities sufficient personnelandfacilitiesforsupervisionactivitiesstronger is needforspecificpre-primaryqualitystandardsandmonitoringtools, for theiremploymentordevelopmentwithintheeducationsystem. There than teachers),aweakteacherdeploymentpolicy, andnomechanism there isalackofprofiledescriptionforpre-primarypersonnel(other incentivized andthoseavailableareinequitablydeployed.Inaddition, in place,currentpre-primarypersonnelareinsufficientlyqualifiedand qualification profileandbasicpre-primarypersonnelpolicystructureare prioritization ofcriticaleducation areas,suchastheECDsub-sector, isrequired pre-numeracy skills and socioemotional skill development pre-numeracy skillsandsocioemotional write caneffectivelysupport theirchildren’s school readinessincludingpre-literacy, countries intheregionhave shownthatevenparentswhoareunabletoreadand Though SouthSudanhaslowlevelsofliteracy, researches conductedinother Innovative solutionstoengageparentsandcommunities inECDshouldbeexplored. and studentworkbooks)isstillneeded budget isinadequateandanactualcurriculum(withateacherguide,lessonplans An ECEcurriculumframeworkhasalreadybeendevelopedbuttheimplementation Overall, 36.5percentofpupilsattendedpre-schoolbeforeClass1 Early childhooddevelopment involvement disasters, 832duetolackofmaintenanceand614community destroyed orunusable,774werebymilitaryconflict,391natural schools andmostlyinprivate skills. The availabletrainedECDteachersareconcentratedinurban teachers whomaybevolunteerswithlimitedearlygrade/ECEteaching teachers, andpre-primarysectionsofschoolsdependonprimary In astudyofschoolsinEasternEquatoriaState,therewerefewECD education (seebelow) issue, withalackofmenstrualhygienemanagement(MHM)facilitiesbarriertogirls’ country there isanoveralllackofequitableaccesstopre-primaryeducationservicesinthe primary areoverage;pre-primaryeducationisneitherfreenorcompulsory;and state andcountylevelsofgovernmentareweak;mostchildrenparticipatinginpre- under fundingmeansthatthecurrentcoordinationmechanismsbetweennational, to plan,implementandmonitorearlychildhoodeducation(ECE)services. Additionally, Department withsixkeystaff,buttheisconstrainedintermsofresources physical infrastructurecontinuetobeinadequate.MoGEIhasanECD/Pre-Primary planning andresourceallocationforpre-primaryeducation,funding,staffing political will,leadershipandgovernancestructuresarealreadyinplacetosupport 576 579 . The lackofsafe,clean,equitableWASH inschoolsisacritical facilities . 575 . 577 583 . . 582 580 . . Likewise, although apre-primaryteacher . Likewise,although 581 . 584 . Budgetary supportto and 578 . Although programming. health andnutrition delivered through care elementsmostly Especially thenurturing education focus. ECD, beyondan needed onbroader An emphasisisalso 585 .

99 THE SITUATION OF CHILDREN AND WOMEN IN SOUTH SUDAN 2018–2020 100 THE SITUATION OF CHILDREN AND WOMEN IN SOUTH SUDAN 2018–2020 operationalizing WHO’s NurturingCareFrameworkinthecountry programming andwhichfocusonthefirstthousanddays. Thiscouldinclude especially thenurturingcareelementsmostlydeliveredthroughhealthandnutrition An emphasisisalsoneededonbroaderECDbeyondaneducationfocus, low administrativelevels rely heavilyondecentralizedlevels,thereislimitedinfrastructure,stafforresourcesat fact thatwhilethedeliveryandmanagementofeducationservicesinSouthSudan developed, butthereareconcernsrelatedtothereliabilityandaccuracyofdata A frameworkforgeneralmonitoringandsupervisionanEMIShavealreadybeen (ALP), toexpandaccesslearningopportunities. optional routessuchasnomadiceducationandanalternativelearningprogramme and thosethatwouldbepotentiallyexcludedfromformaleducationbyproviding Shortage of qualified teachers crises ratherthanfocusonlong-termdevelopment education policiesfordecadesandthatinterventionsaddresshumanitarian that SouthSudanhasnothadacoherentGovernment-ledframeworktoguide The secondGeneralEducationStrategicPlan(2017-2022)(GESP II)acknowledges Education frameworks meet theincreasingdemandfromreturneesarrivingrefugeecamps In areassuchasBaliet(UpperNile),planningincludingforeducationhasbegunto An Alternative EducationSystemsPolicy formally inplace(Section3.7.2). An inclusiveeducationpolicyforchildrenwithdisabilitieshasbeendraftedbutisnot exploitation, traffickingandallformsofviolencetortureagainstchildren) of newbornsandchildrenunder5yearsage),SDG16.2(endabuse, as SDG2.2(endallformsofmalnutrition),3.2preventabledeaths to qualityearlychildhooddevelopment,careandpre-primaryeducation),aswell Sudan istomakeprogressonSDG4.2(ensurethatallgirlsandboyshaveaccess Adopting amultisectorallenswhenitcomestoyoungchildreniscrucialifSouth biology, chemistryormaths. year andfallbehind.Inseniortwo,Idid notcomplete We donotgettofinishallourbooksbytheendof interest andleaveastheyarenotpaid theirsalary. teaching astheteachersarenotqualified.Theylose Education levelsarelowhere.You donotexpectgood Girl 17,FocusGroupDiscussion,December 2020 589 . 590 catersfortherights ofvulnerablechildren 588 . Furtherchallengesincludethe 586 . 592 . 587 . 591 . © UNICEF/2020/Ryeng female just 6,963(13percent)are all educationlevels,ofwhich records 53,523teachersacross The 2018EducationCensus are notlearningeffectively. Children thatareinschool 1,949,422 to servealearnerpopulation of 2.8 millionOOSC(seebelow). 593 . Theseteachersare 594 inadditiontothe learning that isnotconduciveto overcrowded environment of 132.8,indicatingan level pupilclassroomratio a muchhigherprimary- Education Censusrecords (2020) teacher atprimarylevel There are47pupilsper 595 . The2018 Annual 596 . (2020) received someformoftraining primary schoolteachershave Less thanhalf(44percent)of all levelsofeducation per centofteacherstrained across of just17.5percent,with only21.7 education censusrecordsafigure 597 . Howeverthe2018 598 .

101 THE SITUATION OF CHILDREN AND WOMEN IN SOUTH SUDAN 2018–2020 102 THE SITUATION OF CHILDREN AND WOMEN IN SOUTH SUDAN 2018–2020

© UNICEF/2020/Ryeng quality (Figure15) Lack ofpaymentteachersalariesisamajorhindrancetoretentionand school andcanincreasethelikelihoodofdropoutswhenaproblemisencountered. lack offemaleteachersandmentorsinschoolscandiscouragegirlsfromattending knowledge, retention,teachingquality, andoftenleadstofurthertraining costs. The Replacing teacherswholeavewithunqualifiedvolunteerscontributestopoor example: salaries arehighlightedaskeybarrierstotheprovisionofqualityeducation.For of which18percentarevolunteers State forexample,femaleteacherscomprisejust26percentofteachingstaff,out There isahighturnoverofteachers,particularlyfemaleteachers.InEquatoria of harassment,exploitationandabuse reporting mechanismandaccountabilityprocedureforcasesofsexualorotherforms workplace. Forexample,therearecurrentlyveryfewschoolsthathaveinplacea the teachingprofessionduetoconcernsover(menstrual)hygiene,andsafetyin for safety;small,irregularanddelayedsalaries;femaleteachersmayalsoleave to alackoforlowsalaries volunteer teacherscomparedtoGovernmentrecruiteddue A studyinEasternEquatoriaStatefoundthatthereweremore system buildingandstrengthening services. These challengeshavesignificantlylimitededucation turnover ofteachingstaffandincreasedcostsdeliveringbasic enrolment facesanumberofchallengesincludinginsecurity, high increasing accesstovocationaleducation. The initiativetoaddress GESP IIprioritizestheenrolmentofOOSC,qualityteachersand closures acrossthecountry learning materialswerefoundtobethemajorreasonsforschool payment, studentsdesertingschools,andinsufficientteaching to safeareasand/orgettingotherjobs,inconsistencyinteacher A 2018assessmentfoundthatinsecurity, departureofteachers 601 . lackofconsistent The highturnoverofteachingstaffand 599 . insecurityandfear The mainreasonsbeing 600 . 604 603 . . 602 . Source: MoGEI,PreliminaryReport:NationwideOutofSchoolChildrenCatchment MappinginSouthSudan,May2020 children mappingexercise Figure 15:Difficultiesfacedbyteachersasmentionedrespondentsduringtheout-of-school Lack ofaccommodationforteacherstoremainatschool Long distancesfromschooltoteachers'residences Untimely paymentofsalaryteachers(delays) High workloadforthefewteachersinschool Health problemswithlackofmedication Limited teachingandlearningmaterials Low payscaleofsalaryforteachers Delaying ofservicesinschool Shortage ofqualifiedteachers No promotionandincrements Lack ofschoolinfrastructure Learning spacesundertrees Lack oftrainingforteachers Lack offurnitureforschool No allowancsforteachers Poor infrastructure Lack ofstationery No foodinschool Lack oftransport Insecurity 0% 10% 16% 16% 16% 20% 20% 20% 20% 20% 24% 30% 28% 28% 28% 28% 32% 40% 36% 36% 44% 44% 50% 56% 60% 64% 70% 76% 80%

103 THE SITUATION OF CHILDREN AND WOMEN IN SOUTH SUDAN 2018–2020 104 THE SITUATION OF CHILDREN AND WOMEN IN SOUTH SUDAN 2018–2020 and learninginschool. to supportgirls’access and behaviorchange child-friendly schools; protect girlsinschool; the legalframeworkto focus on:strengthening (2018-2022) includesa Education Strategy The NationalGirls’ Out-of-school children enrolled childrendropoutofschool(24percentgirlscomparedto21boys) This reflectsasignificantincreasefrom2.2millionin2016.Onefive(22percent)of in theagegroup3–17yearsold2020is2.8million,ofwhich53percentaregirls. risks compoundingeachother fact, nearlyallSouthSudanesechildrenfitintoatleast oneoftheat-riskprofiles,with children (59percent)areoutofschool children inschoolcanbeprohibitiveandcontributetolimitedaccess. Almost 3in5 Primary educationinSouthSudanisfree.However, thecostsassociatedwithkeeping their respectiveareascouldbechildreninpastoralist ornomadiccommunities per centofinterviewedheadteachersestimatedthat over80percentofOOSCin grade level,childlabourers,childreninstreetsituations andpastoralistchildren(15 children inruralareas,thosedisplacedbyconflict, whoareoveragefortheir Other educationallydisadvantagedchildren(Table 7)includechildrenwithdisabilities, walking distancestoschools. face specificchallengesduetolackof(sex-disaggregated) WASH facilities,andlong Lack ofbasicservicesandinfrastructurehasadisproportionateimpactongirlswho to supportgirls’ access andlearninginschool legal frameworktoprotectgirlsinschool;child-friendlyschools;andbehaviorchange Girl 17,FocusGroupDiscussion,December2020 and insteadtakethemtothefarmdig. means parentsdonotsendtheirchildrentoschool Education inSouthSudanistooexpensive.This and sellingmilk,chicken,goats disability; earlyorforcedmarriage;ignoranceofsomeparents, to school(68percent),followedequally(64cent)by on theimportanceofeducation(76percent)andlongdistances reasons whychildrenareoutofschoollackawareness However, theOOSCmapping2020found themostcommon across regionsanddominatedbyinsecuritylackoffood for droppingoutofschoolandnon-attendanceareverysimilar The EducationCluster Assessment 2018foundthatreasons aged girlsarenotinschool and insomepartsofthecountryover75percentprimary- Girls aremorelikelythanboystobeexcludedfromeducation, Strategy (2018-2022)includesafocuson:strengtheningthe with increasedcareworkthesecondmostcommonreason marriage wasthemainreasonforgirlsnotattendingschool, In anOxfamstudy, 82percentofrespondentssaidthatchild 613 . 605 . It is estimated that the number of OOSC . ItisestimatedthatthenumberofOOSC 611 . 610 . The NationalGirls’ Education 608 . 612 ). In 609 607 606 . . . Source: MoGEI,PreliminaryReport:Nationwide OutofSchoolChildrenCatchmentMappinginSouthSudan, May2020 children profilesintheirarea Table 7:Percentageofrespondentsout-of-schoolchildrenmapping,withspecific 23 22 21 20 19 18 17 16 15 14 13 12 11 10 9 8 7 6 5 4 3 2 1 Rank Children inrefugeecamps Children inurbanslums Children ininternallydisplacedpopulation–periphery ofurbanareas Children ininternallydisplacedpopulation–noncamps areas Unaccompanied andseparatedgirlsindisplacedpopulation Children ininternallydisplacedpopulation–camps Children associatedwitharmedforceandgroups(CAAFAG) Children inpastoralistcommunity/nomadicfamilies Children ofreturnees Children livinginthestreet Children inultra-poorhouseholds Children inremoteareas/peripheryofurbanareas Children displacedbyconflict Overage students Homeless children Child laborersorworkingchildren Students attendingschoolwithincompleteeducationcycles Out-of-school adolescents Married girls(sometimeswithchildren) Children infemaleheadedhouseholds Children withdisabilities,childrenspecialneeds Girls facingchildandearlymarriage Children whoareorphans Out ofschoolchildrenProfile Level ofprevalence(%) 24% 28% 32% 40% 44% 48% 52% 56% 60% 68% 68% 68% 68% 72% 72% 72% 76% 80% 80% 84% 92% 92% 96%

105 THE SITUATION OF CHILDREN AND WOMEN IN SOUTH SUDAN 2018–2020 106 THE SITUATION OF CHILDREN AND WOMEN IN SOUTH SUDAN 2018–2020

© UNICEF/2020/Ryeng Source: AVSI, 2020Torit andMagwicountyMultisectorHouseholdSurvey, 2020 age) inToritandMagwicounty,EasternEquatoriaState Figure 16:MainOccupationofout-of-schoolchildrenathome(6to11years this isafullday’s occupation. children aged6-11 iscaringforyoungerchildren(Figure16)–40percentofthem, affordability isthebiggestbarriertoeducation. ThemainoccupationforOOSC A studyin Torit andMagwicounty, EasternEquatoriaState,revealedlackof sensitive approaches andsocialnorms change (Box4). approach, acrosseducation, WASH andhealthinterventions,supportedbygender The provisionofadequate MHH supporttowomenandgirlsrequiresamultisectoral Menstrual healthand hygiene their overlap interventions shouldpayattentiontotheseadditional OOSCprofiles,aswellto in drugabuse. Therefore, itisextremelyimportantthatprogramming forOOSC children ofnomadicparents;affectedbyconflict; andchildrenengaged of themappingexerciseincludingchildrenfamilies thathavewatershortage; profiles presentintheirlocalitieswerenotincluded thedatacollectioninstruments Respondents oftheOOSCmappingatcountylevelindicated thatotherOOSC Cooking orpreparingingredients(grindingingredients) Getting waterforthehouse Washing dishes/cleaningthehouse/washingclothes Caring foryoungerchildren 54% 614 . 52% 39% Control thefieldsagainstbirds Caring forelderly/sick They donotcontribute 28% 23% 13% 6% © UNICEF/2020/Ryeng Box-4 and policy safe andhygienicdisposaladvocacy washing facilities,positivesocialnorms, access tohealthservices,sanitationand and comfortableprofessionals,referral safe, andaffordablematerials,informed accurate andtimelyknowledge,available, rights. These systematicfactorscomprise education, equity, empowerment,and with health,well-being,genderequality, systemic factorsthatlinkmenstruation encompasses bothMHMandthebroader Menstrual healthandhygiene(MHH) 615 MHH andMHM . discomfort orfear how tomanageitwithdignityandwithout basic factslinkedtothemenstrualcycleand management materials. facilities todisposeofusedmenstrual and havingaccesstosafeconvenient and waterforwashingthebodyasrequired, duration ofamenstrualperiod,usingsoap in privacyasoftennecessaryforthe collect menstrualblood,thatcanbechanged menstrual managementmaterialtoabsorbor and adolescentgirlsareusingaclean such thatwomen the menstrualprocess, with refers tomanagementofhygieneassociated Menstrual hygienemanagement(MHM) 616 . Theyunderstandthe

107 THE SITUATION OF CHILDREN AND WOMEN IN SOUTH SUDAN 2018–2020 108 THE SITUATION OF CHILDREN AND WOMEN IN SOUTH SUDAN 2018–2020

© UNICEF/2020/Ryeng Source: WHO/UNICEF JointMonitoringProgrammeforWater Supply, SanitationandHygiene(JMP)2019 Figure 17:Water,sanitationandhygieneladdersforschools,SouthSudan,2019 non-food itempackages have accesstosanitarytowelsandindicatedthatthesewerenotalwaysincludedin An Oxfamsurveyidentifiedthat41percentofwomenandgirlrespondentsdidnot water andsanitationservices(Figure17). or sometimespermanentlyoutofschool.Manyschoolslackaccesstoadequatebasic unaffordability ofappropriatesanitaryproductsmaypushadolescentgirlstemporarily The lackofsex-disaggregatedWASH facilitiesandservicesinschools, particularly acuteinhumanitariancrises compromises girls’ safety, causingadditionalstressandanxiety. These challengesare girls’ mobilityand personalchoices,affectsparticipationincommunitylife,and absenteeism oftenresultindropout miss schoolorleaveclassearlyduringmenstruation.Missingclassesand In a2020studyinSouthSudan,83percentofschoolsreportedthatgirlsfrequently Negative socialnormsimpactMHHoutcomes(Section3.10.2). about odour, gossipandteasing of usedmaterials,lackaccesstomenstrualpainmanagement,embarrassment leakage andstains,lackofappropriatefacilitiesforchanging,washingdisposing lack ofmenstrualhygienematerials,poormanagementmenstruationleadingto taboos andculture.Girlsstrugglecopingduringmenstruationwithpaincramps, challenges andsufferinsilenceembarrassmentanenvironmentoftraditional cause socialisolationandhealthrelatedissues These challengesnegativelyaffectgirls'education,psychosocialwell-being,and Coverage (%) 100 75 50 25 0

Total No service

Drinking Water Rural

Urban Limited

Primary 617

Secondary . Basic 619 Total . No service 618 . The studyfoundthatmanygirlsarefacing Rural 621 .

Urban Sanitation Limited

620 Pre-primary . A lackofMHMsupportrestricts

Primary Basic

Secondary No service

Total

Rural Hygiene Limited

Urban

Primary Basic partial guidelines toreduceandstopviolenceinschools,implementation atthestatelevelis serious untilthechildneedsmedicalattention.Despite nationallevelpoliciesand that corporalpunishmentisstillpracticed.Insomecases, violenceisnotconsidered While theChild Act prohibitscorporalpunishment,withinschools, studentsindicate during, orintheaftermathof,attacksonschools was perpetrated,primarilyagainstfemalestudentsandteachers, also reportedfrom2015to2019.Inthesameperiod,sexualviolence and killings.Childrecruitmentat,oronthewaytofrom,schoolwas between 2017–2019. occurred sporadically Attacks include abductions Attacks onstudents,teachers,andothereducationpersonnel South SudanendorsedtheSafeSchoolsDeclarationin2015 of schoolsaredamaged,destroyed,occupiedorclosed boys) (sexual harassmentandrapeforgirlsforcedrecruitment intoarmedconflictfor Fear ofGBVonthewaytoandfromschoolisafactor preventingaccesstoschool affects themoraleofpupils,teachersandcommunity learning. Inaddition,closureofschoolsbecauseinsecurity increasestraumaand schooling affectsdeliveryofthecurriculum,withshort-termandlong-termimpactson Learning outcomesarenegativelyaffectedbyconflictinseveralways.Disruptionto date armed forcesorgroupshadvacated85schoolsbythatsame 35 schoolsforsleepingquartersandbases(asof30June),that 2013 andearly2016 2016 period,whenviolencereportedlydestroyedmorethan800schoolsbetweenlate were atleast50reportsofattacksonschools;significantlylessthanduringthe2013– military duringCOVID-19relatedschoolclosures Schools havealsobeenfoundtobeoccupiedbyIDPsorused Violence inschools 625 Girl 15,FocusGroupDiscussion,December2020 move aroundingroupstostaysafe. with meanditleadstoschooldropout.We haveto teachers iscommoninschool–manygirlssharestories when shetriestoentertheclassroom.Sexualabuseby will getnohelp,orbestoppedfromattendingclass teacher. Ifshefindsalessonhardtounderstand we rejectthemthereisenmitybetweenthegirland Teachers trytodateusandhaveasalover. When 630 629 . . . 624 . In 2018, the UN reported the military useof . In2018,theUNreportedmilitary 626 627 . . 623 628 . During2017–2019there . 622 . However, 30percent that samedate. vacated 85schoolsby or armedgroupshad and thatarmedforces quarters andbases, schools forsleeping the militaryuseof35 In 2018,theUNreported

109 THE SITUATION OF CHILDREN AND WOMEN IN SOUTH SUDAN 2018–2020 110 THE SITUATION OF CHILDREN AND WOMEN IN SOUTH SUDAN 2018–2020 Other barrierstoqualityeducation does nothaveanutritionprogramme significantly morelikelytoscorepoorlyforbothnumeracyandliteracyiftheschool nourished buttheyalsohaveanincentivetoattendschool.Pupilswerefoundbe learning outcomes;wherethereareschoolfeedingprogrammes,notonlychildren learning outcomes;wherethereareschoolfeedingprogrammes,notonlychildren overwhelming 95percentofchildrenwalktoschool per cent)reportbeingbetween30minutestoanhourawayfromschool,and children (24.7percent)reporthavingeatenbeforeschool.Oneinfivepupils(20.8 Many pupilsarriveatschoolhungryandwalklongdistancestoschool.Only1in4 outcomes languages tocompensateisminimalandmayatleastpartiallyexplainlowlearning classroom despitethepupils’ low abilitytounderstandEnglish. The useofnational however, notthepractice.English(and Arabic inthenorthernstates)dominates to beselectedbytheschoolfitwithlocalneedsandcircumstances. Framework statesthatinP 1–3thelanguageofeducationwillbeanational are usedbymorethan65percentofthepopulation. The SouthSudanCurriculum Five ofthemajornationallanguages(Bari,Dinka,Ŋatoposa,Nuer predominant insomeareasofthecountry of instructionfromprimarygrade4onwards,inpractice, Arabic instructionremains fatigued bytheafternoon explained bythepossibilitythatpupilswhohadnoteatenalldaywouldbeespecially cent attendonlythemornings.Superiorscoresamongmorningpupilscanbepartially Only 37.5percentofpupilsattendfulldaysclasseveryday 4.2.3 Health books. Thelackoflearninglimitsmyopportunities. I likereadingbutthereisnolibrariesorplacestoget Young man,20,FocusGroupDiscussion,December2020 Girl 17,FocusGroup Discussion,December2020 treat themanyway, aslifeisworthmorethanmoney. that whensomeonepaysyoutreatthem, youshould make atransformationinmysociety. Itshouldnotbe treatment duetopoverty. Iwanttotakestepsand It ispainfulwhenyouseealackofhealthcare 631 . as theofficiallanguage Though schoolsarerequiredtouseEnglish 633 . 635 . 632 . 634 . Nutritionalsupportincreases , theremaining62.5per , andZande) This is, implementation ofpolicies medicines andsupplies,lownationalfundingarethemainidentifiedbottlenecksto political willoftheMoH.However, acriticalshortageofhumanresources,lack focused onpregnantwomen,neonates,children,andadolescentswhichevidencethe A 2020studypraisedthesignificantnumberofpoliciesandhealthcarestrategicplans Strategic PlanforHRH2007-2017;andadraftnational HRHpolicy2011-2015 (2011-2015) thatemphasizesHRH asadeterminantofallthreethePlan’s objectives;a resources forhealth(HRH)plans: The creationofaHealth SectorDevelopmentPlan severe shortageofallcategoriestrainedhealthcare professionalsdespitethreehuman South Sudanreliesoninadequatelytrainedorlowskilled healthworkersandfacesa cent) Out ofapproximately2,300 healthfacilities,morethan1,300arenon-functional (57per to healthforFY2019/20(Section 3.5.3),reflectingtheextremelylowinvestment infacilities. per centprovidedbytheGovernment NGOs arenowresponsibleforalmost80percentof health servicedelivery lack accessto healthassistance leads tosevereshortages of staff by Governmentoftenhavenopower, andstaffdonotreceiveadequateortimelypay, which NGOs, vs.theonesprovidedbyGovernmentisoften drasticallydifferent.Facilitiesrun measures putpressureonanalreadyweakhealthcaresystem healthcare workers.IncidentsofinsecuritycombinedwithCOVID-19relatedcontainment inadequate healthcareprovidermotivation/effort,andsignificantshortagesofqualified Severe underfundingandrecurringconflicthaveledtoagapinhealthcareinfrastructure, Capacity for service provision completeness was81percentandtimelinessstoodat69healthfacilitylevel In December2020,IntegratedDiseaseSurveillanceandResponse(IDSR)reporting data of only74percentcompletenessand41timelinessinrelationtoimmunization resulting fromtheconflict.Forinstance,betweenJanuaryandJuly2018therewasarate teams. The countryhasapartiallyfunctioningHMISbecauseofthevariedchallenges levels. Communityhealthcareisbasedatvillagelevelandmannedbycommunity South Sudan’s healthcaresystemincludescommunity, primary, secondaryandtertiary 2019) & N)Strategy2018–2022;theGaviHealthSystemsStrengthening(HSS-2)grant(2017– Reproductive, Maternal,Newborn,Childand Adolescent HealthandNutrition(RMNCAH Immunization (EPI)andVaccine PreventableDiseaseReview(October2017);Integrated National HealthSectorStrategicPlan(2017–2021);theExpandedProgrammeon Health interventionsareguidedbytheNationalPolicy(2016–2026);draft others 638 645 Government FocusGroupDiscussion,December2020 sick arenotbeinghelped. medical treatment.Thesystemisunfairandthe moment peopleinSouthSudanneeddollarsfor Universal healthcareisimportant.Atthe 636 637 . . Only 22 per cent of health facilities are fully functional and nearly3.6millionpeople and . Only22percentofhealth facilitiesarefullyfunctional and South Sudan National Strategic Plan on HIV and andSouthSudanNationalStrategicPlanonHIV AIDS (2018–2022)among . 641 . 646 644 . globalstandards (TableAll keyindicators arebelow 8). . Only1percentofthe Governmentbudgetisallocated 643 . The qualityoftheservicesprovidedbydonorsvia 640 . , withonly20 642 . 639 .

111 THE SITUATION OF CHILDREN AND WOMEN IN SOUTH SUDAN 2018–2020 112 THE SITUATION OF CHILDREN AND WOMEN IN SOUTH SUDAN 2018–2020 Nations Socio-EconomicResponsePlantoCOVID-19–SouthSudan2020,Juba(SouthSudan). Source: Indicator Core healthworkforcedensity Health facilitydensity department consultations) Service utilization(out-patient Inpatient beds Maternity beds Hospital discharges(inpatients) World HealthOrganization(WHO)Service Availability andReadiness Assessment (2019)fromUnitedNations(2020), Table 8.Selectedhealthsystemcapacityandperformanceindicators affects thequalityofcare support isrelativelymoreaccessibleandconsistent,ongoinginsecuritystrongly study foundthateveninoperationalhealthcarefacilitiesforIDPswhereinternational (i.e., sexualintercoursewithanon-regularpartner)during thepastyear per centofmenand11.2 percent ofwomenreportedhavingengagedinhigh-risksex Men aremorelikelytoreportengaginginhigh-risksex thanwomen;nationally20.5 of interventions,andtodevelopsystemsgaugemeasurequality years havefocusedonimprovingcoverage. There isaneedtostrengthenthequality Because ofurgenthumanitarianneeds,healthinterventionsinSouthSudanrecent for militarypurposes,themajoritybyGovernmentSecurityForces destruction andlootingofmedicalfacilities.Inaddition,sevenhospitalswereused In 2018,therewere12verifiedattacksonhospitalspredominantlyinvolvingthe in someareas. population movementsandthereisariskthatthisnegativelyeffectsconflictdynamics per centin2020 using) amoderncontraceptivehassteadilydeclined, from6.5percentin2011 to4.3 The numberofwomen15-49yearswhoarecurrently using(orwhosepartneris Contraceptive use as educationandhealthfacilities strained asIDPsandmigrantsmovetomajortownsaccessbasicservicessuch preventing treatmentofothercurablediseases.Inaddition,healthservicesmaybe The impactofCOVID-19risksunderminingthealreadyfragilehealthsystemand whether therearecomplications arisingfromthedelivery, aswellprovidingthe after delivery. Postnatalcareisimportantfor themotherandneonateinchecking A largeproportionofmaternalandneonataldeaths occur duringthefirst24hours Postnatal Care temporary strikeoverthereductionintheirincentives many as75healthfacilitiesweretemporarilyclosedworkerswentona adoption ofanewharmonizedincentivescaleforhealthworkersinMay2019,as South Sudan 6.3 per10,000population 1.4 per10,000population 0.5 visitsperpersonyear 6.5/10,000 population 3.2/1,000 pregnantwomen 1.92/100 people/peryear 652 . 651 . 647 . The patternofhealthcareavailabilityisshaping WHO Minimum 44.5 per10,000population 2 per10,000population 5 visitsperpersonyear 25/10,000 population 10/1,000 pregnantwomen 10/per 100people/peryear 649 . 648 . Followingthe 650 653 . A 2017 . Source: WorldHealthOrganization.(2019).Trends inmaternalmortality2000to2017 to havebeenmadeinrecentyears check-up byskilledhealthpersonnelwithintwodaysofdelivery(2020) per centofmothersinfantsreportthattheyandtheirinfantreceivedapost-natal mother withinformationonhowtocareforherselfandherchild.However, only8.1 Africa, 2000-2017 Figure 18:MaternalmortalityestimatesforSouthSudanandsub-Saharan security andfundingconstraints An ExtendedMaternalMortalitySurveyplannedfor2016wasnotpossibledueto Maternal mortality andmorbidity for a15-year-oldgirlin2017is118–againthehighestfigureglobally figure intheworld mortality to1,150maternaldeathsper100,000livebirths(Figure18),thehighest the conflict This reflectsalikelihoodthatnationallythefigures have worsenedasaresultof of atleastfour ANC visits,from20percentin2011 to28.8percentin2020 The 2020SouthSudanHouseholdSurveyindicates a steadyriseinattendance unaided attended tobyothercategoriesofstaffinhealthcare facilities,ordeliverathome challenges inutilizationof services ANC schedule. The dropoutratein2017was28percentwhich pointstocontinued maternal deathsinhealthfacilitiessurveyed assessment indicatedthatpostpartumhaemorrhagewastheleadingcauseof Sudan. However, the2013EmergencyObstetricandNeonatalCare(EmONC) There islimitedunderstandingofthemaincausesmaternalmortalityinSouth a healthfacilityinareasnearJuba(2019) and alowperceivedriskof pregnancy-relatedcomplications payment forhealthcareat somefacilities,misperceptionsaboutthebenefitsof long distanceandlackofmeans oftransportationtohealthfacilities,demandfor per centin2011 to39.7percentin2020 these figuresremainlowdespitealmostdoublingin the past10years,from22.1 Maternal mortalitywouldbereducedbyhigherskilledbirthattendance.However, 1000 1200 1400 1600 1800 2000 200 400 600 800 0 662 1730 . 664 2000 . completethefourth There isanotablegapinretainingwomen to 878 656 . gainsthatareestimated This wouldbeareversalofthemodest 1480 2005 754 South Sudan 655 . However, estimatesshowanincreaseinmaternal 657 665 . riskofmaternalmortality The estimatedlifetime . Practical challenges to . Practicalchallenges ANC utilizationinclude 660 1100 661 . Onlyaquarterofwomengavebirthat 2010 Sub-Saharan Africa . womenareeither All otherpregnant 659 635 . 1110 2015 666 566 . 654 658 1150 . . 2017 663 542 . ANC,

113 THE SITUATION OF CHILDREN AND WOMEN IN SOUTH SUDAN 2018–2020 114 THE SITUATION OF CHILDREN AND WOMEN IN SOUTH SUDAN 2018–2020

© UNICEF/2020/Ryeng birth weight anaemia inthemotherandinfectionofplacenta,bothwhichcontributetolow Malaria isparticularlyinsidiousinpregnantwomen.Itcancausemalaria-related children undertheageoffiveyears. the thresholdofcasesrecordedbetween2013to2017.Mostthesewere July 2019,WHOreportedthatmalariatrendsinatleast19countieshaveexceeded for 75percentofallchilddeathsinthecountry Preventable diseasessuchasdiarrhoea,malariaandpneumoniaarestillresponsible rates intheworld. care betweencommunityandhealthfacilitiesacrossthelifecycle understand andimprovecare,especiallyforsmallsicknewborns,toconnect special needsofnewbornscomparedtoolderchildren.Furtherresearchisneeded managers inemergencysettingstendtobemoregeneralistandnotawareofthe and suppliesareoftenlackingduetoemergencyconditions,thatprogramme Studies inSouthSudanandSomaliahaveindicatedthatnewborn-specificmedicines children dyingbeforetheirfifthbirthday five childdeathsper1,000livebirthsbetween2017and2018translatesto1in10 However, theunder-fivemortalityrateinSouthSudanincreasedfrom96to99under live birthsin1990to402018). mortality rate(first28daysoflife)fellbyalmost40percent(from65deaths1,000 cent (from150deathsper1,000livebirthsin1990to642018);andtheneonatal in 2018);infantmortality(betweenbirthandexactly1yearofage)fellbyover50per mortality fellbyover60percent(from254deaths1,000livebirthsin1990to99 accounting for57.9percentofallmorbiditiesand2.8mortalities As of6December2020,MalariawastheleadingcausemorbidityinSouthSudan, Malaria shows steadydeclinesinchildmortalityfiguresbetween1990and2018 Data fromtheUnitedNationsInter-agencyGroupforChildMortalityEstimation Infant andchildmortality andmorbidity diarrhoea inchildren0-59monthswasreportedat30.4percent 673 . 668 . Itisoneofthehighest under-fivemortality 669 . In2020,thenationalprevalenceof 670 . 671 667 . . Under-five 672 . In Source: WHO,UnitedNationsOfficefortheCoordinationofHumanitarian Affairs(OCHA) Figure 19:Countiesmostaffectedbymalariain2019 antimalarial drugsinhealthfacilitiesacrossthecountry response efforts. Thisincludesthedistributionofmosquitonetsandreplenishing increased malariacases,humanitarianorganizationshavescaleduppreventionand campaigns duetoqualityconcernsabouttheLLINsprocured.Inresponse 2019 andthesuspensionofmasslong-lastinginsecticidalnets(LLIN)distribution This datahasbeenofconcerngiventheheavyfloodingsincelastquarter and 54.2per centin2015 In 2020, one LLIN,comparedto LEGEND in 2019. REPUBLIC CENTRAL AFRICAN 57.8 percent W elG est N or ern B el G hazal thern B hazal ahr ahr DEMOCRARIC REPUBLIC DEMOCRARIC OF THE CONGO OF THE W 40.7 A est b y W ern E SUDAN ei arr ofhouseholdshadatleast ap qua

t per centin2011 oria L Unit ak es y 674 . 675 . E C qua en tr t al oria Jonglei Upp UGANDA er N ile E East qua t ern oria ETHOPIA KENYA

115 THE SITUATION OF CHILDREN AND WOMEN IN SOUTH SUDAN 2018–2020 116 THE SITUATION OF CHILDREN AND WOMEN IN SOUTH SUDAN 2018–2020 response. huge problemintheHIV DRC. Datagapsarea Uganda, Kenyaand borders, especiallyinto internally andacross who hadbeendisplaced, with HIVontreatment number ofpersonsliving track ofasignificant MoH andpartnerslost During theconflict, AIDS-related orphansaged 0–17years 15), andtherewereanestimated 9,100 AIDS-related illnessdeaths, and120,000 2019 around19,000peoplewerenewlyinfectedwith HIV(2,700ofthemagedbelow estimated tobe2.52percent (Figure20). cent ofroutineimmunizationservices for partnerorganizations.Inthiscontext,organizationsdeliveralmost80per three- tofour-monthdelaysgettingpaid,andarepaidmuchlessthanthoseworking opportunities becomeavailable.Eventhefewthatreceivesalariesgenerallyface with lessmotivationforwork.Moreover, thereisahighturnoverofstaffas other progress towardsfullimmunization.GovernmentEPIworkersareusuallyvolunteers leadership, guidanceandownershipatnationallevelmakesitverydifficulttomake Routine immunizationisgenerallytheresponsibilityofGovernment.However Immunization andvaccine-preventablediseases Uganda, KenyaandDRC.Datagapsareahugeproblem intheHIVresponse on treatmentwhohadbeendisplaced,internallyand across borders,especiallyinto the MoHandpartnerslosttrackofasignificantnumber ofpersonslivingwithHIV food insecurityandhealthcarechallengesamongmany others.Duringtheconflict, with multiplelevelsofvulnerabilityandrisk–GBV, displacementanddestitution, The humanitariancontextinSouthSudanisafertile ground fortheHIVepidemic, HIV and AIDS to lessthan1kminWestern Equatoria (20 percent).Onaveragepeopletravelled8kmforvaccinationinJonglei,compared obstacles inthehealthcaresystem(27percent)andcommunityorfamilyreasons were notvaccinatedcitedtheirmainreasonsaslackofinformation(42percent), level, fromnovaccinationcoverageto45percentnotvaccinatedinJuba. Those who The 2017EPICoverageSurveyrevealedawiderangeofcoverageratesatcounty difficult toascertain,givenhighpopulationmovementswithinandoutofthecountry In acontextsuchasSouthSudan,thecoverageofimmunizationservicesisvery An estimated190,000peoplearelivingwithHIV(16,000 ofthemagedbelow15) complicated bylootingofcoldchainequipmentanddisplacementhealthworkers Routine EPIcoverageisgenerallypoorinconflict-affectedlocationsandfurther COVID-19 is largegivenlowimmunizationrates(exacerbatedby The potentialforspreadofvaccine-preventablediseases Deployment andVaccination Plan population, asoutlinedinthecountry’s COVID-19National 2022, SouthSudanisplanningtovaccinate40percentofits due toapotentialCOVID-19infection. Through totheendof older, giventheirincreasedriskofseverediseaseanddeath health careworkersaswellpersonsaged65yearsand vaccine arrivedthroughtheCOVAX Facilitywhich willtarget In March2021,132,000dosesofthe Astra ZenecaCOVID-19 4.4.4). derived polioviruses(cVDPV)hasbeendetected(Section 30 deathsreported 4,325 suspectedmeaslescases,215confirmedcasesand vaccine preventabledisease in 2020(to6December),measlesremainsthemostfrequent movements ofthepopulation.Witheightoutbreaksconfirmed 679 ), the breakdown in health infrastructure and mass ), thebreakdowninhealthinfrastructureandmass 676 678 685 . . 681 . HIVprevalenceis The averageadult . A newoutbreakofcirculatingvaccine- 680 . In2019,therewereatotalof 682 . , weak 683 . 684 . In . 677 . young men young men:1.3percentforwomen,comparedto0.7 prevalence amongyoungwomen,aged15–24,isalmostdoublethatof higher prevalenceratethanmen(3percentversus2.1cent).HIV Women aredisproportionallyaffectedbyHIVinSouthSudanwitha HIV beforeeightweeksof age –is12percent newborns. Earlyinfantdiagnosis–thepercentageof HIV-exposed infantstestedfor transmission ofthevirustotheirbaby, preventing 1,100 newHIVinfectionsamong cent ofpregnantwomenlivingwithHIVaccessedantiretroviral medicinetoprevent ANC duringtheirlastpregnancy 34.8 percentofmothersinfants0-11 monthswereofferedanHIVtestaspartof adult men adult womenlivingwithHIVontreatment,comparedto16percentof HIV treatmentwashigheramongwomenthanmen,with20percentof cent werereceiving ART In 2019only27percentofpeoplelivingwithHIVknewtheirstatus,while18 South Sudan2010-2020 Spectrum estimatesofHIVPrevalenceamongadults15-49 Years in Figure 20:HIVPrevalence2010-2020 dropped from56percentin2019to442020 However, preventionofmothertochildtransmissionHIV(PMTCT)coverage transmission ofHIVroseto29.2percentin2020from27.52019. Prevalence amongyoungpersons15-24yearsis1percent.Mothertochild means ofpreventingsexualtransmissionHIV and 35.9percentofmen15-49yearswereabletocorrectlyidentifyatleasttwo In 2020,only27.7percentofmothersinfants,24.8women15-49years, correctly identifiedwaysofpreventingthesexualtransmissionHIV per centavoidhealthcarebecauseofstigmaanddiscrimination 8,400 sex workers in Yambio andWau, HIV prevalence is 11.4, and 12.1 significantly inrecentyears,from752013/2014to 165in2017 ANC clinics.However, thenumberofsiteswithPMTCT interventions hasrisen blood testingkits,leadingtomissedopportunitiestest thefewwomenwhoattend leading topoordemandforPMTCT services,andfrequentstockoutsofhaematocrit Knowledge ofmothertochildtransmissionHIVamong womenandmenislow as impedingwomen’s uptakeofHIVtesting,care,andtreatment Source: UNAIDS 2.55% 2.30% 2.35% 2.40% 2.45% 2.50% 2.40% 2010 692 689 . Only 9.8 per cent of young women aged 15–24 years old yearsold . Only9.8percentofyoungwomenaged15–24 . GBVincreaseswomen’s riskofHIVacquisition,aswell 2.40% 2011 688 2.40% 2012 . 687 2.40% . 2013 % amongAllAdults(15-49years)% 2.40% 2014 696 694 . . 2.40% 2015 686 . In2020,approximately 2.40% 2016 691 690 695 . . Of . In2018,56per 693 . 2.50% 2017 2.50% , and treatment. HIV testing,care, women’s uptakeof well asimpeding HIV acquisition,as women’s riskof GBV increases 2018 2.50% 2019 2.52% 2020

117 THE SITUATION OF CHILDREN AND WOMEN IN SOUTH SUDAN 2018–2020 118 THE SITUATION OF CHILDREN AND WOMEN IN SOUTH SUDAN 2018–2020 Source: FoodSecurityand NutritionMonitoringSystem(FSNMS) round24,June/July2019 Figure 22:PrevalenceofStuntinginChildren0-59 months2019 significance asperthenewWHOclassificationforstunting to thesameperiodin2018.However, 15.6percentisstillamediumpublic health was a2.4percentreductionintheprevalenceofstunting August 2019compared stunted, and3.9(2.2-4.6)percentofchildrenareseverelystunted(Figure22). There in SouthSudan.Nationally, 15.6(13.2–18.0)percentofchildrenunderagefiveare and lackoftimeforcaringpractices,allcontributetopoormaternalchildnutrition health-seeking behaviour, inadequatehealthservices,andwomen’s heavyworkload Poor maternalnutrition,childhoodinfections,inappropriateIYCFpractices,poor Source: FSNMSJuly2019 months in2018and2019bycounty Figure 21:Prevalenceofglobalacutemalnutritionamongchildrenaged6-59 compared to2018(Figure21). The prevalenceofSAMwas3.3percentin2019 The prevalenceofglobalacutemalnutrition(GAM)increasedinmoststates2019 5 whowillneedcareforacutemalnutritionin2021,313,000willsufferfromSAM. the highestnumbersince2013 An estimated1.4millionchildrenareexpectedtosufferfromacutemalnutritionin2021, Children andmalnutrition 4.2.4 Nutrition (Sections 3.10.2and4.2.2). Unmet MHMandsanitaryneedsareabarriertotherealizationofgirls’ rights Menstrual healthandhygiene 10 15 20 25 30 10 15 20 25 30 35 40 0 5 0 5

Equatoria Equatoria 2018 8.2 Central Central 22.7 14.8 7.9

9.6 2019 Equatoria

11.8 Equatoria Estern Eastern 2018 18.5 14.2 4.3

13.6 2019

Jonglei 19.4 13.5 2018 10.1 3.4 Jonglei Severe Stunting

24.2 2019 Lakes

10.1

12.2 8.9 1.2 2018 697 Lakes

. Of the total estimate of 1.4 million children under . Ofthetotalestimateof1.4millionchildrenunder

SAM 11.2 2019 Northern Bahr El Ghazel 17.1 14.3

2.8

11.7 Northern 2018 Ghazel Bahr el

14.8 2019 Moderate Stunting Unity 9.5 7.9 1.6

16.6 MAM 2018 Unity

19.6 Upper 2019 Nile 14.7 11.2 3.5

Upper Nile 16.3 2018

Warrap

22.6 0.6 8.3 2019 8.9 699

15.3 Warrap 2018 Western

Bahr El Ghazel

19.8 5.4 14.4 15.1 2019

10.4 Western 2018 Ghazel Bahr el Equatoria Western

25.6 15.9

9.7 15.5 2019

Equatoria 4.2 Western 2018 698 National 15.6 11.7 . 3.9

8.1 2019

months 2018–2019 Figure 24:SouthSudancomplementaryfeedingindicatorschildrenaged6–23 2020 as aminimumacceptabledietdecreasedfrom7percentin2019to4 acceptable diet(Figure24). The percentage ofchildrenreceivingfoodwhichqualifies 6–23 monthsreceivedminimumdietarydiversity, and7percentreceivetheminimum complementary foodswasobserved.However, only13percentofchildrenaged During thefirstsixmonthsofage,introductionplainwater Dietary diversityandminimumacceptablediet cent at0–1monthsto64.9per4–5 of exclusivebreastfeedinggraduallydecreasesasthechildgrowsolder, from84.6per Source: FSNMSround24,June/July 2019 Source: FSNMSround24,June/July2019 Figure 23:Infantandyoungchildfeedingpractices2018–2019 from 21.1percentin2006and452010 The exclusivebreastfeedingrateforchildrenagedlessthansixmonthsimproved Exclusive Breastfeeding first yearoflifewasuniversallypracticed(Figure23). 10.0% 15.0% 20.0% 25.0% 30.0%

0.0% 5.0% Percentage 100 120 20 40 60 80 702 0 . withinfirsthour breastfeeding (0-23 months) Initiation of 75.9 Minimum Meal 24.4% Frequency 74.3 23.0% (0-5 breastfeeding Exclusive 74.1 months) 69.4 2018 of solidandsemi Dietary Diversity (6-8 months) Introduction solid foods 2018 15.0% Minimum 47.9 2019 76.4 2019 12.8% 701 700 . Breastfeedingthroughoutthe breastfeeding to to69percentin2019. The rate (12-15 months) Continued 92.5 one year 96.1 , animalmilkand Acceptable Diet 5.0% breastfeeding to Minimum (20-23 months) Continued two years 57.1 6.9% 78.8

119 THE SITUATION OF CHILDREN AND WOMEN IN SOUTH SUDAN 2018–2020 120 THE SITUATION OF CHILDREN AND WOMEN IN SOUTH SUDAN 2018–2020 facilities. to sanitation have noaccess the population Two thirdsof 4.2.5 Water, sanitation and hygiene educationalprogramme mother’s meals quicklyenoughastheirchildages.Mealfrequencyshouldbeemphasizedina respectively. These resultssuggestthatmothersdonotincreasethenumberof receive thecorrectmealfrequencyfortheirageis66.1percentand36.9 The nationalpercentagesofinfants6–11 monthsandchildren12–23who Feeding Frequency displaced persons(IDP)sites andothercrowdedsettlements with disabilitiesathigherriskofviolenceanddiscrimination, particularlyininternally open defecationrates(seebelow)alsoexposewomen, childrenandpeopleliving In 2020,16percentofpeopleusingwaterfacilitiesreported safetyconcerns.High displacements ofthepopulationthroughsubnationalviolence,especiallyinJonglei are creatinganincreaseddemandforWASH services. This isaggravatedby The impactofseriousdroughtsandfloods,linkedtotheeffectsclimatechange, cohesion management toensureaconflict-sensitiveapproachthatstrengthenssocial movement andconflictoverlandpropertyinsomeareas,requirescareful The absence,presenceorplacementofWASH facilitiesisadriverofpopulation impacts allpopulationgroups is predominatelycommunalinSouthSudan,thelimited accesstoWASH services access tomenstrualhygieneproductsanddignified washing locationsareneeded face increasedriskofGBVwhencollectingwaterand usingcommunallatrines;and Women and girlshavespecific WASH risksandneeds,forexample,womengirls Water supplyandsanitationareseverelyconstrained,especiallyforPWD Overview with 74percentofhouseholds reportingmembersaffectedbyawaterorvector- insecurity leadstothehigh prevalenceofmalnutritionandwater-bornediseases, Poor accesstoWASH services andgoodscombinedwithhighlevelsoffood Government FocusGroupDiscussion, including inschools. fresh water. ThereneedstobeinclusivityinWASH Persons withdisabilitiesfinditverydifficulttoaccess State andRumbek services in2021 pandemic while alsogoingtothebathroominunsafeconditionspriorCOVID-19 sanitation facilities.Overhalfofthechildpopulationwasdrinkingdirtywater water isvirtuallynon-existent. Two thirdsofthepopulationhaveno accessto About atenthofthepopulationreliesonsurfacewater. Access to piped access tosufficientandquality WASHservices. Asaccesstowatersources WASH partnerswhenimplementingactivities existing WASH infrastructureindisplacementsitesandcreatesbarriersfor 705 . 708 , and an estimated 5.6 million people are in need ofWASH, andanestimated5.6millionpeopleareinneed 709 . In addition, 310,000 refugees and asylum seekerslack . Inaddition,310,000refugeesandasylum 706 . Increased displacement places an extra burdenon . Increaseddisplacementplacesanextra 710 . 703 . December 2020 707 . 712 . 704 . 711 . an enablingenvironmentforkeyhealth,nutritionandeducationpracticestobepossible. There isaneedforstrengthenedcollaborationofWASH withothersectorstocreate these areoftendelayed the nationalbudgetgoingtoMoWRIisnowjustsufficientcoversalaries,andeven Financial difficultieshavehadamajorimpactontheentire WASHsector. Theshareof supplies. long term.Lackoffuelforconstructionworkisalsoabottlenecktoextendingwater trucking incampswhichhavelessimpactforimprovingthesituationcountry to emergencyresponsewhichincludedconstructionoflatrinesandwater the focusofinternationalpartnersonemergencysupport.Muchthisfundingdiverted due toexpansionoftheconflictlocationsthathadpreviouslynotbeenaffected,and Since July2016,mostWASH developmentworkinSouthSudanhasbeensuspended that isrequiredinlocationssuchasthePoCsiteJuba such asinJuba,Wau andBentiu,increasedthecostofwatertrucking,aservice Shortage offuelhasaffectedthefunctioningwatertreatmentsystemsinurbanareas sustain theminimalcapacitythathadbeendevelopedbylargerstatesbeforethen data collection,hasnowdisintegrated. The newstatescreatedsince2015struggledto for operationandmaintenanceofWASH infrastructure,strategicdevelopmentand 2019 watery diarrhoeacaseswerereported,a60percentincreasecomparedtothewholeof bloody diarrhoeaspikeddramaticallyin2020.BytheendofOctober facilities, fragmentedandweakGovernmentinstitutions,alackoffunding The challengesinthewatersectorarecompoundedbypoormaintenanceoflimited Lack of fundingandGovernment capacity non-camp settingsandalready-stretchedhostcommunities WASH needsarehighatPoCsites,givencongestedconditions,aswellforIDPsin WASH needsat PoCs andfor internally displaced persons borne disease contaminated watersources water andsoap. As such,manycommunitiesareforcedtorevert tousingunsafeand rural areasarenotabletoreceiveWASH suppliesservicessuchas buying treated water sourcewithin30minutesroundtripcollectiontime (Figure25).Bothurbanand form ofhumanitarianassistance.Only41percent the populationhasanimproved The needsintheWASH sectoraremassive,withmanyhouseholdsnotreceivingany Access to water water sourceswithanimals reduced accesstosafewater forthepopulation,whoaresometimesforcedtoshare Ghazal reportedthatitlackedcapacitytooperateand repairboreholesinthestate For example,thethen Aweil stateMinistryofPhysical InfrastructureinNorthernBahrel (although thecountryhassincerevertedtotenstatesandthreeadministrativeareas). and accesstosafewater, jeopardizingthebenefitsgainedinnutritionprogrammes breakdowns is makingitexpensivetooperateandmaintainWASH systemsbecauseoffrequent such asUNHouseJuba,Bentiu,Wau andMalakal,aswellMingkamanIDP camp, on theexistingWASH facilities.Inparticular, theregularinfluxofIDPsintoPoCsites also ledtonewinflowsofIDPsintoPoCsitesandhostcommunities,exertingpressure 714 . Mothers andcaretakers children lackbasichygieneknowledge of malnourished 717 713 . . and acute diarrhoea The numberofreportedcasesacutewatery 720 . thathadbeendeveloped The minimalGovernmentcapacity 724 723 . . Equatoria)hasfurther The droughtinKapoeta(Eastern 718 . 716 . Continuedinsecurityhas , 593,000acute 719 . 722 715 . . 721

121 THE SITUATION OF CHILDREN AND WOMEN IN SOUTH SUDAN 2018–2020 122 THE SITUATION OF CHILDREN AND WOMEN IN SOUTH SUDAN 2018–2020 as constructionoflatrinesisnotconsideredapriorityinthese circumstances is havinganegativeimpactoncommunityparticipation– andthusCLTS implementation– programmes havebeenaffectedbytheconflictandthus displacedfromtheirvillages. This A significantnumberof communities whichweretargetedfororhadadoptedCLTS household memberspracticeopendefecation figure; nationally, threequarters(74.7%)ofhouseholdheadsreportedthattheir However, resultsofthe2020NationalHouseholdHealthSurveyindicateahigher population (75percentinruralareasand12 inurbanareas)(Figure26). by region,from45percent inGreaterEquatoriato10percent In December2018,ahousehold surveyfoundthataccesstoanduseoflatrines varied hand-washing withwaterandsoapavailable reports thatnationally, only5.6percentofhouseholdshaveadesignatedplacefor jerry cans,soap,andmosquitonets 13 percentofhouseholdsreportedownershipthreekeyWASH items:buckets/ (basic service)(Figure26).Inadditiontotheneedforphysicalinfrastructure,only Just 11 percentofthepopulationhasaccesstoaprivateimprovedsanitationfacility Access to sanitation a keyfactorinlimitingthemfromaccessingwatertimelyandsafemanner (i.e., feelingunsafewhileaccessingtheirprimarysourceofdrinkingwater)thatplayed preferred sourcein30minutesorless,some15percentreportedprotectionconcerns more thanhalf(56percent)ofthehouseholdsreportedbeingabletoaccesstheir having safeandimprovedaccesstowaterduringboththewetdryseasons.While In December2018,approximately34percentofhouseholdssurveyedreported Drinking water in SouthSudan2019 Figure 25:Accesstodrinkingwater per centin2019 At national-level,accesstolatrinesincreasedfrom16-18 percentin2018to23-24 Population (%) Drinking water 100 20 40 60 80 0 *No safety managed estimateavailable *No safetymanaged Source: JMP 2019 Safely managed Limited service Basic service National* 41 34 17 9 728 . Open defecation is practiced by 63 per centofSouthSudan’s. Opendefecationispracticedby63per Rural* 35 37 18 10 Surface water Unimproved Urban* 65 20 12 3 726 . Household HealthSurvey The 2020National 727 729 .

. Population (%) 100 Sanitation 20 40 60 80 Sanitation in SouthSudan2019 Figure 26:Accesstosanitation 0 *No safetymanagedestimateavailable Source: JMP 2019 National* Limited service Basic service Safely managed 63 11 18 8 Rural* 14 75 6 730 Open defection Unimproved

. Urban* 725 12 37 17 33 . The specificpolicyobjectivesoftheNSPPFare: prevention activitiescontinuetomitigatetheriskofcholeraoutbreaksinhotspots cases hascontinuedtofallsignificantlyfourin2019 (copepods) thatcarryGuineawormlarvae. The numberofreportedGuineaworm usually contractedwhenpeopleconsumewatercontaminatedwithtinycrustaceans Considered aneglectedtropicaldisease,Guineawormdisease(dracunculiasis)is vulnerable. with strongcoordinationandarangeofsocialprotectionprogrammesforthemost social exclusion,andtheNSPPF, whichenvisagesanationalsocialprotectionsystem the NDSwhichidentifiessocialprotectionasanationalprioritytocombatpovertyand The Governmenthastakenstepstostrengthenitssocialprotectionpoliciesthrough 4.2.6 SocialProtection (Sections 3.10.2and4.2.2). Unmet MHMandsanitaryneedsareabarriertotherealizationofgirls’ rights Menstrual healthandhygiene prevention response waslaunchedandinthefollowingrainyseason,focusshiftedto 2018, andwasthelargestoutbreakofcholeraincountry’s history. A massive outbreaks. The lastreportedoutbreakoccurredbetweenJune2016andFebruary drivers forcholera.CholeraisendemicinSouthSudanwithfrequentseasonal Poor accesstocleandrinkingwater, sanitationandhygienepracticesarethemain Cholera andGuinea worm compounded byculturalnormsaroundimprovedsanitationpractices and usestemsfrominsufficientdamagedinfrastructure,insomeregions,itis reported accesstolatrines(private,shared,orcommunal/institutional).Low Bahr elGhazal.Overall,some21percentofhouseholdsacrossSouthSudan 1 inclusive manner social servicesinan coverage ofessential increasing thereachand development through promote human To safeguardand 732 . Cholera in2019. There werenosuspectedcasesofcholerareported 2 and vulnerable including thepoor returns forall, improve employment opportunities and expand livelihood To equitably 3 targeting identification and beneficiary social protection To improve 734 4 . protection system the nationalsocial synergies across strengthen systemic To establishand 731 . 733

. 5 services rehabilitation of physical the coverage To expand

123 THE SITUATION OF CHILDREN AND WOMEN IN SOUTH SUDAN 2018–2020 124 THE SITUATION OF CHILDREN AND WOMEN IN SOUTH SUDAN 2018–2020 Priority response: resilience toshocks system social protection establishing a programmes, and of cashtransfer Support massscaling The caseforanationalchildgrantprogrammeinSouthSudan forlong-term national funding (Table 9) annual expenditureonsocialprotectionactivitiesinSouthSudanprovidedbydonor This representsatinyproportionoftheneededfunding,with99.7percentcurrent $ 376,000in2018,representing0.06percentoftheFY2018/19nationalbudget. annual budgettofinancetheNSPPFthroughMGCSW; allocatingapproximatelyUS US $117.6 million. The Governmenthascommittedtoallocating1percentofits The annualexpenditureonsocialprotectionactivitiesinSouthSudanisapproximately including apensionforcivilservantsandcommunity-basedinsurance. The NSPPFforeseestheintroductionofcontributoryschemesoverlongerterm, girls); subsidies(agriculturalinputs);andconditionalcashtransfers(publicworks). ex-combatants); in-kindbenefits(schoolfeeding);feewaivers(scholarshipsfor social protectionsystemwithunconditionalcashtransfers(children,elderly, PWD, The NSPPFisprimarilyfocusedonnon-contributorysocialprotection.Itoutlinesa unemployed, smallholderfarmers,unskilledyouthandcivilservants. groups accordingtotheirlabourmarketstatus,includinglow-skilledworkers,the location (e.g.,ruralorurban). The NSPPFalsoenvisagessocialprotectionforcertain distinction regardingthedegreeofpoverty(e.g.,extremepoverty)norgeographic and vulnerablepeoplearealsospecificallyidentifiedasatargetgroup;thereisno elderly) andothercategoriessuchasPWD,ex-combatants,girlswomen.Poor groups. These includevariousstagesofthelifecycle(children,youth,activeage, The NSPPFexplicitlyidentifiesaneedtofocusonnumberofdifferentpopulation

fastest least andrecoveredthe systems sufferedthe strong socialprotection crisis, countrieswith During the2008financial 735.

decline inpoverty GDP wouldleadto at acostofjust1% middle-income countries provided tochildrenin Universal ChildBenefits ODI/UNICEF (2020)*, According toastudyby options. child benefits:policyissuesand *ODI/UNICEF (2020)Universal 20% Source: MGCSW, NationalSocialProtectionPolicyFramework, Annual Report 2020,July2021 Table 9:OverviewofsocialprotectionfinancinginSouthSudan recommendations, recognizingthechallengingcontext (Box5). environment forSouthSudan’s socialprotection systemandmakeseightpragmatic based ontheCoreDiagnostic Tool (CODI). The CODIreportexaminestheenabling In early2019,MGCSWcommissionedamappingof the socialprotectionsystem, Social Protection mappinganalysis Total Agency (funder) World Bank (GAC) Affairs Canada (FCDO) &Global Development Office Commonwealth & Foreign, FCDO (funder) WFP (implementer) WFP (implementer) WFP (implementer) South Sudan Government of Name ofprogramme (SNSDP) Development Project Safety NetandSkills (SSSNP); andthe Safety NetProject South Sudan Sudan (GESS)2 Girls' EducationSouth (BRACE) II and Enhancement Creation through Asset Building Resilience BRACE II) Assets (FFA) (excl for Food Assistance (USN) Urban SafetyNets Programme (SFP) School Feeding MGCSW Budget allocationto US$ Total expenditure SSSNP (active) and 40millionfor SNSDP (closed) 21 millionfor 112.2 million 40.75 million 35.6 million 22 million 40 million 376,580 expenditure Duration ofthis 2022 2014-2019; 2020- (5 years) 2019-2024 as of2021 extended ongoing 2016-2020 ongoing asof2021 2018 extended ongoing asof2021 3 yearsextended ongoing asof2021 2018; extended 2018-19 (1year)

million US $125,377 expenditure US$ Average yearly 13.3 million 22.4 million 6.4 million 35.6 million 7.3 million 40 million 376,580

125 THE SITUATION OF CHILDREN AND WOMEN IN SOUTH SUDAN 2018–2020 126 THE SITUATION OF CHILDREN AND WOMEN IN SOUTH SUDAN 2018–2020

© UNICEF/2020/Ryeng Box-5 Systems (MISs) Systems (MISs) and evaluation and evaluation Public works Coordination Management Management South SudanSocialProtectionRecommendations Information Information Monitoring Monitoring (M&E) 4 2 1 3

South SudanSocialProtection Mapping Recommendations harmonize them. be preferableandfeasibleto circumstances, for similarworkin by atleast10–15percent Transfer levelscurrentlyvary development. management andsystems implementation, programme information-sharing, policy coordination ofstakeholders, social protectionplatformfor (NSPWG) becomesarespected Social ProtectionWorking Group ensure therevitalizedNational Ongoing effortsarerequiredto to schoolattendance. Feeding Programmeinrelation Sudan (GESS)andtheSchool across Girls'EducationSouth programmes, andpotentially WFP andWorld Bankfunded includes linkagesbetween formalized andexpanded. different programmesshouldbe the compatibilityofMISsusedby Ongoing discussionsregarding and otherstakeholders. structured formatwithMGCSW a regularbasistobesharedin data currentlybeingcollectedon system, beneficial additiontothe framework wouldbea An overarchingM&E allowingthewealthof anditwould This and grievance and grievance Differentiation mechanisms governance Complaints Complaints Evidence 6 8 5 Local 7

before thereisproliferation. involved insocialprotection, streamline locallevelcommittees considered toharmonizeand Opportunities shouldbe successful. be encouragedandscaledupif lifecycle andabilities of benefitsaccordingto level, frequencyandtiming Emerging effortstovarythe use ittoinformdecisions. strongly inevidenceandto a clearneedtoinvestmore of prolongedconflict, Notwithstanding thechallenges programmes. a harmonizedmodelacross all and mayprovideafoundation for most advancedapproachto date, model appearstorepresentthe and grievances.TheWorld Bank to respondingcomplaints to adoptacommonapproach cash/food transferprogrammes It wouldbebeneficialforthe there is should

127 THE SITUATION OF CHILDREN AND WOMEN IN SOUTH SUDAN 2018–2020 128 THE SITUATION OF CHILDREN AND WOMEN IN SOUTH SUDAN 2018–2020 their birthcertificates law. This isacriticalmilestonethatwillseechildrenbeingregistered andreceiving under discussionandwillbefinalizedin2020 requiring alternativecarearrangements.Guidelinesfor trainingfosterfamiliesare Sub-cluster. The guidelinesoutlinethedifferentcarearrangementsforallchildren have beenrevisedtoreflecttheCOVID-19response throughtheChildProtection The CaseManagementSOPsand Alternative CareforVulnerable ChildrenGuidelines with armedforcesandgroupsinSouthSudan a practicalguidetofulfilthereintegrationneedsandrightsofgirlsformerlyassociated Expertise inmeetingtheneedsofgirlCAAFAG wasenhancedwiththepublicationof Since 2015,UNICEFhassupportedthereleaseandreintegrationof3,732CAAF Children andarmedconflict protection ofchildren. Despite thedeterioratingsituation,therehavebeenstepsforwardin 4.3.1 ChildProtection 4.3 Childrights and well-being: progress birth notificationservices since 2014 birth notificationservices,with685,531children(49 per centgirls)havingreceived As notedabove(4.1.1),during2020,38,262children (20,046girls)werereachedwith Civil Registration and Vital Statistics (CRVS) Since January2021,UNICEFhasbeensupportingMGCSWandNSPWGpartnersaround: improve informationmanagementandwithparticularreferencetovariousMISs. humanitarian action.Keyrecommendationsincludedfocusingonopportunitiesto respond toCOVID-19andstrengthenthenexusbetweensocialprotection initiatives, assessingtheopportunitiestoleveragesocialprotectionsystem In 2020,MGCSWwassupportedtoconductanupdatedmappingofsocialprotection to beverifiedandreleased released arestillinneedofreintegrationservicesandover900CAAF to developrulesandregulations fortheimplementationof Act. reintegration programme strategy andsupportingGovernment-ledcoordinationonMHPSS developed andareinuse.UNICEFiscurrentlydevelopingacomprehensiveMHPSS for FTRofUASC,GBV, childreninconflictwiththelawandMHPSShavebeen in SouthSudanandguidancetechnicalnotesonCAAFAG, CaseManagement UNICEF’s childprotectionprogrammehasbeenadaptedtotheCOVID-19response ĥ ĥ ĥ ĥ

be achieved. Expert technicalguidanceandrecommendationsonhowthevisiongoalscan management ofsocialprotectioninformationinSouthSudan;and Co-creation bystakeholdersofavisionandserieshigh-levelgoalsfor protection fromsimilarcontexts; A literaturereviewtosynthesizelessonsoninformationmanagementofsocial A mappingofMISsforsocialprotectionandrelatedsectorsinSouthSudan; and inequities 742 . UNICEF has stepped up advocacy withtheMinistryofInterior . UNICEFhassteppedup advocacy 738 737 . , however critical funding is needed tocontinuethe , howevercriticalfundingisneeded 741 . In2018,theCivilRegistry Act wassignedinto 740 . 736 . Morethan2,100children 739 . AG stillneed AG. End ChildMarriageinSouthSudanby2030(2017-2030) In June2018,theGovernmentlaunchedacostedStrategicNational integration ofGBV safety audittoinformthehumanitarianprogrammecycleandadvocacyforincreased In November2020,UNICEFandkeypartnersclusterslaunchedthemultisectoral and abuseconcernssafely andconfidentially (one English;oneinNuer/Arabic) allowthecommunitytoreportsexualexploitation messages reachedoverthreemillioncommunitymembers andtwoPSEA helplines exploitation andabuseduringtheCOVID-19response. BroadcastingofPSEA conducted; and22awarenessraisingsessionsheldon heightenedrisksofsexual procedures forimplementingpartnerswererolledout; 49PSEA assessments exploitation andabuse(PSEA)asUNCT PSEA Task Forceco-chair. The PSEA In 2020,UNICEFundertookstrongerinvolvementin protection fromsexual humanitarian personnel Protection of sexual exploitation abuse (PSEA) and by how theproceduresarebeingimplementedandwithwhatbudget protection andresponsetoGBVinSouthSudan.However, thereisnoinformationon clear systems,rolesandresponsibilitiesforallinstitutionsinvolvedintheprevention, MGCSW hasdevelopedSOPsforpreventionandresponsetoGBV, settingout GBV andchildmarriage children fromreceivingacriminalrecord social services,community-basedprogramming,andmore. This alsoprevents negatively affecttheirphysicalandmentalhealth,insteadreceivesupportthrough The overallpurposeofdiversionistoavoidchildrenbeingdrawnintoproceedingsthat children inconflictwiththelaw, withimprisonmentofchildrenameasurelastresort. detention hasdecreasedandUNICEFisworkingonapilotprojectdiversionfor and GBVcasesisnowalmostoperational.In Aweil, thenumberofjuvenilesin juvenile detaineestobeseparatedfromadultprisoners. A separatecourtforjuvenile The firstJuvenileReformatorySchoolwasopenedinJubaOctober2019,for Justice for children MoJCA onestablishinga legalaidscheme forum. UNICEFcontractedtheSouthSudanLawSocietytosupport and MoJCA toestablishaJ4Cworkinggroupascoordination with thelawfor67organizations.UNICEFsupportedMGCSW prompted onlinecasemanagementtrainingonchildreninconflict from detentioncentresasaCOVID-19preventionmeasure. This opportunity forJ4C,resultingin148childrenbeingreleased The COVID-19pandemicprovidedanunforeseenadvocacy rights, theChild Act andchildfriendlyapproaches involve trainingofjusticeactors–includinginformalonesonchild provide bettersupporttochildrenincontactwiththelaw. This will children andyouth,reducethenumberofdetainedchildren, – isworkingwiththeGovernmenttoincreaseaccessjusticefor United NationsHighCommissionerforHumanRights(OHCHR) In addition,UNICEF–togetherwithUNDP andtheOfficeof SDGs andtothe African Union2040 Agenda forChildren 749 . 743 . 745 . 750 . 744 . 748 747 . , whichisalignedtothe 746 . Action Planto

measure. COVID-19 prevention detention centresasa being releasedfrom resulting in148children opportunity forJ4C, unforeseen advocacy pandemic providedan The COVID-19

129 THE SITUATION OF CHILDREN AND WOMEN IN SOUTH SUDAN 2018–2020 130 THE SITUATION OF CHILDREN AND WOMEN IN SOUTH SUDAN 2018–2020 4.3.2 Education future civilservantsandpublicofficials universities andUNDP has raisedawarenessandhelpedtoanchortheSDGsamong In addition,atthehighereducationlevel,ajointproject betweencivilsocietygroups, SDG-specific targetsincludedinGESP II,andanationalSDG4reportbyMoGEI. Progress hasbeenmadeonmainstreamingtheSDGs intheeducationsector as aplatformtofosternational reconciliation even informerandcurrent areasheldbyoppositiongroups;andusingeducation the annualschoolcensus; allowing humanitarianeducationassistanceeverywhere, the context;includingprivate sectorschoolsinsectoralactivitiesanddatasuch as may beofinteresttoother countries:adaptinginfrastructurestandardsandcosts to A 2019evaluationofGPE identifiedemerginggoodpracticeinSouthSudanwhich education among families schooling andprepareforthenationalexaminationinJanuary2021) 1,400 schoolsforcandidateclasses(primary8andsecondary4studentstoresume with learningsupplies.InOctober2020,UNICEFsupportedthereopeningofover and youngpeoplewerereachedwithradiolearning,ofwhichoverhalfprovided To supportcontinuededucationduringtheCOVID-19pandemic,1.5millionchildren crafts, gamesandsportsengagestudentsfromdifferent tribesandbackgrounds cooperation andunity, andotherinitiativesincludingtraditionalmusic, drama,artsand national radioprogrammefocusesonyouthandencourages themtowardsdialogue, violence prevention,safebehaviour, andtheinclusionof marginalized groups. A Further, thenewcurriculumpromotesanagendaforpeaceandunitywithlifeskills, different communitiestosecondaryandtertiaryeducation. provision ofMHPSStoteachersandchildren;promotingequalaccessfor governance; reflectingoncurriculumdesign;socialandemotionallearningobjectives; build trust;promotingsharedcommunityownershipandinvolvementineducation schools aresafespaces;usingtobringdiversecommunitiestogether intentional contributiontopeace,throughactivitiessuchasnegotiationensure South Sudanisadoptingaconflict-sensitiveeducationsystemthatmakesmore Government FocusGroupDiscussion,December2020 can scattereducationeverywhere. using smallercommunity-basedschoolssothatwe We aretryingtoexpandeducation outtoruralareas, education wearestoringuprichesforthefuture. they willdomoreasaresultofbeinginschool.With to helpdevelopthecountry. Whenachildgrowsup, Education cantransformandraiseimportantpeople Girl 17,FocusGroupDiscussion,December2020 755 . 753 . 754 . Studiesrevealastrongdemand for 751 . , with 752 . staff trainedonhowtointegrateplayinthetreatmentofchild and braindevelopment,nutritioncentersareequippedwithage-appropriatetoys playing innutritionprogramming.Mothersareeducatedonthelinkbetweenmalnutrition Using amultisectoralapproachtoECD,UNICEFandpartnershaveintegratedtoys service levels developing officialtrainingmodulesforpre-primaryteachersatpre-serviceandin- development ofearlylearningandstandards.MoGEIiscurrently from thevalidationworkshoparefinalizationofnationalECEstrategyand funds fromdonors,partnersandsistercountriestomeetthistarget of ECDservicesforchildrenaged3-5years. The Governmentcontinuestolobbyfor primary from10percentin2017to152021andprovideatwo-yearcycle GESP II,MoGEIoutlineditsaimtoincreasethegrossenrolmentrate(GER)forpre- school andtheyunderpinthegrowthindemandfor educationservices education servicedelivery. PTAs spearheadcampaignstotakeOOSC to teacher association(PTA) capacitiesledtomoreengagedcommunities in At communitylevel,UNICEF’s supporttothedevelopmentof649parent of thepre-primaryeducationlandscapeinSouthSudan In 2019,UNICEFincollaborationwiththeWorld Bankconductedanassessment after COVID-19 previously inaccessibleareas,andrestoringeducation servicesduringand for children;boostinginter-sectoralconvergence;expanding servicesto and othermarginalizedgroups;emphasizingmeasurable learningoutcomes children since2015.Strategiesfor2021includefocusing ongirls,pastoralists mobilizing communitiestosupportschools.BTL hassupported1,258,244 a safeandprotectiveenvironment,buildingthecapacityofteachers children backintoeducation,providingthemwithlearningopportunitiesin that well-coordinatedeffortswithGovernmentandpartnersareeffectiveinbringing The Government’s Back-to-Learning(BTL)initiativesupportedbyUNICEFshows pre-primary educationhasrisensteadily, from 55,837in2011 to113,824 in2018 Despite thefragilesituationincountry, theabsolutenumberofchildrenenrolledin Early childhooddevelopment and protectivelearningenvironments about 500,000childrenandyouthwithimprovedaccesstoinclusive,equitable,safe which aimstomobilizeoverUS$189millionthenextthreeyearsprovide MoGEI hasapprovedaMulti-Year ResilienceProgramme(MYRP)forSouthSudan Primary andsecondary education August 2020)toaddresspovertybarrierseducation Secondary 4.Morethan374,000individualgirlshavereceivedacashtransfer(to empowering girlsdirectlythroughcashtransferstoinclassesPrimary5 including addressingnegativeculturalattitudesandpracticalchallenges,by of integratedactivitiesthataretacklingbarrierstogirls’ educationsimultaneously, all children,withafocusonthosedisabilities. The programmeincludesarange school enrolment,reducingbarrierstoeducationandpromotingequityinaccessfor in improvinggirls’ educationalattainment,includingthroughbuildingfurthergainson Meanwhile theGirls’ EducationSouthSudan(GESS)programmehasmadestrides 759 763 . . 761 . 762 758 . . Keyrecommendations 760 . 757 . 764 . 756 . In since 2015. million children supported 1.3 initiative has Back-to-Learning The Government’s

131 THE SITUATION OF CHILDREN AND WOMEN IN SOUTH SUDAN 2018–2020 132 THE SITUATION OF CHILDREN AND WOMEN IN SOUTH SUDAN 2018–2020 vitamin Acoverage. malnutrition,IYCF and gaps onstunting,acute reduce nutritiondata consecutive yearto in 2020forthethird nutrition assessment UNICEF ledanational After agapsince2010, while thereisongoingorientationforanother6,000teachers By December2019,over24,000teachershadreceivedtextbookorientationtraining 4.3.3 Health languages content ofprimaryschoolsubjectswasdevelopedandtranslatedintofivenational countrywide. An additional2.5milliontextbooksweredistributedin2021. The procuring anddistributing1.9milliontextbookstoprimarysecondaryschools UNICEF supportedtheimplementationofnewnationalcurriculumthrough Curriculum andlearningmaterials pedagogy andlearner-canteredmethodologies programme, andanadditional8,790teachers(723female)weretrainedonbasic teachers (586female)completedanin-servicecontinuousprofessionaldevelopment nascent iHRIS worker datainsupportedhealthfacilitiesJongleiand UpperNiletosupporta impediments tohealthservicedelivery. UNICEFiscurrentlycollecting heathcare (iHRIS) tomapadequatehealthworkforcedistribution andlowrenumerationare The absenceofanestablishedintegratedHumanResources InformationSystem nationwide byimplementingpartners,supportedHPF3andUNICEF. Nutrition Services. This milestonehasenabledthedeliveryof‘onehealthprogramme’ levels, consultativelydistilledfromMoH’s ambitiousBasicPackageofHealth and essential healthservicestobeprovidedatboma,primarycareandhospital Pooled Fundphase3(HPF3whichrunsto2023)ofastandardizedpackage A majorachievementforthehealthsectorisjointdevelopmentwithHealth Government FocusGroupDiscussion,December2020 need avoiceandwehavetolisten. a voiceonworthwhilehealthcarepriorities.They Women, childrenandthosewith disabilitiesneed 765 . 770 standalone verticalinitiative as anextensionofprimaryhealthcaredeliveryratherthana This approachhasalsoenabledthenationwiderolloutofBHI devaluation oftheSSP) paid, andwhosevaluehasbeendramaticallyreduced withmass (PEHSP). These incentives provideanadditiontosalaries(oftennot and theWorld BankProvisionofEssentialHealthServicesProject workers thatdeliverservicesfundedbyhealthprojectsincludingHPF In 2019,theMoHapprovedastandardizedlistofincentivesforhealth country toincreaseaccessessentialhealthservicesinthecountry. roll outofBHIwasinitiated. This shouldbeamajormilestoneinthe as anationwidestrategy. However, itisonlyin2019thattheeffective services, theGovernmentofficiallylaunchedBHIinMarch2017 . 769 . 768 . Toto health addresslimitedaccess 767 . 766 . In2020,3,053 with nutritionmessagesandinterventions in emergencysettings–knownasECDEmergencies (ECDiE)–throughintegration well positionedtoprovideawarenessofnurturingcare amongcommunitiesincluding for trainingofhealthworkersinsignlanguage A signlanguagedictionaryforSouthSudanisbeingcreatedandplansareunderway of gender-sensitiveapproaches programming toleveragecommonpartnersandresources, withthemainstreaming end, UNICEFlaunchedseveralinitiativestoallowWASH, educationandnutrition shift ofmalnutritionprevention,throughamultisectoralapproachin2020. To this UNICEF incollaborationwithCSOsandUNagenciesisinitiatingaparadigm 2022–2030 andimplementationRoadmapwhichwasendorsedbyMoH UNICEF contributedtodevelopmentofaMultisectoralNutritionStrategicPlan database planned in evidence-basedplanningwithfurtherimprovementtoaweb-based supported animprovedNutritionInformationSystemdatabaseforuse in DistrictHealthInformationSystem2(DHIS2)andUNICEFalso Infant and Young ChildNutrition(MIYCN)indicatorswereincluded trends innutritionindicatorsatnationalandstatelevel.NineMaternal, of thenutritioncomponentFSNMSwhichenabledmonitoring children, andpregnantlactatingwomen communities toempowertakecareof thehealthandnutritionoftheir 10 states)willcreateeffectivelinkagesbetweenhealth facilities,nutritionsitesand the introductionofaCOVID-19vaccine(COVAX) inform UNICEF’s COVID-19response of rapidevidenceproductssuchasaknowledge,attitudesandpracticesstudyto tools byUNICEFfieldofficesallowedfornearreal-timeandcost-effectivegeneration standardization oftreatment, strategiesandpreventionmessagesthroughoutthe strategy havebeenapproved, publishedanddisseminated. This willleadtothe been approvedandrolled out acrossthecountry;andMIYCNguidelinesa nutrition: CommunityManagement of Acute Malnutrition(CMAM)guidelineshave International partnershave workedwithMoHtodevelopimportantguidelineson and Vitamin A coverage consecutive yeartoreducenutritiondatagapsonstunting,acutemalnutrition,IYCF gap since2010,UNICEFledanationalnutritionassessmentin2020forthethird There hasbeenmuchprogressintheproductionofreliablenutritiondata. After a 4.3.4 Nutrition vaccines from42to51percent tetanus (DTP)vaccinesincreasedfrom44to57percent2019–2020,andmeasles of recentconflict. Theproportionofchildrenreceivingdiphtheria,pertussisand The uptakeofvaccinationservicesisimprovingafterthedeclinesufferedfromyears factors andhistoricalprevalenceofwasting contributing to theprevious compared factors haveworsened contributing prevalence ofacutemalnutritionwasdeterminedbasedonhowfarthe data, butwithgoodavailabilityofdataoncontributingfactors. The inform anacutemalnutritionanalysis,duetothelackofrecentnutrition Finally, in2020,UNICEFledtheinnovationofusinghistoricaldatato teams forrespondingtosuspectedcoronaviruscases such screeningatthetime.SouthSudanalsoharnessedworkofrapid-response airport screeningareas,asearlyMarch2020;airportsindevelopingnationshadno quickly repurposeditsEbolaprotocols(developedin2019)andinfrastructure,suchas South SudanmadesignificantstridesinrespondingtoCOVID-19.Forexample,it 777 . 776 . UNICEF supported data quality improvements data quality . UNICEFsupported 771 780 . . Morethan6,000CNVsacross80counties(in 773 . UNICEFissupportingMoHtopreparefor 782 778 . 781 . 775 . This frontlinecadreofCNVsarealso . 774 . 772 . Useofdigitaldatacollection 779 .

endorsed byMoH. Roadmap whichwas and implementation Plan 2022–2030 Nutrition Strategic of aMultisectoral to development UNICEF contributed

133 THE SITUATION OF CHILDREN AND WOMEN IN SOUTH SUDAN 2018–2020 134 THE SITUATION OF CHILDREN AND WOMEN IN SOUTH SUDAN 2018–2020 in formerPoCsites. city and30,000living people livinginthe will serve70,000 cent completed,that in Juba,now95per urban communities for urbanandperi- water supplysystems construction ofthe continued supporting UNICEF has to improvedwater about 11,000 newonestoprovide65percentoftheruralpopulationwithaccess The Governmentplanstorehabilitatenon-functioningruralwaterpointsandbuild water projectsareongoinginthetownsof Yei, Yambio and Torit in thecityand30,000livingformerPoCsites.Construction andupgradingofsimilar communities inJuba,now95percentcompleted,that willserve70,000peopleliving supporting constructionofthewatersupplysystems for urbanandperi-urban population canaccessimprovedwatersupplyservices There isalsoefforttoupgradeandextendurbanwater supplysothattheurban inclusion intheschoolcurriculum and schools;develop hygiene educationprogrammesforcommunitiesand for increase funding;toprovide improvedsanitationfacilitiesforallhealthcarecentres taken toreformthecoordinationandimplementation of sanitationprogrammesand rural householdswithaccesstoimprovedsanitationby 2020.Measureshavebeen facilities andconstructnewonestoprovide60percent ofurbanand40percent The Governmentalsoplanstorehabilitatetheexisting ruralandurbansanitation treatment remainshighata94.9percentcurerate by theCabinet The Water Bill,whichisbeingrevisedhasnowreachedMoJCA,priortoratification 4.3.5 Water, sanitation and hygiene of acutemalnutritionfrom858in2018to1,1712020 a significantleapinthenumbersofoutpatienttherapeuticsitesthatprovidetreatment months wereadmittedforSAMtreatment. This achievementhasbeenpossibledueto children andwomeninSouthSudan.In2020,morethan198,000sixto59 UNICEF inpartnershipwith39CSOsisprovidingkeynutritioninterventionsfor respectively in2019. (1,831 menand2,358women)healthnutritionworkersonCMAMMIYCN to nationalprotocols,UNICEFtrained3,706(2,568men,1,138women)and4,189 country. To furtherimprovethequalityofCMAMandMIYCNservicesadherence SWAT systems facilities andmachinedrilling,rehabilitationofmalfunctionalboreholessettingup for rehabilitationofwatersupplysystemsinmajortowns,constructionnew drilling technology technical expertisefortheconstructionofwaterpointsthroughmanual States Driller Associations, particularlyinNorthernBahrelGhazalandWarrap strengthening ofRegisteredPumpMechanic Associations andManual Northern BahrelGhazalandWarrap State.UNICEFsupportsthe for provisionofsafewatersuchasmanualdrillingparticularlyin IDP campsettings.UNICEFalsoexplored affordable technologies establishing surfacewatertreatment(SWAT) systemsinPoCsand machine drilling,rehabilitationofnon-functionalboreholesand water supplysystems,constructionofnewfacilitiesthrough In 2019,safewaterwasprovidedthroughrehabilitationofmajortown South Sudan will contributetoaharmonizedapproachforthesanitationsectorin guidelines –delayedin2020duetotheCOVID-19pandemicwhich protocols. UNICEFisalsosupportingthedevelopmentofnationalCL in favourablestates,aswellharmonizationoftoolsandverification and statelevelwillsupportreal-timemonitoringoftheODFRoadMap 785 790 . In2021,theestablishmentofaWASH M&Esystematthenational . 789 . Where possible, private contractors and NGOs will be used NGOswillbeused . Wherepossible,privatecontractorsand 787 . The lattersupportWASH committeeswiththenecessary 786 . 788 793. .

784 . 791 783 . UNICEFhascontinued . The qualityofSAM 792 . TS lands, andleadingtoanincreaseinwaterborne malarial diseases and frequentrainsin2020leadtodisplacement,destroying assets,crops,andpasture in SouthSudancanbeassociatedwithaboutnineconflict incidents Climate changeisknowntotriggerorexacerbateconflict, andonesinglefloodevent counties Exceptionally heavyrainsinceJuly2019hasaffected some908,000peoplein32 become morefrequentandwidespread since the1970s,rainfallpatternsarelesspredictable,anddroughtsfloodinghave Average temperaturesinSouthSudanhave increasedbyapproximately1–1.5°C 2020 of winterpasturesduetoflooding wasadriverinmassivesubnationalconflict in early increased variabilityintheannualamountandtiming ofrainfall experienced anaveragedeclineofbetween10-20per centprecipitationaswell record breakingfloodsacrossvastareasalongthe White Nile 4.4.1 Climate change 4.4 Globalandregional issues groups, tocontributehumancapitalgrowth is totargetyouth,womenandchildrenaswellthepoorothermarginalized delivery ofmultisectoralservicesatschoolsorhealthcenters. The aim A newWorld Bank projecttargetsoptionssuchascashtransfersand those affectedbyfloodsanddisplacements. children benefittedthroughunconditionalcashtransfers,particularly children toaccesshygienematerialsforCOVID-19prevention,and voucher projecttargetingvulnerablehouseholds,reaching12,110 Economic ResponsePlanforCOVID-19.UNICEFlaunchedaWASH cash transfersforvulnerablehouseholdsinlinewiththeUN’s Socio- programming, andUNICEF’s COVID-19responsestrategyembedded UNICEF continuedtooperationalizeandmainstreamcash national system. and todeveloparoadmapforGovernmentownershipofpotential Bank, UNOPSandWFP conveningkeystakeholderstosupportMIScoordination Protection Working Group.In2020,UNICEFco-organizedaworkshopwithWorld strengthened throughtheUNICEFco-chairedNSPWGandanewPartnersSocial holds promise.CoordinationmechanismsforimplementationofNSPPFhave While effortstocoordinatesocialprotectionactivitieshavebeenmixed,thefuture 4.3.6 Socialprotection 801 Girl 15,FocusGroupDiscussion,December2020 floods, droughtandotherclimatechangehazards. We needtoworkhardmakesurewearesafefrom . 797 . while2020saw inJonglei, The year2019brokefloodextentrecords mostly 795 . Sincethemid-1970s,SouthSudanhas 794 . 798 796. . The unusuallyheavy

800 . InJonglei,loss 799 . nine conflictincidents. associated withabout in SouthSudancanbe one singlefloodevent exacerbate conflict,and known totriggeror Climate changeis

135 THE SITUATION OF CHILDREN AND WOMEN IN SOUTH SUDAN 2018–2020 136 THE SITUATION OF CHILDREN AND WOMEN IN SOUTH SUDAN 2018–2020 food insecurity food insecurity through failed Exacerbated and lossof crop yields livestock; incidence ofbothfloodsanddroughts. In thefuture,rainfallisexpectedtobecomeincreasinglyerratic,increasing children respiratory tractinfection,andmalaria,allofwhichhavehealthimpactsonyoung for pregnantwomenandnursingmothers;increasesincidenceofdiarrhoea, especially anincreasedprevalenceofacutemalnutritioninchildrenunderfive,and capacity andfinancialresourcestoadaptclimatechangeimpacts and lesstimeforotherincome-generatingactivities.Furthermore,womenhave in availabilityofsuchresourceswillrequirewomentospendmoretimetravelling water and firewood for domestic use – and cultivating land in rural areas, the decrease As womenaretraditionallyresponsibleforhouseholdduties–includingcollecting equitable, andenvironmentallyfriendlytoensuresustainable progress wisely topromotedevelopmentprogrammesthatare economicallyefficient,socially policy setsthestageformanagingenvironmentalshocks, andallocatingresources conserving thecountry’s enormousenvironmentalresourcesanditsbiodiversity. The The NationalEnvironmentalPolicy(2015-2025)isaroadmap forprotectingand between 2000and2050 that climatechangewillresultinreductionsofyieldssorghum5-25percent are particularlyvulnerabletotheeffectsofclimatechange.Recentevidencesuggests Through itsheavydependenceonrain-fedagriculture,livelihoodsandfoodsecurity Climate change frameworks and depletionofnaturalresourceswilllikelyleadto Future increasesinthefrequencyandseverityofextremeclimateevents of 186countries–asonethemostaffectedandleast prepared The Verisk MaplecroftClimate ChangeVulnerability IndexranksSouthSudan 3rdout within theUN FrameworkConventionon ClimateChange(UNFCCC). needs. NAPAs emergedfrom themultilateraldiscussionsonadaptationmeasures and communicatepriorityactivities toaddressurgentandimmediateadaptation to climatechange(2016) awaiting parliamentapproval. The National Adaptation Programmeof Action (NAPA) a draftenvironmentalprotection andmanagementbillhasbeendraftedis competition for conflict among scarce natural as aresultof communities resources; Increased internal 803 . is reducingand Water scarcity in majorrivers 802 small streams are dryingup; as waterflow South Sudan 808 in partsof . negatively impactsnutrition, The increasedfoodinsecurity serves as a simplified, rapid and direct channel to identify directchanneltoidentify servesasasimplified,rapid and diseases suchas cholera, typhoid and dysentery droughts and incidences of as aresultof floods; Higher 805 :

806 starvation, lossof livestock, internal and migration displacement . neighbouring 804 of peopleto are causing food crises, Prolonged countries. droughts . 807 . Inaddition, on theground,andlowerrevenuegoingintobudget operations restrictions onhumanitarian in thepricesofbasiccommodities, an increase The effectsofCOVID-19inSouthSudanhavebeenindirect,mainlyreflectedthrough health systemsintheworld packages largeenoughtocountereconomicshocks, andhasoneoftheweakest debt crisis(Section3.2.1)anddoesnothavedomestic resourcestointroducestimulus in areasthatareexperiencingdesertificationandIDPs. that relyonrain-fedsubsistenceagriculture,women-headedhouseholds,pastoralists recognizes thatthegroupsmostvulnerabletoclimatechangeimpactsincludefarmers Risk Reduction;andv)PolicyInstitutionalFramework.SouthSudan’s NAPA thematic areas, namely: i)Environment;ii)Water iii) Resources; Agriculture; iv)Disaster Projects) foreffectiveclimatechangeadaptationacrossthefiveidentifiedpriority South Sudan’s NAPA specifiesfivepriorityactivities(referredtoasPriority Adaptation groups forboys of childmarriage,pregnancyandGBVforgirls,possible recruitmentintoarmed heightened socioeconomicchallengesmanyfamilies faceincreasealreadyhighrisks in areasasdiversefoodsecurity, educationandGBV, amongmanyothers. The April 2020 coronavirus thatcausesillnessinhumans.SouthSudanconfirmeditsfirstcaseon5 COVID-19 isacommunicablerespiratorydiseasecausedbynewstrainof 4.4.2 COVID-19 multidimensional poverty;experiencedbyover9in10 people threat tothewell-beingofchildren,majoritywhom arealreadyaffectedby COVID-19 isforemostasocioeconomiccrisisinSouth Sudanandposesanimmense Climate changeriskstochildrenandwomen and floodinga anddroughts rainfall patternsarelesspredictable, 1970s, 809 . 811 . e mo 813 . community resilience community adaptation toclimate shocks, andmitigate shocks, conflict overnatur conflict riorit to climatechange change, build resources Support esponse 810 . Negativeimpactsare al 812 . SouthSudanisin tract infection,and diarrhoea, o undernutrition of children underfive; malnutritionin of acute leadto ood insecurity thers; and

tor o

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South Sudanese Pound/kg 3m 1000 1500 500 to FoodInsecurityinSouthSudan, February2021 Source: FAO GlobalInformationandEarlyWarning SystemonFoodand Agriculture (GIEWS)inWFP, CropProductioninRelation 0 6m 2009 1y 2010 2y 3y 2011 commodities risebyatleast30percentreducinghouseholdpurchasingpower delivery and protractedinsecuritylimitsaccesstofooddelaysemergencyassistance Food securityconditionscontinuetodeteriorateashouseholdfoodstocksdecline Figure 27:CerealpricesforMaize,SorghumandWheatJubamarket,2009-2021 employment andwages,withgreatereffectsfeltintheinformalsectors Both privateandpublicsectorsinSouthSudanareexperiencingdepressed means thateconomicshockswereevidentbeforecasestookholdinthecountry. South Sudan’s lockdown–relatedtoborderclosureswithneighboringcountries Economic andfood security impacts climate e.g.,floods and theinabilityofvulnerablepopulationstoabsorbshocksrelatedimpacts leading tomalnutrition,lackofbasicservicessuchasaccessWASH services factors contributetoaweakenedimmunesystem,includingseverefoodinsecurity adversely impactedbytheCOVID-19pandemic. A numberofunderlyinganddirect returnees whocurrentlyfaceacompromisedimmunesystemaremostlikelytobe Vulnerable populations,particularlywomen,children,PWD,olderpeople,IDPsand Health impacts have lostonethirdatthemedian – 59percentofbusinesseshavelosthalformoretheirincome,andmarkettraders have lostincomeandfeargoingoutofbusiness.Incomedropsareoftensubstantial the careeconomy(Section3.2.1).Whilefewbusinessactivitieshavestopped,many disproportionate effectonwomenwhoalsoexperienceanincreasedburdenaspartof crisis and depression families, survivorsandthosewhohadcontactwithofEbola,PTSD Cereal pricesskyrocketedinJubamarketearly2021(Figure27). problems includingPTSD(Section3.7.2). The COVID-19pandemichasdisruptedaccesstohealthservices disruptions inimmunizationservices All 817 . As anindicatorofthepotential impact,inonestudy, nearly50percentof 2012 821 . COVID-19-related restrictions have seen the average prices ofbasic prices . COVID-19-relatedrestrictionshaveseentheaverage 818 2013 . Yet health profoundmental SouthSudanisalreadyexperiencing 814 . Monthly Prices 2014 820 2015 . 816 . COVID-19couldalsofuelamentalhealth 2016 From Jan-09 2017 2018 To Jan-21 815 2019 including 819 . This hasa 2020 822 . 2021 and Prevent All GraveViolations Against Children. protection workincludingthe implementationoftheComprehensive Action PlantoEnd Restrictions imposedinresponse toCOVID-19arenegativelyimpactingchild world denial ofeducationinasocietywiththelowestliteracyrate systems and/ortheresourcesforchildrentoaccesstheseplatforms,resultingin online learningisinaccessibleduetotheabsenceofreliabletelecommunications social workersandthesafespaceservicesthatschoolsprovide.InSouthSudan The situationisaggravatedbychildren’s lackofaccesstoschoolfriends,teachers, by IDPs a resultoffallingincomeleadingtoevictions,andownersreclaimingbuildingoccupied forcing childrentoliveindangerouscircumstancesandevencausinghomelessnessas living inviolentordysfunctionalfamilysituations.Thepandemicandothershocksare physical, psychologicalandsexualabuseathome–particularlythosechildrenalready stress andanxietyareincreasingthelikelihoodthatchildrenexperienceobserve Movement restrictions,lossofincome,isolation,overcrowdingandhighlevels remote accesstocommunities not beenabletoconductmanyhomevisitsextremely vulnerablechildrenduetothe put onholdduetodomesticflightrestrictionsandcaseworkers have Reunifications ofunaccompaniedandseparatedchildren havebeen 4.2.1). marriage andchildlabourhaveincreasedinthepandemic (Section and livinginconflict-affectedareas–areaparticular concern.Child parental care,livingonthestreetandinurbanslums, withdisabilities, children whoareinternallydisplaced,deprivedofliberty, livingwithout The mostvulnerablechildren–includingrefugees,migrants,and Impacts onchildren national sample insecurity indicatorswouldbeevenmoresevereinabroadlyrepresentative respondents withoutaccesstoatelephone,itisreasonableassumethatsuchfood enough foodtoeatinthe30dayspriorsurvey. Giventhatthesurveyexcluded Over 80percentofrespondentsinonesurveyreportedworryingaboutnothaving created; 200shallowwellsbuilt;and1,400kmoffeederroadsrepaired total, 40,100hectaresoflandwererehabilitated;400vegetablegardens Sudan, reaching110,000 farmers–a34percentincreasecomparedto2017.In In 2020,WFP scaled-upitsresilienceprogrammesin38countiesacrossSouth 826 Girl 17,FocusGroupDiscussion,December2020 marriage cantakeyoufromsomewheretonowhere ages 14-16aregettingmarriedandpregnant.Child diseases haveincreasedasaresultofCOVID-19.Girls Child marriage,teenagepregnanciesandsexual . 825 . 823 . 827 . 824 . being ofchildren. threat tothewell- poses animmense in SouthSudanand a socioeconomiccrisis COVID-19 isforemost

139 THE SITUATION OF CHILDREN AND WOMEN IN SOUTH SUDAN 2018–2020 140 THE SITUATION OF CHILDREN AND WOMEN IN SOUTH SUDAN 2018–2020 cases arecurrentlyunderway testing; quarantineforcontacts;infectionpreventionandcontrol;managementof transmission. Implementationofpriorities;riskcommunication;activecasesearchand National SteeringCommittee. Active surveillanceisongoingtodetermineactive The overallresponseisledbytheCOVID-19highleveltaskforceand continues withthelatestHRP for 2021 ensures integrationoftheCOVID-19response risk communication and control,casemanagement,logistics,communicationsocialmobilization, coordination, surveillance,laboratorycapacity, pointsofentry, infectionprevention A COVID-19CountryPreparednessandResponsePlanhaspillarsaddressing COVID-19 response ensure integrationoftheEVD preparednessandreadinessplanintheHRP plan, withinter-agencymobilization. On30September2019,theHRP transmission. Preparednessiscontinuingtoscaleup, aroundanationalresponse also throughUganda. Any outbreakinWest NileinUgandawillincrease theriskof transmission routesforEbolaincludefromIturiinDRC to Yei inSouthSudan,but the DRC/SouthSudanborder, therisktoSouthSudanremainsveryhigh.Possible With casesofEbolavirusdisease(EVD)havingbeen registeredonly70kmfrom 4.4.3 Ebola virus disease (see Section4.3) mainstreaming COVID-19riskmitigationmeasuresacrossallprogrammecomponents infection preventionandcontrol;ensuringcontinuationofservices,including support topreventandmitigatetheriskoftransmissionviacommunication UNICEF’s COVID-19responsestrategyisprimarilyfocusedalongtwotracks:direct UNICEF’s ICMN–anetworkof2,500trainedmobilizers(primarilyyouth) pilot andscaletheChildGrantProgramme(CGP)(section5.1). awareness ofCOVID-19andmeasurestopreventinfections carrying outeffectivetwo-waycommunicationsinall10statesaimedatincreasing COVID-19 measures(Section3.7.2). PWD includingchildrenwithdisabilitieshavebeenespeciallyaffectedby Boy 13,FocusGroupDiscussion,December2020 we aredoingnothing.COVID-19hasreallyaffectedus. friends, itmakesyoulazywhenoutofschool.Athome cannot getit.Whenyoudiscusslearningwith to theinternet.We needhelpwith ourlearningbut education. We donothavesmart phonesoraccess COVID-19 hasmadeitveryhardtocarryonwith 831 . to opportunity The COVID-19responseoffersanunprecedented 828 . ResponsePlan(HRP) The 2021SouthSudanHumanitarian 830 . 835 . 829 . 833 . wasreviewedto 832 – is 834 , which vaccine-derived poliovirus(VDPV) Sudan’s lastreportedindigenouswildpolioviruscasewasin2001anda African Regionaswildpolio-freeafterfouryearswithoutacase.South In August 2020the Africa RegionalCertificationCommissioncertifiedtheWHO 4.4.4 Poliovirus There havebeenover92alertsinthecountry, butallhavebeennegativetoEVD (88 percentofthetarget). second phaseinDecember2020,targeted35countiesreaching1,057,590children 2020 therebyvaccinating1,489,826children(95percentofthetarget)and two phases(thefirstphasetargeted45highriskcountiesinNovember vaccine type2(mOPV2). The first-roundcampaignwasimplementedin years weretargetedtoreceivetwodosesofmonovalentoralpolio Following theconfirmationofcVDPVoutbreak,allchildrenbelowfive below theageof5years(November2020). (cVDPV) hasbeenconfirmedinSouthSudan,with47caseschildren However, anewoutbreakofcirculatingvaccine-derivedpolioviruses to addressothercommunityneedsbeyondEbola also low, anditwillbeimportanttotakeupthelessonsfromDRC,includingneed humanitarian actors,ratherthanGovernment. The communityawarenessofEVDis support thanothercountries,becausemostrecurrentexpenditurewillbecarriedby financial supporthasbeenmadeavailable.SouthSudanwillrequiremore There issignificantdonorengagementincoordinationmechanismsbutlimited

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© UNICEF/2020/Mayak December 2020 Girl 17,FocusGroupDiscussion, and helpthecountry. We willchangesociety a generationofchange. The nextgenerationis reconciliation processisrequiredtostopfurthersocialfragmentation the enablingenvironmentforprovisionofbasicneedspopulation. A development andtherealizationofwomen’s andchildren’s rights;underpinning An inclusivepeaceprocessinSouthSudanisamandatoryrequirementfor impacts ofCOVID-19,climatechange,foodinsecurityandconflict. precarious positionisfurtherchallengedbytheintersectionsofsocioeconomic citizens. DespiteR-ARCSS,confidenceinpeaceappearsfragile,andSouthSudan’ signing ofR-ARCSS-asithasdireriskstoitsdevelopmentandtherights South Sudanhasasmuchpotential–initsyoungpeople,fertilelandsandthe 5.1 Conclusions recommendations Conclusions and rebuild theirlivesandcommunities must stopsothatthepeopleofSouthSudancanfinallyrecoverfromcrisisand Without securityandstability, humanitarianneedswillcontinuetogrow. The violence and volumeofdatawhich are available ensure accuracyinreporting, whichcollectivelyhavecreatedstep-changesinthe type protection inthe2020FSNMSmodules;newlevelsof supporttoUNICEFpartners and foodsecuritydatacollection;additionalquestions oneducation,health,and including: nutritiondata(Section4.3.4);theinclusion of WASH indicatorsinnutrition Significant stridesinmonitoringanddatacollection have beenmadeinrecentyears Data collection, management anddissemination There arefourimportantareasofimmediatefocus: 5.1.1 Issues andopportunities need, remains theneedforenhanceddata collection,analysisand useincluding to supportthewell-beingof womenandchildrenreachthoseingreatest However, oneof SouthSudan’s greatest challengesandopportunitiesinorder 5 841 840 . . 839 . s

143 THE SITUATION OF CHILDREN AND WOMEN IN SOUTH SUDAN 2018–2020 144 THE SITUATION OF CHILDREN AND WOMEN IN SOUTH SUDAN 2018–2020 contribution topeace. intentional needed thatmakesan education systemis A conflict-sensitive 3.1) forSouthSudan and theenhancementofhumancapitaltoreapdemographic dividend(Section associated actionplanissuedtoinformtheupdatedNDS a nationalSDGdatalandscapeexerciseisplannedforcompletionin2021withan have ideasbutarecurrentlyover-looked Young adultsandwomenneedsupportfacilitationtoopenbusinesses.Many as wellforpoliticalstability. World Bankresearchfrom2020indicatesyoung willing tobuildfromsuchlimitedopportunitieswillbeimportantforeconomicrecovery income, andthatmaynothavejobsatisfaction.WhetheryoungSouthSudaneseare In theshortterm,mostjobsforyouthwillbeinactivitiesthatdonotgeneratemuch promote peace. integration ofarmedforcestopromotesocialandeconomic(re)youth system isneededthatmakesanintentionalcontributiontopeace,aswell context intermsofcreatingnecessaryskillsforwork noted thateducationprovisionisnotnecessarilyrelevanttotheSouthSudanese education andotherpositiveopportunities breakdown inrespectfortraditionalauthorityandcustoms,theabsenceof the mainperpetratorsofprotectionthreatsandviolence,includingGBV pregnancies andchildmarriage.Insomecommunities,maleyouthareseenas to riskssuchasrecruitmentbyarmedgroups,violence,exploitation,teenage South Sudan’s youthbetweentheagesof15and24yearsareespeciallyvulnerable Youth empowerment inadequate dataquality, lackofdisaggregationandinadequatemonitoringsystems its partnersarecurrentlyoperatingblindintoomanyareas.Constraintsinclude strengthening monitoring,evaluationandaccountabilitystructures.UNICEF change’, tosteerthecountrytowardspeace engagement foryoungpeopleandtotrainempower themtobe‘championsof lack skillstoopenbusinesses,astheytheneedededucationalfoundation A lackofqualityeducationmeansyoungadultshavefeweconomicopportunitiesand analysis shouldbeacorefunctionofgovernmentalservices implementation andoutcomesofitspoliciesprogrammes.Datacollection realization oftheSDGs,Governmentneedstoeffectivelytrackandmonitor In orderforSouthSudantomeetitsmanydevelopmentchallengesandworktowards organizations harnessed, includingsupporttoCSOs,inparticularwomen’s rights The involvementandmotivationofyouthacrossallsectorsshouldbe living, sosuchasituationcanonlybeshortterm. Sudan’s youngpeoplehavearighttodecentworkandstandardof Economic diversificationrequirescorrespondingskills intheworkforce services, andviewtheseatleastmildlyfavourably such asworkinagriculture,themarket,construction,orcasual (around US$2-3perday)thatcanbehadfromcommonjobactivities workers inSouthSudanhavearealisticsenseofthelowincomes 851 . It is essential to provide meaningful and productive economic andproductiveeconomic . Itisessentialtoprovidemeaningful 850 . 847 845 .In addition, informants fromtheFGDs .In addition,informants 852 . . 848 . A conflict-sensitiveeducation 844 . 843 . As partofthiseffort, 849 . However, South , duetoa 846 . 842 . discussions and humancapital,cashtransfersshouldbeatthecenterofpolicyfinancing back intopositivegrowth.Duetotheadditionalbenefitsintermsofchildwell-being freefall; extendingthisapproachto12monthscouldpotentiallycatapulttheeconomy capita bymorethanthreepercent,onaverage,andhelpreversetheeconomic to allchildrenundertheageoffiveforaperiodsixmonthscouldboostGDP constraints inavailablenationalsocialprotectionbudgets.Providingcashtransfers UNICEF issupportingtheGovernmenttopilotandscaleCGP, butfaceserious support SouthSudantomovetowardsamoresustainabledevelopmentagenda. Integrating peace building throughout programming valuable employmentopportunities diet andimprovechildnutritionwhilealsoboostingthelocaleconomyproviding Cash-based programminginSouthSudanisproventobeavaluabletooldiversify pandemic andofconflict,aswellpreventfutureviolencefrombreakingout. and enhancetheirproductiveassetscanhelpreducetheeffectsofCOVID-19 households andcommunitiestomitigateadaptshocksprotect,recover in socialprotectiontoarrestthesocioeconomicimpacts.Strengtheningabilityof The COVID-19pandemicoffersanunprecedentedopportunityforurgent,scaledaction protection COVID-19 asanurgent catalyst for social scaled up to30percentinfuturehumanitarianassistanceneedsandavoidedlosses system willaddresschronicneedsandhelpreducethehumanitariancaseload(saving partners andstaff Yambio and Torit. UNICEFpartneredwithCSRFtodeliverconflictsensitivity trainingfor commenced asystematicintegrationofconflictsensitive approachesinBor management, tostrengthenresilienceofurbanandperi-urban populations,and The WASH programme forexample,increaseditsfocusonurbanwatersupplyand peace andsustainabilitythroughthehumanitarian-development-peacebuilding nexus. development andsystemsbuildingefforts.UNICEFis integratingprogrammingfor The formationofR-TGoNUfurtherenabledtheshiftfromhumanitarianinto lines ofworkatalllevels It isequallyimportanttointegrate conflictsensitivityandgenderacro programming andnotjust peacebuilding programming. UNICEF canmakethiscontribution throughitshumanitariananddevelopment drivers ofconflict,addresslegaciesconflictandstrengthen inter-communalrelations. programme designwhichchannelsgainsfromthepeace processinwaysthataddress UNICEF’s abilitytocontribute topeacewillbeenhancedthroughthisintentional Girl 17,FocusGroupDiscussion,December2020 education sowecanlearntobefutureleaders. every dayanditislimitingeducation.We needpeace is waralloverthecountry. Young people arefighting If thereisnopeacewecannotgetaneducation.There 855 . 856 . 857 . 853. Investinginarobuststatutorysocialprotection , Rumbek, 854 per ss all ), and

145 THE SITUATION OF CHILDREN AND WOMEN IN SOUTH SUDAN 2018–2020 146 THE SITUATION OF CHILDREN AND WOMEN IN SOUTH SUDAN 2018–2020 recommendations, aswellbeingthebasisfortargetedinterventions It isvitalthatconsiderationsongenderanddisabilityaremainstreamedthroughoutthe recommendations incorporatefeedbackformthestakeholderconsultation. stakeholders inSouthSudan(see Annex), particularlyinachievingtheSDGs. The Country Programme;andtoinformtheworkofGovernmentkeychildrights Sudan CountryProgramme(2019-2021);tofeedintotheplanningcyclefornext Sixteen keyrecommendationsaremadetosupportthecurrentUNICEFSouth 5.2 Recommendations imperative needfortheStatetopromoteasharednationalidentity need tosupporttheimplementationofR-ARCSS,includingreconciliationand warning systemsonanticipatedthreats insecurity andconflict;stabilizingtheeconomy;generatingknowledgeorearly peace whichaddressthemainshocksanddriversofrisk. These includeending of interventionstolaythefoundationsforrecovery, stabilizationandsustainable high priorityintheimmediate,mediumandlongterm.Itrequiresacombination Building theresilienceofhouseholdsandcommunitiesisvital,hastobegiven Lead: OfficeofthePresident,NationalLegislativeAssembly,supportedbyUNCT reconciliation andresilienceprogramming both sides,withdiresocial,security, andeconomicconsequences Ruweng remaincontestedandcouldreignitehostilitiesbetweenaffectedpeopleon territorial boundariesof Abyei andthenew Administrative Areas ofGreaterPiborand Peace, security, andstabilityarethemostpressingchallengesforSouthSudan. The Meeting progresstowardsSDG16(peaceandjustice) Recommendation 1: very importantinpromotingsecurityandjustice informal securityactorsinruralcommunitiessuchascommunitydefencegroupsis support ofresilience,peacebuilding,andsocialcohesion programming, withanemphasisontheintegrationofadolescentengagementin Peacebuilding, conflictsensitivityandgendershouldbeintegratedacross under-performing PFMinstitutions. PFM reformagenda,astheneedsofpeopleSouthSudancannotbemetby had onthepoorandmarginalizedSouthSudanese,highlightsimportanceof In addition,theeconomicshocksexperiencedin2020,anddevastatingeffectthey humanitarian anddevelopmentprogramming,aswellpeacebuildingprogramming. conflict, addresslegaciesofconflictandstrengtheninter-communalrelationsthrough Support implementationofR-ARCSSincluding 862 . Programming can addressdriversof . Programmingcan 861 . 863 . 859 860 . All stakeholders . All . The roleof 858 . © UNICEF/2020/Ryeng supported byUNM&EWorkingGroup Lead: NationalSDGTaskforceledbyBureauofStatisticsandMoFP, informed decision-making,andstrengtheningevidenceonchildren to promotealignment,coordination,andharmonizationindatainfrastructurefor with theNDS SDGs datainvestmentsoveraperiodof3-5years,andtoalignthese monitoring andreportingframework,aswellanationalactionplantoguideits have commissionedadatalandscapeanalysiswithviewtodevelopinganSDG The NationalSDGMonitoring Taskforce togetherwiththeUNM&EWorking Group Meeting progresstowardsallSDGs Recommendation 2: pathways analysis ofadolescentschoolattendanceandengagementinalternativelearning (aged 10-19years),especiallyyoungerones10-14includingabetter situations, anddatadisaggregatedbysexagecohortsuchasforalladolescents to bestrengthened,forexamplecaptureinformationonPWD,childreninstreet The evidencebaseonwomenandchildren,especiallythemostvulnerableneeds CPIMIS+, andbyprogressinbirthregistrationCRVS. This willbesupportedbyestablishedmonitoringsystemssuchastheMRMand There arethreemaindeliverablesoftheproject: approaches disabilities, inordertodesigncomprehensiveandmultisectoralanalyses on overlappingdeprivationsaffectingchildrensuchaswomenandgirlswith to minoritygroupsthroughoutSouthSudan.Further, analysisanddataarerequired It isrecommendedtoconductacomprehensiveassessmentaboutchildrenbelonging • • • Developing astrategicnationalactionplan. of dataformeetingandmonitoringtheSDGs; Identifying keyandprioritizedareasforpotentialinvestmenttoimproveavailability opportunities; Mapping thecountry’s datalandscape;whatisavailable,gaps,weaknessesand 865 . 866 864 . . Create astatutorySDGmonitoringandreportingframework

147 THE SITUATION OF CHILDREN AND WOMEN IN SOUTH SUDAN 2018–2020 148 THE SITUATION OF CHILDREN AND WOMEN IN SOUTH SUDAN 2018–2020 sufficiency and foodsecurity, andprovidingchildren/familieswithapositivemeansforself- training and/oreconomicstrengtheningsupportaimedatimprovinghouseholdincome CAAFAG, especiallythoseovertheageof15,whoareprovidedwithvocational Youth engagementispartofthesocioeconomicreintegrationprogrammefor Gender EqualityandtheEmpowermentofWomen(UNWomen), UNCT includingUNICEF,UNFPA,UNESCO,UNDPandUnitedNationsEntityfor Lead: MoGEI,MinistryofYouthandSports,Labourwithsupportfrom gender-sensitive programming youth asatransformativeagendaacrossallprogrammes,employingintegrated capacity tocontributepeaceandthelong-termdevelopmentofcountry can provideage-andgender-appropriateeducationforyouthincreasetheir The ALP, andvocationaltraininglivelihoodsskills,empowermentinitiatives This isanareathathasnotbeenexploredinSouthSudan should alsobeinvolvedinsportstoimprovetheirinclusion andphysicaldevelopment. other girlsandthusincreasetheirparticipation. Adolescents andyouthwithdisabilities adolescent girlsandyoungwomendeveloptheirtalents insports,theycanmentor traditionally amaledomain,butfemaleparticipationchallenges thisstereotype. As opportunity irrespectiveofgender, abilityandethnicity. InSouthSudan,sportsare sports includealladolescentsandyouth,bothin outofschool,andensureequal Recommendation 3: youth inSouthSudanandhelpthemrealizetheirfullpotential employing integratedprogramming.Suchinterventionswillmitigatetherisksfacedby partners, willpromoteyouthasatransformativeagendaacrossallprogrammes, suggestions, aspirations,frustrationsandfears.UNICEF, incollaborationwith decision makerswithinGovernmentandbeyondtolistenchildren,theiropinions, Children willbeempoweredasactorsforchangeandprogress;withadvocacy SDG 8(goodjobsandeconomicgrowth)16(peacejustice) Meeting progresstowardsSDG4(qualityeducation),5(genderequality), on therightofchildtohave his/herviewrespectedbasedonageandmaturity engagement inthesociety andcommunity. Raiseawarenessthroughoutthe country Further strengthentheinclusion andinvolvementofyoungpeople–theirvoices and right tohavehis/herviewsrespectedinaccordancewith theirageandmaturity Provide capacitybuildingofjusticeactorsontheimportance andrulesonthechild’ strengthening goodgovernancethrougheducatedcitizenry increased socialcohesion,creatingafoundationformorepluralisticsocietyand and locallevelsareintegraltotheresiliencesystemswhichcancontribute Youth-led NGOsandpeacebuildingconflict-preventioninterventionsatnational other servicesformaleandfemaleyouthsurvivorsof GBV facilitating accesstoresponseservices,includingmedical,psychosocial,safetyand and otherrecreationalactivities;peer-to-peerpsychosocialfirstaidservices; The physicalandemotionalwell-beingofyouthshouldbesupportedthroughsports new opportunitiesandskillsdevelopment would broadentheirperspectives,andprovidethemwithchoicesinlearningabout practical skillsforthedeliveryofWASH servicesatcommunitylevel. This programme people withaplatformtodeveloptheirtruepotentialandobtainnewknowledge armed groupsandforces.UNICEFpartnersinWASH willprovideyoung outside PoCsitesinSouthSudanandareaneasytargetforforcedrecruitmentby Young peopleconstitutealargeproportionofthedisplacedpopulationbothinsideand 871 . Empower childrenasactorsforchange,andmainstream 870 . 873 872 869 . . Itisimperativethat . 867 . 868 . . . s © UNICEF/2020/Ryeng Lead: MGCSW,MoFP,NSPWGsupportedbyUNICEF,WFP,WorldBank,UNOPS social protectionsystemforlong-termresiliencetoshocks scaling ofcashtransferprogrammes,andestablishingstrengtheninganational to ensureavailabilityandaffordabilityoffoodwater programmes suchasEmergencyCash Transfers andtheCGP, alongsidemeasures Social protectioninterventionscouldbeintheformofmassscalingcashtransfer – particularlyvulnerablewomenandchildrenhavecashtomeettheirbasicneeds. is acorecomponentofthenationalCOVID-19responseincludingensuringpeople resilience. As wellasthepublichealthpreparednessandresponse,socialprotection protection pandemicresponseisalsorequiredaspartofhouseholdandcommunity for recovery, stabilizationandsustainablepeace.However, itisclearthatasocial a combinationofshorttomediumandlong-terminterventionslaythefoundations Building theresilienceofhouseholdsandcommunitiesisachallengethatrequires health), andSDG5(genderequality) Meeting progresstowardsSDG1(nopoverty),2hunger),3(good Recommendation 4: an overarchingnationalsocialprotectionM&Eframework. linkages withotherrelevantprogrammes. The socialprotectionsystemshouldinclude by differentsocialprotectionprogrammesshouldbeformalizedandexpanded implementation, programmemanagementandsystemsdevelopment. The MISsused social protectionplatformforcoordinationofstakeholders,information-sharing,policy social protectioninitiatives,andthattherevitalizedNSPWGbecomesarespected protection programmesaspertheNSPPFtosupportrealizationofkeynational There isaneedtoensurethe1percentnationalallocationsocial families andcommunitiestocarefortheirchildren. which willhelpinreducingvulnerabilitiesandincreasetheabilitiescapacitiesof implement thesocialprotectionprogramme,includinganationalpilotonchildgrants, nets mechanismsaspartofrealizingtheNSPPF. Effortswillcontinuetodevelopand and itscapacityshouldbestrengthenedtodevelopchild-gender-sensitivesafety MGCSW hasbeenastrongallyinpromotingchildren’s rightsandsocialbudgeting, Support amultisectoralCOVID-19responseincludingmass 874 .

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© UNICEF/2020/Chol UNHCR, IOM,UNMISS Commission, MoJCA,MoH,MoGEI,MinistryofInteriorwithsupportfromUNICEF, Lead: MGCSW,NationalDisarmament,DemobilizationandReintegration access toJ4C,andsupportprevention,releasereintegrationofCAAFAG. exacerbating childprotectionrisksincludingMHPSS,therighttobirthregistration protection services,especiallytomitigatetheimmediateeffectsofCOVID-19on Recommendation 5: child protectionfrontlineworkers. , andscalingupcapacitydevelopmentonMHPSSforsocialworkers,teachers into EducationandHealthservices,strengtheningMHPSScommunitybasedservices MHPSS needsofchildrenandcaregiversthroughmainstreamingstrategies sectoral responsetocare(Figure28).Supportnationalcapacitiesaddressthe Support MHPSSprovisionthroughUNICEF’s nine“circlesofcare”,includingacross- networks suchasICMNintothechildprotectionsystemsbuilding. comprehensive andreliablesystem,integratingcommunity-basedchildprotection social workforcestrengtheningeffortsbytheGovernment,includingCPIMS+fora support tobirthnotificationandregistration,incorporatingcasemanagementintothe exacerbating childprotectionriskswillbeapriority. Activity willincludecontinued Supporting systemsbuildingformitigatingtheimmediateeffectsofCOVID-19on concerns andsupportthroughreferralstochildprotectionagencies. Strengthen thecommunity-basedmechanismsforidentificationofchildprotection and finalizetheStrategicFrameworkonJusticeforChildren. the NationalDisarmament,DemobilizationandReintegrationCommission. To revise CAAFAG includingallocationofadequatefundingandstrengtheningthecapacity Continue supporttothepartiesR-TGONUinreleaseandreintegrationof support toJ4C. and preventinggravechildrightsviolation,psychosocialsupportrecovery, and including theprovisionofMHPSSservices,righttobirthregistration,FTR,ending Responding tochildprotectionandGBVinhumanitarianactionremainsapriority justice) Meeting progresstowardsSDG5(genderequality)and16(peace : Improvedaccessandavailabilityofcriticalchild adequate support andprotectiontochildren inconflictwiththelaw 192-193 Child Act 2008).Empoweradults,bothprofessionalsandnon-professionals, toprovide Children’s CommissionandJuvenileCourtstohear anddetermineChildren’s cases(Section that theprovisionsofChild Act areimplementedontheground.EstablishIndependent system forchildrenandmake thesystemchildfriendly, includingtrainingoflegalactorstoensure facilities andreducethepossibility ofCOVID-19infectionwhileindetention.Strengthen thejustice Advocacy isneededforreleaseofchildrenindetention facilitiesinordertodecongesttheholding civil registration,andspellingoutthemodalitiesof isputinplaceassoonpossible. is thereforenecessarythatapolicyframeworkestablishing responsibilitiesforaspecificministry institutional setuptomanagetheCRVS process andtoimplementtheagreeduponprocedures.It and vitaleventsinSouthSudan(onlybirthnotifications), andconsequentlynoadministrative/ At presentthereisnopolicy, rulesandregulationstoguidetheregistrationofbirths,deaths Three-tiered supportforchildrenandfamilies(fieldtestversion).NewYork, UNICEF, 2018,withSouthSudancasestudy. Source: UnitedNationsChildren’s Fund.Operationalguidelinesoncommunitybasedmental healthandpsychosocialsupportinhumanitariansettings: Outputs andUNICEFInterventions(9circlesofsupport) Figure 28:UNICEFMHPSSinterventions 1 3 2 learning, vo adolescents, cult and v e S env P E t c S o x t LEARNI a eer-t CD social andemotional hildren, eacher c pressi E support v A f R e D ironments, support N STIMUL FE, f ulnerable f ELA s or EVELOPM iolenc VIR a CHILD o-peer pac cti POSITIVE adolescent NURT groups v TION v O e N i c e i mot v t apac

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151 THE SITUATION OF CHILDREN AND WOMEN IN SOUTH SUDAN 2018–2020 152 THE SITUATION OF CHILDREN AND WOMEN IN SOUTH SUDAN 2018–2020 CAAFAG andpastoralistchildren age students,childlabourers,childrendisplacedbyconflict,withdisabilities, education thatstraddlestheformalandnon-formalpathways. These includeover- serious riskofbeingexcludedfromeducation,andwhorequirespecialattentionwith There arealsothousandsofchildrenwhomaybeenrolledinschool,butat Education ClusterandDonorWorkingGroup Lead: MoGEIwithsupportfromUNICEF,UNESCO,WFP,andCSOspartnersinthe excluded andat-riskchildrenincludinginpastoralistcommunities quality educationprovision,especiallyECDandvocationaltrainingforyouth, the COVID-19pandemic.Enhancefunctionalityofeducationfacilitiesandprovide schooling needs the exactlocationsofOOSCinordertoinitiateinterventionscaterfortheir collaboration betweenhumanitariananddevelopmentactors,establishes Improved availabilityandqualityofeducationdataisneededwhichsupports youth implementation oftherevisedcurriculum,teachertrainingandvocationalfor Pathways shouldalsobeidentifiedtoprioritizeECDandanationalECEstrategy children therighttoeducation. armed forcesandgroupstostopusingschoolsasmilitarybasesthisdenies programming whichfocusonthefirstthousanddays education andnurturingcareelementsdeliveredthroughhealthnutrition contribute topeacebuilding. A multisectoralemphasisisneeded forECD,including Recommendation 6: physical disabilitiestoaccessclassroomsandWASH facilities community advocacyongirls’ education,andnewschoolswhichallowchildrenwith For example,byincludingrefugeechildreninthenationaleducationplan,through communities, andconflict-affectedinternallydisplacedrefugeepopulations. marginalized groups,includinggirls,childrenwithdisabilities,inpastoralist limited functionalityofeducationfacilities,andimproveaccesstoamong The educationsector, particularlyatlocalgovernmentlevel,mustfirstlyaddressthe school closures. be supportedtosustainlearningthroughdistanceandotherinnovativeoptionsduring negative impactofschoolclosuresonthewell-beingchildren.MoGEIshouldalso COVID-19 pandemic,giventhatschoolsarenotdriversofinfectionsandduetothe Government shouldbesupportedtoenableschoolsremainopenthroughoutthe Meeting progresstowardsSDG4(qualityeducation)andSGD5(genderequality) emotional andsocialmaturity interaction withothers,criticalthinkingandreadiness tolearnwillcontribute success, whilelifeskillsandpsychosocialsupportthat improvecommunication, Emphasis onthefoundationalskillsofliteracyandnumeracywillincreaseacademic be limitedtoage25,however manyheadsofhouseholdsareolder Adult educationisneeded to supportdemand. Accelerated learningprogrammescan payment ofteachersalaries, alongsidecapacitybuildingofaqualifiedteaching cadre. the basiceducationsubsector. A financialcommitmentisneededtosupport the commitment thateducationwillaccountfor10–15per centofthebudget–especially Adequate financingisneededfortheeducationsector –aspertheGovernment environment ischild-friendlyandthatallteacherssign acodeofconduct. A safeandsecurelearning environmentshouldbeensuredandthattheschool measure andtracklearningachievementconsistently. 877 – and reflect the inter-linkages between conflict, education andinequality–to education – andreflecttheinter-linkagesbetweenconflict, 879 . : SupportMoGEItosustainlearningforchildrenthroughout 880 . ofamechanismto This callsfortheestablishment 876 . toadvocatewith There isneedtocontinue 878 . 875 . 881 . , continue tobesupported health systemthatcaneventuallybefullyhandedovertotheGovernment,andshould approved bytheMoHin2019(Section4.3.3)isagoodfirststeptowardbuilding treatment, throughamultisectoralapproach primarily treatingchildrensufferingfromacutemalnutrition topreventioncombinedwith of CNVsisinitiatingaparadigmshifttoaddresswasting inchildren,movingawayfrom UNICEF incollaborationwiththeGovernment,UNagencies, CSOsandengagement strengthening nutritionsurveillanceandinformationmanagement. Lead: MoHwithsupportfromUNICEF,WFP,andCSOspartnersinNutritionCluster prevention andtreatmentofacutemalnutritionwithengagementCNVs Health Cluster Lead: MoHwithsupportfromUNICEF,WHO,UNFPA,andCSOspartnersinthe access tohealthcareandendpreventablematernal,newbornchildmortality regions ofthecountry the poorestandrichesthouseholds,betweenboysgirlswithin threatening SAMinEasternandSouthern Africa. Significantdisparitiespersistbetween South Sudanhasoneofthehighestcaseloadschildrensufferingfromlife- Meeting progresstowardsSDG2(nohunger) Recommendation 8: essential healthcaresupplies,equipmentanddrugs There isaneedtoaddressbottlenecksinthesupplychainensureavailabilityof Action Plan(ENAP). develop operationalplansfortheRMNCAH&NstrategyandEveryNewborn Increase Governmentspendingonhealthto15percentas Abuja target,and of effortandthatresourcesreachareaswheretheyaremostneeded This includestheimportanceofuptodate,reliabledatasothatthereisnoduplication maternal, newbornandchildmortality, andtoprovideuniversalaccesshealthcare. the responseneedsforCOVID-19andaspartofongoingeffortstoendpreventable The fragilehealthsysteminSouthSudanneedsurgentlystrengtheningtomeetboth Meeting progresstowardsSDG3(goodhealth)and5(genderequality) Recommendation 7: regulatory frameworkguidingmidwiferypractice adequate andregularlypaidwages,supervisionatalllevels;alegalor resources fortraining;andenhancedHRHmanagementsuchasjobdescriptions, reducing highstaffturnoverinallGovernment-managedhealthfacilities;financial HRH needstobedeveloped,includingcreationofanationalretentionpolicy; education, employment,socialprotection,andsafety nets nutrition sensitiveinterventionsinwomen’s empowerment, agriculture,foodsystems, on thepreventionagendarequiresnutrition-specific interventions, togetherwith states, whichremainwithoutconsistentessentialfood andnutritionservices. A focus IRRM toreachcommunitiesaffectedbyconflictinsevenoutofthetenformer The nutritionemergencyresponseshouldcontinuetobeprioritizedthroughthe programming and roadmaptoincludeafocus onadolescentnutritionindatacollectionand UNICEF willleveragethenew MultisectoralNutritionStrategicPlan2022–2030 889 . 886 . 884 Createaparadigmshifttowardpreventionagendathrough Strengthenthefragilehealthsystemtoprovideuniversal . 888 . 883 . The healthworkerincentives 885 . 887 , aswellcontinuingto 882 .

153 THE SITUATION OF CHILDREN AND WOMEN IN SOUTH SUDAN 2018–2020 154 THE SITUATION OF CHILDREN AND WOMEN IN SOUTH SUDAN 2018–2020 support todevelopmentofmanagementandoperationswaterfacilities the rehabilitationandupgradingofWASH infrastructureandsystems, including support from UNICEF, WHO support fromUNICEF,WHO Lead: MoHRiskCommunicationandCommunityEngagement(RCCE),MGCSWwith society andICMNtoreachthemostatrisk for economic,legalandpoliticalempowerment,withenhancedinvestmentincivil from UNICEF, IOM, UNFPA, and CSOs and partners in the WASH cluster from UNICEF,IOM,UNFPA,andCSOspartnersintheWASHcluster Lead: MoWRI,MoH,StateMinistryofHousing,LandandPublicUtilitieswithsupport development andhumanitariannexus,exploringinnovativePPPs Preventing andrespondingtoGBVremainsakeypriority ASRH interventions integrated inall ASRH documentstoensureitisintegratedandimplementedwith out ofschoolsintheagegroups10–19years.MHMcanbeincludedpolicyand Health (ASRH)policyandstrategicframeworktargetingadolescentsinschools MoH withsupportfromUNFPAa draft hasdeveloped Reproductive Adolescent Sexual open defecationandpoorhygienepractices resilience incommunities. There willbeafocusonpreventingdiseasebyaddressing monitoring arerequiredasastrategytocopewithevolvingsituationsandenhance cholera endemicgeographicalareas.Community-basedoperation,maintenanceand attention tosafewatersupplyinfoodinsecureareas,floodpronelocations,and and institutions,especiallyschools(includingMHM)healthfacilities,withspecial community level,UNICEFwillscaleupWASH interventionsinvulnerablecommunities WASH infrastructureneedstoberehabilitatedandservicedeliveryexpanded. At WASH needs. sector hasanimportantroletoplayincreatinginnovativesolutionsSouthSudan’s particularly inrelationtoruralareasanddisadvantagedpopulations. The private measures andstrategiesorientedatincreasingwaterefficiencyproductivity is apriorityforbothdevelopmentandhumanitarianprogramming,aswell Ensuring accesstoWASH, includingMHHandMHMusingmultisectoral approaches, (partnerships forthegoals) Meeting progresstowardsSDG6(cleanwaterandsanitation)17 Recommendation 9: them toaccessservices,overcomesecuritybarriers, andadvocateforthemselves status insociety–basedonbothgenderandagewhich makesitmoredifficultfor Women andchildrenrequireparticularattentionduetotheiroveralldisadvantaged and SDG17(partnershipsforthegoals) Meeting progresstowardsSDG5(genderequality),16(peaceandjustice) Recommendation 10: transformation processinSouthSudan legal andpoliticalempowermentisessentialforpositive, long-termresultsacrossthe Investing inexpandedopportunitiesforwomenandgirls toadvancetheireconomic, throughout theGovernmentanditsinstitutions standing ofMGCSWisimportantastheMinistryseeks tomainstreamgenderissues committed during thewar, including widespreadsexual violence of theirformerhomes;and afailuretoholdperpetratorsaccountableforatrocities services, andlivelihoodopportunities inareasofreturn;thedestructionoroccupation currently fearreturningtosome areas,andcitebarriersincludingalackofsafety, an understandingofethnic dynamicsandassessmentsofconflictsensitivity Displaced peoplefromminority groupsneedsupportingtoreturnhomeincluding to bemainstreamedintheoverallpeacebuildingeffort 892 . EnsureaccesstoWASHincludingMHH,acrossthe Targetvulnerablepopulationsincludingwomenandgirls 895 , and gender and theroleofwomen,needs , andgender 890 . Inurbanareas,UNICEFwillsupport 897 . 896 . Empoweringtheworkand 894 . 898 . Ultimately, the 891 . . IDPs , 893 . rights services. their rightssuchasbirthregistrationandaccesstosexualreproductivehealth level toensurethatallwomenandchildrenarereachedwithserviceswhichhelpprotect women andchildren. There isaneedtofurtherinvestinpartnershipsatthegrassroot Civil societyhasavitalroletoplayinidentifyingandreachingthemostvulnerable through RCCEisbecomingcritical. power androleofcommunitymobilizers,suchasICMN,tospreadpreventionmessages as World Bank, AfDB, IMF as WorldBank,AfDB,IMF members includingUNe.g.UNDP,UNICEF,andInternationalFinancialInstitutionssuch National RevenueAuthority,AuditChamber,PFMDonorWorkingGroup Lead: MoFPledbyNationalPFMOversightCommittee,LegislativeAssembly, sectors strengthen PFMsystemstoensureincreasedallocationforcriticalsocialservices children social investmentsanddemonstratethereturnfrominvestinginbasicservicesfor tools areneededtoinfluencenationalbudgets,promoteefficientuseofpublicfundsfor that improvethelivesofchildrenandvulnerablegroups. Advocacy andmonitoring Nevertheless, theGovernmentneedstofindfiscalspacefinancesocialexpenses administrative staff through theGovernmentbudgetsystemtopaysalariesforallteachers,managersand For example,ineducation,itisprojectedthattheMinistrywillnothavesufficientfunding more vulnerablegroupsandhavegreaterimpact WASH andC4D(throughtheICMN),canuseintegratedmultipleplatformstoreach Interventions frommultiplesectorsincludingchildprotection,health,nutrition,education, improving, to enhance forwardplanning andprogrammeproject implementation the macroeconomicprogramme. The predictabilityofODA flowsinSouthSudanneeds and Governmentsharedata, aswelltheneedtoreflectODA inbudgetslinewith and aneedtostreamlineinformation systemsthroughwhichdevelopmentpartners There arechallengestogather comprehensiveinformationonODA inSouthSudan financial systemswillultimately supportdomesticrevenuemanagement. the peaceagreement prospects forreturnswilldependonbuildingtheconfidenceofdisplacedcommunitiesin an importantrole revenue. This willtaketimeandso,fortheforeseeablefuture, externalsupportwillplay services. To doso,itwillneedtoimproveitsowncapacity anditsabilitytogenerate and security. After that,theGovernmentseekstoresumeprovisionofbasicsocial The priorityoftheGovernmentSouthSudanistoachieveareturnsustainedpeace Meeting progresstowardsallSDGs Recommendation 11: development effectivenessapproachtoODA undertaken. The overallvisionwillbetomovefromanaideffectivenessapproacha with internationaldevelopmentpartners,andSouth–South cooperationneedstobe internal auditingsystems,Governmentaidcoordination, coordinationanddialogue To enhancetheflowofODA toSouthSudan,reformsin publicfinancialsystemsand PFM reformscanachievestrategicresultsforchildren. distribution offunds,contributestopoorchildhealthoutcomes. An increased focuson funding flows. Thelackofcriticalhealthsupplies,duetopoorcostingorinequitable absenteeism, whichitselfmaybeduetodelayedsalary paymentsasaresultofpoor challenges. Forexample,poorqualityeducationisoftenaresultofhighteacher Many oftheobstaclestoimprovingchildoutcomescanbedirectlytracedPFM 902 . asustainableway. in The keyconcernishowtofinanceidentifiedpriorities 901 . 903 899 . . UndertakereformsindomesticandODAfinancing, 904 . Meanwhile theenhancementofpublic . Meanwhile 900 . Withpublichealthemergencies,the 905 .

155 THE SITUATION OF CHILDREN AND WOMEN IN SOUTH SUDAN 2018–2020 156 THE SITUATION OF CHILDREN AND WOMEN IN SOUTH SUDAN 2018–2020 support from UNCT including UNICEF, UNFPA, UN Women support fromUNCTincludingUNICEF,UNFPA,UNWomen Lead: MGCSW,MoH,MoGEI,MoWRI,MoJCAMinistryofHumanitarianAffairswith South Sudan the implementationofStrategicNationalActionPlantoEndChildMarriagein the goals) Meeting progresstowardsSDG16(peaceandjustice)17(partnershipsfor UNMISS Lead: NationalMineActionAuthority(NMAA),supportedbyUNICEF,UNMAS,OCHA, delivery of,andabilitytoreach,humanitarianassistanceservices Meeting progresstowardsSDG5(genderquality)and16(peacejustice) with supportfromUNCTincludingUNICEF,UNFPA,UNWomen Lead: MGCSW,MoH,MoGEI,MoWRI,MoJCAandMinistryofHumanitarianAffairs transformation, andscaleupGBVriskmitigationinterventions prevention andresponseservicesforGBVsurvivors,promoteharmfulsocialnorms survivors areoftenforcedtogobackunsafeplaces for boysandgirls.Sheltersshouldbepartofacoordinated approachagainstGBV offering specializedandnon-specializedGBVservices areeasilyaccessibleandsafe abuse andneglect.ScaleupGBVriskmitigationtoensure allservicesandinstitutions strengthening integratedservicesandreferralmechanisms forchildsurvivorsof Scale upaccesstomultisectoralsupportservicesfor GBVsurvivors,including children, womenandmenaresettledbystatutory notcustomarycourts. gender, includingGBV. Strengtheneffortstoensurecasesofsexualviolenceagainst justice systemstorespondinatimelymannercasesofinequality Prioritize theimplementationofrelevantlawsandpoliciesstrengthenlegal/ Recommendation 14: marriage, pregnancy, andHIV the highratesofsuicidesingirls(foundasmallstudysection3.4.4)duetoforced furtherresearchandinterventionstoaddress (2017–2030).Undertake Sudan South in implementation ofthecostedStrategicNational Action PlantoEndChildMarriage the establishmentofaminimumlegalageformarriageandincreasedsupport Prioritize thepreventionofharmfulpracticessuchaschildmarriage,includingthrough Meeting progresstowardsSDG5(genderequality) Recommendation 13: mine actionpartners,withsupportfromUNICEF. Fast-forward deminingandtheremovalofUXOsinSouthSudanbyUNMAS services, withsupportfromUNICEF, UNMAS,andnationalinternationalpartners. Strengthen NMAA’s EOREcapacitiesandensureimprovementofefficacy ofEORE provide EORE.ContinuetosupportMoGEImainstreamEOREinnationalcurricula. Continue toadvocateforandsupporttheclearanceofexplosivehazards,aswell Recommendation 12: national populationbyGovernment personnel. to preventthesexualexploitation andabuseofbeneficiariesmembersthe Set-up safeguardingmechanismsandprocedureswithin thedifferentministries Establishaminimumlegalageformarriageandsupport Ensureconsistentandsecurehumanitarianaccessforthe Strengthen accesstoandavailabilityofmultisectoral 906.

907 . , inparticularon , as Inclusion Policy. with disabilitiesinaccordancedomesticlawsandtheNationalDisability skills. Prioritizetheprovisionofadequatesupportandassistivedevicesforchildren teachers andcommunityrepresentativesininclusiveeducationmethodologies well asadjustingbuildingsandfacilitiesaccordingtotheirneeds.Capacitybuildall Change publicattitudestowardsPWDandconstructrunfacilitiesforPWD,as is mainstreamedacrossallsectors. inclusive educationpolicy;anddraftpoliciespracticesinwhichdisability to CRPD;implementtheNationalDisabilityandInclusionPolicy2013;finalize and UNFPA other UNAgencieswithaclearmandateonhumanrightssuchasOHCHR,Women Lead: MGCSW,MoJCA,CommissiononHumanRights,withsupportfromUNICEFand Charter ontheRightsandWelfareofChild. Committee ontheRightsofChildandratificationCRPDAfrican Recommendation 15: in allpolitical,economicandsocietalspheres the design,implementation,monitoringandevaluationofpoliciesprogrammes measures, tomaketheconcernsandexperiencesofPWDanintegraldimension Mainstream ahumanrights-basedapproachtodisability, incombinationwithtargeted Ratify the African CharterontheRightsandWelfare oftheChild. often hardtoreachareas,wherechildren’s rightsviolationsaremostcommon. of abuse,andneglectagainstchildren,e)therightschild,especiallyinrural, definition ofthechild,b)bestinterestc)childparticipation,d)impact Committee ontheRightsofChildandGovernment-ledawarenessraisinga) Support toCRCimplementationincludingimplementingtherecommendationsof Meeting progresstowardsallSDGs Environment Programme (UNEP) Environment Programme(UNEP) Lead: MinistryofEnvironment,MoWRI,withsupportfromUNCTandUnitedNations resilience toclimatechangeshocks,andmitigateconflictovernaturalresources 10–14-year-olds) arepartofthefocuson climatechangeadaptation the environment.Itisimportant thatadolescents(includingyoungeraged Children participatinginthe FGDsforthisSitAnshowedauniversalpassionprotecting forests. communities andlocalgovernments oncommunalgrazinglands,waterpointsand communities overnaturalresourcesatthelocallevel, suchasinitiatingdialoguewith There isaneedforcoordinationandpartnershiptoaddress theissueofconflictamong resource managementandotherdevelopmentactivities. awareness andeducation,mainstreamgenderinclimate changeadaptation,natural crops andpublicawarenesscampaigns. There isaneedtostrengthenenvironmental water resourcesispossiblethroughmoreefficientirrigation systems,droughtresistant involving communitiesinmanagingtheirlocalforests.Reducing competitionoverscarce impact ontheirlivelihoodsanddisplacement. There isaneedtoreducedeforestationby Building resilienceofcommunitiestoclimatechangeshocks willhelpinminimizingits humanitarian interventionplansandresponses. encouraged toconsidertheintegrationofrecoveryanddevelopmentstrategiesin and reduceoverdependenceonhumanitarianaid.Humanitarianpartnersshouldbe South Sudan’s naturalresources,ifmanagedproperly, cansustainthepopulation SDG 17(partnershipsforthegoals) Meeting progresstowardsSDG13(climateaction),15(lifeonland)and Recommendation 16: EnsurefullimplementationoftheRecommendations Supportadaptationtoclimatechange,buildcommunity 908 . thefollowing: This includes Accede 909 .

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© UNICEF/2020/Ryeng Table 10:KeychildrightsstakeholdersinSouthSudan in SouthSudan Child rightsstakeholders conflict Parties tothe Stakeholder Annex Government forces mines andERW, GBVandotherissues. forces andarmedgroups(CAAFAG), butalsoinrelationtooccupationofschools,land Vital insecuringchildren’s rightsparticularlyinrelationtochildrenassociatedwitharmed Opposition forces Security Service. Prison ServiceofSouthSudan(NPSSS);NationalFireBrigade; South SudanOppositionMovements Alliance (SSOMA)including: Government SecurityServices: of theCessationHostilities Agreement (COHA)ofDecember2017. On 13February2020,SSOMA signed theRomeResolutiononMonitoringandVerification Role • • • • • • • • • • SSPDF South SudanPeople’s DefenceForces(SSPDF)including Taban Deng-allied same barracksasSSPDF. They arealignedtoSSPDFthoughnotyetintegrated National Patriotic Alliance Forces(NPAF) - The NPAF arebasedin Tong (Unity)inthe Sudan People’s LiberationMovement/ArmyinOpposition(SPLM/A-IO) South SudanNationalLiberationMovement/Army(SSNLM/A) United DemocraticRevolutionaryMovement/Army. South SudanUnitedFront/Army South SudanNationalMovementforChange(SSNMC) Real SudanPeople’s Liberation Movement(R-SPLM) National SalvationFront(NAS) National DemocraticMovement 910 . inJuba There isaChildProtectionUnitattheSSPDFHeadquarters SouthSudanNationalPoliceService(SSNPS);

911 912 . .

159 THE SITUATION OF CHILDREN AND WOMEN IN SOUTH SUDAN 2018–2020 160 THE SITUATION OF CHILDREN AND WOMEN IN SOUTH SUDAN 2018–2020 and agesets defence groups community groups/ Informal armed Stakeholder Agencies Ministries and Government National

Affairs (MoJCA)areallinvolvedinaddressingGBV The MinistryofInterior, MinistryofHealth,andJusticeConstitutional as wellinotherethnicgroups the MurlebutarealsoanelementofsocialstructureinsomeDinkaandNuersub-groups group’s positionandstatus(FonerKurtzer, 1978). Age-sets arepredominantlyfoundin on agroupidentityandmovingtogetherthroughprescribedsocialrolesaccordingtotheir which peopleofsimilaragesaregroupedtogether, generallythroughouttheirlives,taking Age-sets areananthropologicalconceptdescribingasystemofsocialstratificationin so-called ‘ArrowBoys’ (ZandeinWestern Equatoria). Armies’ (Nuercommunitydefencegroups),monyomiji(Otuho/LopitinEasternEquatoria), Examples ofinformalgroupsincludegalweng(Dinkacattlekeepers),so-called‘White ensures theprotectionofchildrenfromviolence,exploitation, neglectandabuse formulation ofpoliciesanddevelopmentprogrammes thatpromotechildren’s rightsand lead onimplementationoftheCRCandChild Act, 2008. Ittakesresponsibilityfor and acrossgovernment. The Directorate ofChildWelfare withinMGCSWhastheexplicit monitoring andevaluationaswellcoordinatinggender mainstreaminganddisabilityin informal coordinationisdoneatnationallevelthroughpolicy formulation,implementation, is mandatedtocoordinateimplementationoftheCRCand Child Act 2008. This formaland MGCSW incollaborationwithotherrelevantGovernment bodiesincludingatState-level, formation ofanewlegalaidscheme mandates onchildrenandwomen,including: The socialandhumanitariansectorcompriseskeyGovernmentagencieswith See alsoSection3.3.1. targets orinterlocutorsforprogramming. customary authorities,andarethereforeimportantbutdistinctinformalopinionleaders, norms, cattleraiding,GBVetc.Suchgroupsarenotalwayswell-integratedintohierarchical civil war, theseinformalgroupsplaybroaderrolesintermsofsecurity, recruitment,gender Although theformalpartiestoconflicthaveoftenencouragedtheirmobilizationinto These actorshavearoleinshapingthelivesofyoungpeopleruralSouthSudan. and policeareunder-trained andunder-resourced community concerns.However, acrossthecountry, lawenforcementservicesremainweak of survivorsGBV, prosecuteperpetrators,andincreasepolice responsiveness to and Statelevelprovideanenabling environmentforthepromotionandprotection Police SpecialProtectionUnits (SPUs)attheDirectorateofSocialWelfare atthenational Role • • • • • • • • • • • • health caredeliveryatotherlevels guidance, leadership,funding,monitoringandevaluation,whilestateleveloversees Ministry ofHealth(MoH)whichinSouthSudan’s decentralizedsystemprovidespolicy National Mine Action Authority (NMAA) Mine ActionAuthority National Welfare (NationalLegislative Assembly) National Women Parliamentary CaucusStateCommitteeforGenderandSocial (National Legislative Assembly); Specialized CommitteeforGender, Child,SocialWelfare, Youth andSports Presidential Advisor forGenderandHumanRights(OfficeofthePresident); Commission ontheWar Disabled,WidowsandOrphans; Peace Commission; South SudanReliefandRehabilitationCommission; Ministry ofHumanitarian Affairs andDisasterManagement; Ministry ofCulture, Youth andSports; Ministry ofGender, ChildandSocialWelfare (MGCSW); Ministry ofGeneralEducationandInstruction(MoGEI) 913 . 917 . 914 . The NutritionDirectorateispartofMoH. 918 916 . . MoJCA isconcernedwithJ4Cand 915 . Government Subnational South Sudan Human Rightsin Commission on (RECs) Communities Regional Economic African Unionand Agencies Ministries and Government National Stakeholder

Commission aspartoftheinstitutionalarrangementsforChild Act. Commission. Though notyetestablished,itisimportantfortheMGCSWtoestablish There isprovisionintheChild Act, 2008forestablishinganIndependentChild www.ohchr.org/EN/HRBodies/HRC/CoHSouthSudan/Pages/Index.aspx monitoring ofdetentioncentres.Forexamplesreportsandstatementssee country thathaveincludeddifferentaspectsofchildren’s rightsparticularlyinrelationto in 2016. The Commissionhaswrittengeneralreportsonthehumanrightssituationin The HumanRightsCouncilestablishedtheCommissiononinSouthSudan for thetransport,feedingandreturnofdisplacedpopulations emergency integratedprimaryhealthcareservices UNICEF issupportingtheGovernmentandStateMinistriesofHealthtoprovidelife-saving The Peacesector AU South Sudanisamemberofthe African UnionandoftwotheeightRECsaccreditedto be furthersystematized,especiallybetweennationalandStatelevels There arechallengesfacingtheGovernmentinensuringeffectivecoordinationandthisneedto Caucus (StateLegislative Assembly). policies, guidelines,programmesandprojects;thereisalsoaStateW At State-level,theMinistriesofGenderandSocialDevelopmentensureimplementation mandated byR-ARCSStotakechargeinmanagingthereintegrationofformersoldiers The 12-memberNationalDisarmament,DemobilizationandReintegrationCommissionis the twoRECs In October2013,IGADandEACForeignMinistersdecidedtoexplorethepossibilityofmerging Mutilation Bill,2016 Urban Water Corporation,andMinistryofWater ResourcesandIrrigation(MoWRI) Ministry ofFinanceandPlanning(MoFP),EnergyDams,SouthSudan The economicsectorincludeskeyministrieswithmandatesonchildren,includingthe Health Departments,non-governmentalorganizations(NGOs)andfaith-based subnational levelisbyavarietyofactorsnotalwaysundercentralcontrol,alsoincludingCounty to thepeaceprocess, spheres, andaddressissuesrelatedtohumanrights,forexampleIGADhasbeeninstrumental RECS seektoincreasecooperationofMemberStatesinthepolitical,economicandsocial Public ServiceandHumanResourceDevelopmenttoinvestigatecasesofchildlabour The GovernmenthasalsoestablishedaChildLabourUnitwiththeMinistryof Role • • 926 South Sudan, Tanzania andUganda East African Community(EAC)–comprises6memberstates:Burundi,Kenya,Rwanda, Eritrea, Ethiopia,Kenya,Somalia,SouthSudan,SudanandUganda Intergovernmental Authority onDevelopment(IGAD)-comprisesthecountriesofDjibouti, : 931 . 930 covershumanitarianactivities,therepairofinfrastructureandsupport 929 . andtheEAChasproducedprohibitionofFemaleGenital 927 924 . However, healthimplementationat 919 923 omen Parliamentary . . 928

920 . , 922 921 925 . . .

161 THE SITUATION OF CHILDREN AND WOMEN IN SOUTH SUDAN 2018–2020 162 THE SITUATION OF CHILDREN AND WOMEN IN SOUTH SUDAN 2018–2020 Institutions Financial International Donors and Strategy Coordination and Leadership, Humanitarian Agencies United Nations Stakeholder the groundforseveraldays multisectoral campaign-styleinterventionsandbasicnutrition andnon-fooditems,withteamson UNICEF inpartnershipwithWFP, deliveringashort-termpackageofassistanceconsisting In SouthSudan,theintegratedRapidResponseMechanism(IRRM)isimplementeddirectlyby Population Fund(UNFPA), World FoodProgramme(WFP),World HealthOrganization(WHO). Standing Committee(IASC),UnitedNationsOfficeforProjectServices(UNOPS), Nations OfficefortheCoordinationofHumanitarian Affairs(OCHA)includingtheInter-Agency Nations Mine Action Service(UNMAS),UnitedNationsMissioninSouthSudan(UNMISS), Programme (UN-Habitat),UnitedNationsIndustrialDevelopmentOrganization(UNIDO), United NationsHighCommissionerforRefugees(UNHCR),HumanSettlements Environment Programme(UNEP),UnitedNationsFoodand Agriculture Organization(FAO), Entity forGenderEqualityandtheEmpowermentofWomen (UNWomen), UnitedNations United NationsEducational,ScientificandCulturalOrganization(UNESCO), United NationsChildren’s Fund(UNICEF),UnitedNationsDevelopmentProgramme(UNDP), Migration (IOM),OfficeoftheUnitedNationsHighCommissionerforHumanRights(OHCHR) the JointUnitedNationsProgrammeonHIV/AIDS(UNAIDS),InternationalOrganizationfor Many UnitedNationsagencieshavearoleinadvancingchildren’s rightsinSouthSudan,notably: Response Plan United NationsOfficefortheCoordinationofHumanitarian Affairs(OCHA)Humanitarian There arenearly200humanitarianorganizationsoperatinginSouthSudan,guidedbythe Netherlands. Sudan HumanitarianFund(SSHF),World Bank,theEuropeanCommission,Norway, Japan,the Germany, The UKForeign,Commonwealth&DevelopmentOffice(FCDO),(DFID),South Agency forInternationalDevelopment(USAID),Government ofJapan,GovernmentNorway Union Humanitarian Aid (ECHO),Global Alliance forVaccine Initiative (Gavi),UnitedStates African DevelopmentBank(AfDB),CentralEmergencyResponse Fund(CERF),European Key donorsandInternationalFinancialInstitutionsinSouth Sudaninclude: Cluster andNGOHealthForum health sectorincludingMinistryofHealth,varioustechnicalworkinggroupsaswellHealth The SouthSudanHealthForumisaGoogleGroupwhichpublishesupdatesfromthewider against sexualexploitationandabuse Humanitarian Coordinator, andplaysanactiveroletoadvocateforbetterprotectionofchildren the DeputySpecialRepresentativeofSecretary-General(SRSG)/ResidentCoordinator/ abuse byhumanitarianpersonnel(PSEA) Task Force,whichfunctionsundertheauspicesof UNICEF participatesinthein-countryinteragencyprotectionfromsexualexploitationand Coordination Group(ICCG)facilitatedbyOCHA atthenationalandsubnationallevels. responsibilities ofeachparty. UNICEFco-ledclustersand AoR areallpartoftheInter-Cluster agency atcountryleveltoguideeffectiveandefficientcoordinationensureclearroles Memorandums ofUnderstandinghavebeensignedbetweenUNICEFandeachco-lead Hunger andWFP andtheWASH ClusterwiththeNorwegianRefugeeCouncil(NRC). violations againstchildreninarmedconflict,theNutritionClusterwithConcern, with UNMISS,theCountry Task ForceonMonitoringandReporting(CTFMR)forthesixgrave the ChildProtection AoR andtheEducationClusterwithSaveChildren,UNICEFco-leads clusters andthree AoRs currentlyactiveinthecountry. UNICEFco-leadsatnationallevelboth UNICEF isco-leadingthreeClustersandone Area ofResponsibility(AoR)outatotal10 Other gendertaskforcesinclude Role • • • the implementationofUNSCR1325,women,peaceandsecurit National steeringcommitteeestablishedfordevelopingSouthSudannationalactionplan GBV Sub-clusterforum,chairedbyMinisterofGenderandco-chairedUNFP National GendercoordinationForumchairedbytheMinisterofGender; 932 . 936 . 935 934 . : 933 . y. Action Against A; , The privatesector think tanks Academia and Young People Children and Media Organizations and CivilSociety Non-Governmental Stakeholder careers fairinDecember2017 UN Agencies havecollaboratedwiththeUniversityofJubaforexampleinparticipatinga in all10statescarryingouteffectivetwo-waycommunicationswithcommunities UNICEF’s IntegratedCommunityMobilizersNetwork(ICMN)comprises2,500womenandmen communities onrespectingtherightsofchildren,includingendingchildmarriage Change forChildrenInitiativesawUNICEFpartneringwithreligiousleaderstomobilize PTSD. level. However, therearenospecificgroupsforsurvivorsofmentalillnessorthosewith need moresupportandfunding. There aresevengroupsforPWDinJubaandsomeatState Organizations ofPWDactasinfluencers,especiallyamongcaregiversandpeers,but a handfulofwomen’s organizations society organizations(CSOs)andmovementsareslowtodevelop,withtheexistenceofonly Government toprovidesupportintheimplementationofCRC they haveastrongervoice of theSouthSudanNGOForum There are414nationaland119 internationalNGOsinthecountryworkingunderumbrella implementation supply chains,improvetradeprospectsanddevelopthemechanisms neededtofinanceSDG Opportunities forpartnershipswithprivatesectorentitieswill beimportanttohelpdevelopfood help informpolicyandpractice The roleofacademiaandthinktankssuchastheEbonyCentreSuddInstituteisvitalto for publicdiscourse However, thevoicesofchildren,youngpeopleincludinggirlsandthosewithdisabilitiesarevital substantive childparticipationinSouthSudan. by verytraditionalattitudestowardschildrenandtheirroleinsocietywhichwereabarrierto creating challengestoachievingpositiveimpactsinchildparticipation. This isexacerbated South SudanfacessubstantialchallengeswiththestrengthofitsGovernmentandcivilsociety 3.10.3). positive change.StrongexamplesareUNICEF’s newChildReportersProgramme(Section Child participationgenerallyseekstoengagewithGovernmentandcivilsocietyachieve The World PressFreedomIndexrankedSouthSudan 139outof180countriesin2019 including theSouthSudanCouncilofChurches Important civilsocietyactorsincludefaith-basedorganizationsandreligioustriballeaders, communication strategies,effectivemanagementandanti-fraudawareness programme fornationalNGOsincludingstrengtheningofpartners’ has seenUNICEFpartneringwiththeSouthSudanNGOForumonatargetedcapacitybuilding and services. As partoftheGrandBargaincommitments,a2019–2021localizationstrategy is supplementedbyanetworkof6,221communitynutritionvolunteers(CNVs) instrumental inrevokingaccreditationsandworkpermitsofsuchindividuals protect journalists,includingthoseworkingtoexposeviolationsofhumanrights,ithasbeen the SouthSudanMedia Authority wasestablishedin2014asaGovernmentagencyto The mediahasrepeatedlyfacedintimidation,harassment,threatsandcensorship. Though Role 944 953 . 950 . 943 . 952 951 937 . . . ManynationalandinternationalNGOsworkcloselywiththe 942 . Women-led organizationsneedtobewellsupportedso 949 945 . In2020forexample,theFaithandPositive 938 resourcemobilization, andprovidevitalassistance 939 948 . . 941 . Women’s civil 946 940 . . This work . This

947 , .

163 THE SITUATION OF CHILDREN AND WOMEN IN SOUTH SUDAN 2018–2020 164 THE SITUATION OF CHILDREN AND WOMEN IN SOUTH SUDAN 2018–2020 https://www.bloomberg.com/news/articles/2019-11-07/south-sudan-leaders-agree-100-day-delay-in-peace-pact-deadline accessed10 April 2020 newborn-child-andaccessed1February2021 approachinSouthSudan,19October2017https://www.afro.who.int/news/who-and-ministry-health-strategize-integrated-reproductive-maternal- report/south-sudan/south-sudan-acute-food-insecurity-and-acute-malnutrition-situation-october-2020 https://fscluster.org/sites/default/files/documents/south_sudan_2021_humanitarian_needs_overview.pdf https://assets.publishing.service.gov.uk/media/5af96f2fe5274a25dbface4c/Disability_in_South_Sudan.pdf February2021 July2021www.ipcinfo.org/fileadmin/user_upload/ipcinfo/docs/South_Sudan_Combined_IPC_Results_2020Oct_2021July.pdf accessed28March2021 33 32 31 30 29 28 27 26 25 24 23 22 21 20 19 18 17 16 15 14 13 12 11 10 9 8 7 6 5 4 3 2 1 2020https://peacekeeping.un.org/en/south-sudans-president-makes-surprise-announcement-to-return-war-torn-country-to-10-states sudan-comprehensive-action-plan-to-end-prevent-all-grave-violations-against-children-signed-by-government/accessed10 &Prevent All GraveViolations Against ChildrenSignedbyGovernment,7February2020https://childrenandarmedconflict.un.org/2020/02/south- https://reliefweb.int/report/world/children-and-armed-conflict-report-secretary-general-a74845-s2020525 Anonymity wasalsopreferredbysomecontributors. https://reliefweb.int/report/south-sudan/south-sudan-humanitarian-response-plan-2021-march-2021 AoK-N-FINAL.pdf SouthSudan,2017 Sudan-2021-HAC.pdf https://news.un.org/en/story/2020/02/1057941 Roman CatholicSant’ Egidiopeacegrouphttps://www.santegidio.org/downloads/RRMVCOHA-1302-2020.pdf accessed12 April 2020 Office oftheSpecialRepresentativeSecretary-GeneralforChildrenan Bloomberg, SouthSudanLeaders 7November2019 Agree toaDelayinPeacePactDeadline, UN, Childrenandarmedconflict-ReportoftheSecretary-General(A/74/845 The GovernmenthasapprovedtherequestofUNtoextendthisbyoney See WHOandtheMinistryofHealthstrategizeforanintegratedreproductiv See Section3.1below concernedthattheorganizationbeacknowledgedinstead. Some individuals'namesarenotincludedasitwaspreferredbytheindividual United NationsPeacekeeping,SouthSudan’s toreturnthewar-torncountry10states,15February Presidentmakessurpriseannouncement 59%: Learnerpopulationof1.95million; 2.8millionOOSC;total4.75schoolagechildren FGD feedbackOctober-December 2020 Government ofSouthSudan,Initial reportofSouthSudansubmittedunderarticle44theConventionon theRightsofChild United NationsSecurityCouncil,Situation inSouthSudanReportoftheSecretary-General,9December2020 UNICEF datahttps://data.unicef.org/topic/child-protection/child-marriage/ accessed23March2020 Ibid Global Women’s InstituteoftheGeorgeWashington University, NoSafePlace: A LifetimeofViolence forConflict-Affected WomenandGirlsin UNICEF, The ClimateCrisisChangeImpacts, Trends and Vulnerabilities ofChildreninSubSaharan Africa, October2020 IPC,SouthSudan: Acute FoodInsecuritySituationforOctober-November2020andProjectionsDecemberMarch2021 April - Government ofSouthSudan, The SouthSudanStateof Adolescents and Youth Report2019,2020 UNHCR, SouthSudanhttps://data2.unhcr.org/en/country/ssd accessed28March2021www.unicef.org/southsudan/media/6336/file/South%20 UN NewschiefwelcomesSouthSudan’s Unitygovernment, laudspartiesfor‘significantachievement’ 22February2020 UNHCR, RegionaloverviewoftheSouthSudaneserefugeepopulation,28 World Bank,SouthSudanEconomicUpdate,SocioeconomicimpactsofCOVID-19,December2020 MoGEI, Preliminary Report:NationwideOutofSchool ChildrenCatchmentMappinginSouth Sudan,May2020 WFP, CropProductioninRelationtoFood InsecurityinSouthSudan,February2021 OCHA, SouthSudanHumanitarianResponsePlan(HRP)2021,March 2021 Ibid REACH, SouthSudan: Area ofKnowledge-NeighbourhoodsFactsheets,October2020www.impact-repository.org/document/reach/7a933911/IPC- IPC, SouthSudan: Acute FoodInsecurityand Acute Malnutrition Analysis October 2020–July2021Issued:18Decemberhttps://reliefweb.int/ OCHA, SouthSudanHumanitarianNeedsOverview2021,January2021 K4D, DisabilityinSouthSudan,16March2018 Report oftheSecretary-Generalonchildrenandarmedconflict A/73/907–S/2019/509,20June2019 United NationsSecurityCouncil,SituationinSouthSudanReportoftheSecretary-General,9December2020andECHODailyFlash19 End Notes

e, maternal,newborn,childandadolescenthealthnutrition February 2021https://data2.unhcr.org/en/dataviz/62?sv=5&geo=0 –S/2020/525), 15June2020/? ear to2022. d Armed Conflict,SouthSudan:Comprehensive ActionPlantoEnd

April 2020

SouthSudanCountryOffice AnnualReport2019,2020 Sudan’,2019www.unicef.org/southsudan/media/2296/file/UNICEF-South-Sudan-Practical-Guide-Reintegration-Girls-2019.pdf andUNICEF 2019)http://hdr.undp.org/en/countries/profiles/SSD accessed8May2020 householdandindividuallevelinhealth,educationstandardofliving.UNDP SouthSudanHumanDevelopmentIndicators 2018(published 2020www.unicef.org/press-releases/over-13-million-children-did-not-receive-any-vaccines-all-even-covid-19-disrupted accessed4May2020 Declarationtargetis15–20percent. online-system-launches-in-south-sudan-to-support-most-vulnerable-children/accessed4May2020 GroupoftheUnitedNationsCommitteeonRightsChild(unpublisheddraft17September2020) 2020https://www.ohchr.org/EN/HRBodies/HRC/Pages/NewsDetail.aspx?NewsID=25686&LangID=E population.un.org/wpp/DataQuery/ andUNDP SouthSudan SitAn%20Core%20Guidance.pdf Programmetoalignwiththis. The newUNICEFCountryProgrammeisplannedtobeginin2023. 73 72 71 70 69 68 67 66 65 64 63 62 61 60 59 58 57 56 55 54 53 52 51 50 49 48 47 46 45 44 43 42 41 40 39 38 37 36 35 34 https://apps.who.int/iris/handle/10665/327596 byWHO,UNICEF, UNFPA, World BankGroupandtheUnitedNationsPopulationDivision:executivesummary. World HealthOrganization. (ages15–64).UNDP HumanDevelopmentReport2020http://www.hdr.undp.org/en/indicators/122006 accessed 22January2021 Sudanhttps://www.cia.gov/library/publications/the-world-factbook/geos/print_od.html accessed10 April 2020 https://southsudan.un.org/sites/default/files/2020-10/United%20Nations%20SouthSudan%20%20%20COVID-19%20Response%20Plan.pdf https://www.ss.undp.org/content/south_sudan/en/home/countryinfo.html accessed8May2020 47.9% ofthe11,194,000 population (2020stat)areaged0-17DepartmentofEconomicandSocial Affairs PopulationDynamics https:// Worldometer, SouthSudanPopulation www.worldometers.info/world-population/south-sudan-population/ accessed 29 April 2020 UN DepartmentofEconomicandSocial Affairs (2018) World UrbanProspects2018Revision The SouthSudanNationalBureau of Statisticspopulationprojectionfor2020is13,206,266people,including refugees;andUNDP UNICEF, CoreGuidance:NewGenerationSituation Analysis, 2019www.unicef.org/croatia/sites/unicef.org.croatia/files/2020-02/Annex%201_ The GovernmenthasapprovedtheUN’s requesttoextendtheUNCFbyone year, soUNICEFwillalsoseekanextensionofitsCountry Human RightsCouncil,Forty-thirdsession,24February–20March2020, ReportoftheCommissiononHumanRightsinSouthSudan,31January Unemployment, youth(%ages15–24),UNDP, HumanDevelopmentReport2020www.hdr.undp.org/en/indicators/110906 accessed22January2021 Government ofSouthSudan,SudanCountryReportfortheFifthUnitedNationsConferenceonLeastDevelopedCountries,No vember 2019 UNICEF SouthSudan,CountryOffice AnnualReport2020,2021 UNICEF SouthSudan,CountryOffice AnnualReport2020,2021 UNDP, HumanDevelopmentIndicators,SouthSudan2020www.hdr.undp.org/en/countries/profiles/SSD accessed26January2021 Ibid UNICEF SouthSudan,CountryOffice AnnualReport2020,2021 UNICEF, ‘PracticalGuidetofulfil thereintegrationneedsandrightsofgirlsformerlyassociatedwitharmedforcesgroupsinSouth OCHA, SouthSudanHumanitarianNeedsOverview2020,November2019 Republic ofSouthSudan,NationalHouseholdHealthSurvey2020,draftdated21March2021 WHO/UNICEF JointMonitoringProgrammeforWater Supply, SanitationandHygiene (JMP)2019 Population withadeprivationscoreofatleast33percent. The MultidimensionalPovertyIndex(MPI)identifies multipledeprivationsatthe United NationsSouthSudan,COVID-19Socio-EconomicResponsePlan2020 UNICEF, Over13millionchildrendidnotreceiveanyvaccinesatallevenbeforeCOVID-19disruptedglobalimmunization–UNICEF, 24 April Ibid UNICEF SouthSudan,CountryOffice AnnualReport2020,2021 South Sudan(1150; uncertaintyinterval789to1710).World HealthOrganization. (‎2019)‎. Trends inmaternalmortality2000to2017:estimates In February2019,Vice PresidentWani Iggaannouncedthateducationwouldaccountfor10–15percentofthenationalbudget;Incheon The Abuja Declarationspendingtargetforhealthis15percentofthenationalbudget Stakeholder writteninputstoSitAn,November2020 UNICEF SouthSudan,HealthBrief,May2019 UNICEF SouthSudan, A Reporton Assessing MenstrualHygieneManagementinSchools(draft)2020 Mott MacDonald, Assessment ofEarlyGradeLearnersinLiteracyandNumeracySouthSudan,EndlineReport, August 2020 Ibid Ibid Ratio ofthepopulationages65andolderto15–64, expressedasthenumberofdependentsper100peopleworkingage 0-14 years:41.58%(male2,238,534/female2,152,685;15-2421.28%1,153,108/female1,094,568).CIA UNICEF, SafetoLearn,SouthSudan DiagnosticExercise-ProvisionalReport,May2020 UNICEF SouthSudan,CountryOffice AnnualReport2019,2020 Ibid UNICEF SouthSudan,ChildProtection,May2019 UNICEF, Newappandonlinesystem launchesinSouthSudantosupportmostvulnerablechildren,June2019www.unicef.org.uk/new-app-and- UNICEF, UNICEFConfidential Report ontheImplementationofCRCinSouthSudan:2015-2020:toPre-Sessional Working

World Factbook,South

SouthSudan

165 THE SITUATION OF CHILDREN AND WOMEN IN SOUTH SUDAN 2018–2020 166 THE SITUATION OF CHILDREN AND WOMEN IN SOUTH SUDAN 2018–2020 Second-Technical-Report.pdf handle/10986/34664/The-Macroeconomic-Environment-for-Jobs-in-South-Sudan-Jobs-Recovery-and-Peacebuilding-in-Urban-South-Sudan- ReportII.”World Bank,Washington, DC.License:CreativeCommons Attribution CCBY 3.0IGOhttps://openknowledge.worldbank.org/bitstream/ Resident Coordinator’s Office,BankofSouthSudan’s ForeignExchangeReform:WhatisitandhowdoesaffecttheUNwork?(undated) ResidentCoordinator’s RepublicofSouthSudan,November2020 ReportII.”World Bank,Washington, DC.License:CreativeCommons Attribution CCBY 3.0IGO https://www.publicfinancefocus.org/2020/10/hyperinflation-ails-south-sudanese-economyFocus https://www.ss.undp.org/content/south_sudan/en/home/countryinfo.html 12February2021 adjusted-human-development-index-ihdiaccessed10 April 2020 country’s populationby“discounting”eachdimension’s averagevalueaccordingtoitslevelofinequality. http://hdr.undp.org/en/content/inequality- January2020https://www.ohchr.org/EN/HRBodies/HRC/Pages/NewsDetail.aspx?NewsID=25686&LangID=E www.suddinstitute.org/assets/Publications/5ea90d311d87b_TheSocialAndEconomicEffectsOfTheCOVID_Full.pdf https://www.suddinstitute.org/assets/Publications/5ea90d311d87b_TheSocialAndEconomicEffectsOfTheCOVID_Full.pdf document/south-sudan-monetary-and-exchange-rateaccessed12 worldbank.org/africacan/inclusive-response-covid-19-africas-informal-workers 16February2021 ReportII.”World Bank,Washington, DC.License:CreativeCommons Attribution CC BY 3.0IGO 108 107 106 105 104 103 102 101 100 99 98 97 96 95 94 93 92 91 90 89 88 87 86 85 84 83 82 81 80 79 78 77 76 75 74 Sustainability Analysis—Update 2019,undated DebtCrisis, April 2021 (ages15–64).UNDP HumanDevelopmentReport2020http://www.hdr.undp.org/en/indicators/122006 accessed22January2021 Sudanhttps://www.cia.gov/the-world-factbook/countries/south-sudan/#people-and-society accessed14March2021 Ibid E.g. @Officialexchangerate(~200SSP perUSD)=200 MillionSSP;@Parallelexchangerate(~600SSP perUSD)=600MillionSSP. Ibid International Development Association (IDA)andtheInternationalMonetaryFund(IMF),RepublicofSouthSudan,JointBank-FundDebt IMF, RequestforDisbursementUndertheRapidCreditFacility—PressRelease;StaffReport;Statementby TheExecutiveDirectorfor The Government ofSouthSudan,NationalBudgetBrief2019/2020,2020 World FoodProgramme(2020)MarketUpdate:DepreciationofSouthSudanesePound(SSP) Mawejje, Joseph.2020.“MacroeconomicandFiscalEnvironmentForJobs,Recovery Public FinanceFocus,HyperinflationailsSouthSudaneseeconomy, 15October2020 WFP, FAO, UNDP, IFPRIandUNICEF, 2018ReportonResilienceandVulnerability inSouthSudan,17July2019 Mawejje, Joseph.2020.“MacroeconomicandFiscalEnvironmentForJobs,Recovery Ibid MoFP (2020) FY 2020/2021NationalResourceEnvelopePolicy Assumptions UNICEF OfficeofResearch–Innocenti,Protectingand TransformingSocialSpendingforInclusiveRecoveries,COVID-19andtheLooming Government ofSouthSudan,SudanCountryReportfortheFifthUnitedNationsConferenceonLeastDevelopedCountries,November2019 UNDP SouthSudanhttps://www.ss.undp.org/content/south_sudan/en/home/countryinfo.html accessed12February2021 World Bank,SouthSudanEconomicUpdate,Socioeconomic impactsofCOVID-19,December2020andUNDP SouthSudan Bertelsmann Stiftung’s Transformation Index(BTI)2020,CountryReportSouthSudan,2020 The World BankInSouthSudanhttps://www.worldbank.org/en/country/southsudan/overview accessed10 April 2020 The IHDIcombinesacountry’s averageachievementsinhealth,educationandincomewithhowthosearedistributedamong Stakeholder writteninputstoSitAn,November2020 Human RightsCouncil,Forty-thirdsession,24February–20March2020,ReportoftheCommissiononinSouthSudan,31 Unemployment, youth(%ages15–24),UNDP, HumanDevelopmentReport2020www.hdr.undp.org/en/indicators/110906 accessed22January2021 Government ofSouthSudan,SudanCountryReportfortheFifthUnitedNationsConferenceonLeastDevelopedCountries,November2019 Ratio ofthepopulationages65andolderto15–64,expressedasnumberdependentsper100peopleworkingage 0-14 years:41.58%(male2,238,534/female2,152,685;15-2421.28%1,153,108/female1,094,568).CIA Sudd Institute,Policy Brief PandemicinSouth Sudan,28The SocialandEconomicEffects oftheCOVID-19 April2020 Sudd Institute,PolicyBrief PandemicinSouthSudan,28The SocialandEconomicEffectsoftheCOVID-19 April2020 Excluding agriculturaljobs.World BankBlogs, for An inclusiveresponsetoCOVID-19 Africa’s informalworkers,29May2020https://blogs. WFP 30September2020 (2020)MarketUpdate:DepreciationofSouthSudanese Pound(SSP), FY2020/21 NationalResourceEnvelopePolicy Assumptions, OcumGenesKarloUndersecretaryforPlanning Bank ofSouthSudan,CircularNo:DSR/01/2021MonetaryandExchange Ebony CentreforStrategicStudies,PolicyBrief2021-1,SouthSuda UNICEF, PoliticalEconomyinSouthSudan2021-2022,DiscussionPaper, March2021 Mawejje, Joseph.2020.“MacroeconomicandFiscalEnvironmentFor Jobs April 2021 Rate Reforms,29March2021https://fscluster.org/south-sudan-rep/ , Recovery, And PeacebuildingInUrban South Sudan: Technical n: GettingMonetaryPolicyandExchangeRateManagementRight, , And PeacebuildingInUrbanSouthSudan: Technical , And PeacebuildingInUrbanSouthSudan: Technical World Factbook,South

accessed26March 2021 Protection,ProvisionandParticipation African CharterontheRightsandWelfare oftheChild(ACRWC). The threepillarsonwhichthe main dimensionsoftheCFIhingeare3Ps: Commission(AUC)andtheUnitedNationsEconomic for Africa (UNECA) infrastructure,andmacroeconomicpolicyconvergence. 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January2020 report_v1_(may_2018).pdf twoormore after-9-years-fistula-young-mother-hopes-7th-surgery-will-be-her-lastaccessed30July2020 unmissions.org/state-youth-report-launched-shocking-figures-%E2%80%9C-youth-know-what-needs-be-done%E2%80%9Daccessed30July2020 January2020 SouthSudan,2017 InternationalLabourOrganization,2013 SouthSudan,2017 COVID-19inacontextofchronicvulnerabilitiesanddirehumanitarianneeds,May2020 297 296 295 294 293 292 291 290 289 288 287 286 285 284 283 282 281 280 279 278 277 276 275 274 273 272 271 270 269 268 267 266 265 264 263 262 261 260 259 258 257 Human Rights Council, Forty-third session, 24 February–20 March 2020, Report oftheCommissionon HumanRightsinSouthSudan,31 Human RightsCouncil,Forty-thirdsession, 24February–20March2020,Report Oxfam, SouthSudanGender Analysis, March2017 Global Women’s InstituteoftheGeorgeWashington University, NoSafePlace: A LifetimeofViolence forConflict-Affected WomenandGirlsin UN, Conflict-relatedsexualviolence reportoftheUnitedNationsSecretary FGD feedbackOctober-December2020 Ibid UNICEF SouthSudan,Gender-basedViolence Brief,May2019 Ibid Ibid Oxfam, SouthSudanGender Analysis, March2017 Ibid Ibid Ibid 21March2021 Republic ofSouthSudan,NationalHouseholdHealthSurvey2020,draftdated Government ofSouthSudan, The SouthSudanStateof Adolescents and Youth Report2019,2020 Ibid 28 Too Many, SouthSudan: The LawandFGM,May2018www.28toomany.org/static/media/uploads/Law%20Reports/south_sudan_law_ Ibid Government ofSouthSudan, The SouthSudanStateof Adolescents and Youth Report2019,2020 International ProgrammeontheEliminationofChildLabour(IPEC),l Government ofSouthSudan, The SouthSudanStateof Adolescents and Youth Report2019,2020 familyorcommunitywhohadkilledthemselves,andseveralknew 64% (137outof214)knewatleastoneadolescentoryoungpersonintheir Global Women’s InstituteoftheGeorgeWashington University, NoSafePlace: A LifetimeofViolence for Conflict-Affected WomenandGirlsin Elysia Buchanan,Borntobemarried:addressingchild,earlyandforcedm UNFPA, herlast,18December2019https://southsudan.unfpa.org/en/news/ After 9yearswithfistula,young mother hopes7thsurgerywillbe Stateof UNMISS, The Youth ReportLaunched:ShockingFiguresBut“The Youth KnowWhatNeedstoBeDone”31January2020https://unmiss. United NationsSecurityCouncil,SituationinSouthSudanReportoftheSe FGD feedbackOctober-December2020andUNICEF, UNICEFResponseinSouthSudan: Threats tochildrights–Overcomingtheimpactof Elysia Buchanan,Borntobemarried:addressingchild,earlyandforcedm UNICEF datahttps://data.unicef.org/topic/child-protection/child-marriage/a oftheCommissiononHumanRightsinSouthSudan,31 Human RightsCouncil,Forty-thirdsession,24February–20March2020,Report Stakeholder writteninputstoSitAn,November2020 Ibid AVSI, Gender-BasedViolence inRumbekandGokState, April 2019 UN, Conflict-relatedsexualviolencereportoftheUnitedNationsSecretary AVSI, Gender-BasedViolence inRumbekandGokState, April 2019 21March2021 Republic ofSouthSudan,NationalHouseholdHealthSurvey2020,draftdated AVSI, Gender-BasedViolence inRumbekandGokState, April 2019 UNICEF SouthSudan,Gender-basedViolence Brief,May2019 Elysia Buchanan,Borntobemarried:addressingchild,earlyandforcedm Ibid -General, 17July2020 -General, 17July2020 abour andeducationinpastoralistcommunitiesSouthSudan, arriage inNyal,SouthSudan,Oxfam,18February2019 arriage inNyal,SouthSudan,Oxfam,18February2019 arriage inNyal,SouthSudan,Oxfam,18February2019 ccessed 23March2020 cretary-General, 9December2020

171 THE SITUATION OF CHILDREN AND WOMEN IN SOUTH SUDAN 2018–2020 172 THE SITUATION OF CHILDREN AND WOMEN IN SOUTH SUDAN 2018–2020 www.imf.org/en/News/Articles/2020/11/11/pr20338-south-sudan-imf-executive-board-approves-disbursement-to-address-covid-19-pandemic ourEconomy content/uploads/2020/07/report/conflict-related-sexual-violence-report-of-the-united-nations-secretary-general/2019-SG-Report.pdf January2020 Final_CAAFAG_UNICEF_PIBOR_EVALUATION_SouthSudan_2019.pdf inBomaState(formerGreaterPibor Administrative Area) 2015–2018,FinalReport:17September2019www.unicef.org/evaldatabase/files/ 2019https://www.unicef.org/southsudan/media/1856/file/UNICEF-South-Sudan-MRM-Briefing-Note-Dec-2019.pdf PolicyinSavingLivesandBuildingResilienceEasternSouthern prices.htmlaccessed8May2020 SouthSudan,2017 Uganda%20Country%20RRP%202019-20%20%28January%202019%29.pdf, media/5c6abdec40f0b61a22792fd5/484__Livestock_and_Conflict_in_South_Sudan.pdf 336 335 334 333 332 331 330 329 328 327 326 325 324 323 322 321 320 319 318 317 316 315 314 313 312 311 310 309 308 307 306 305 304 303 302 301 300 299 298 Citizens-Enacted-Budget-2019-2020.pdf AVSI, Gender-BasedViolence inRumbekandGokState, April 2019 IMF, IMFExecutiveBoard Sudanto Approves US$52.3MillionDisbursementtoSouth Address theCOVID-19Pandemic, 11 November2020 FGD feedbackOctober-December 2020 Government ofSouthSudan,National BudgetBrief2019/2020,2020 National BureauofStatisticsandUN SouthSudan,SudanSDGsDa African DevelopmentBank,SouthSudan-Policy ResourceManagement: Advisory Note,Budgetand Addressing FiscalImbalances, April 2020 Stakeholder writteninputstoSitAn,November2020 totheSocioeconomicImpactsofCOVID-19: UNICEF ESARO,ESAROSocialPolicyGuidanceNote,Responding The RoleofSocial Ministry ofFinanceandPlanning(MoFP),SouthSudanCitizensEnacted B New York Times, Too MuchOil:HowaBarrelCametoBeWorth Less Than Nothing,20 April 2020 www.nytimes.com/2020/04/20/business/oil- PeaceandContinuingtheNecessaryReformstoStabilize UNICEF SouthSudan,SudanCitizensDraftBudget2019-2020 Consolidating FY 2020/2021NationalResourceEnvelopePolicy Assumptions OcumGenesKarloUndersecretaryforPlanning Oxfam, SouthSudanGender Analysis, March2017 UN, Conflict-relatedsexualviolencereportoftheUnitedNationsSecretary Global Women’s InstituteoftheGeorgeWashington University, No SafePlace: A LifetimeofViolence forConflict-Affected WomenandGirlsin oftheCommissiononHumanRightsinSouthSudan,31 Human RightsCouncil,Forty-thirdsession,24February–20March2020,Report Government ofSouthSudan, The SouthSudanStateof Adolescents and Youth Report2019,2020 AVSI, Gender-BasedViolence inRumbek andGokState, April 2019 UNICEF SouthSudan,Evaluation,Community-basedReintegrationProgra UNICEF SouthSudan,MonitoringandReportingMechanismonGraveV Oxfam, SouthSudanGender Analysis, March2017 Ibid OECD, SocialInstitutionsandGenderIndex(SIGI)SouthSudan2019 Saferworld, “Likethemilitaryofvillage”Security, defencegroupsinsouth-eastSouthSudan, February2020 justiceandcommunity Ibid OECD, SocialInstitutionsandGenderIndex(SIGI)SouthSudan2019 UNICEF SouthSudan,Gender-basedViolence Brief,May2019 OECD, SocialInstitutionsandGenderIndex(SIGI)SouthSudan2019 Government ofSouthSudan,InitialreportSudansubmittedunder AVSI, Gender-BasedViolence inRumbekandGokState, April 2019 2020,2018,athttp://reporting.unhcr.org/sites/default/files/UNHCR, UgandaRefugeeCountryResponsePlanJanuary2019-December UNICEF, SouthSudan–UgandaCrossBorderMissionReport,Draft, August 2017 Elysia Buchanan,Borntobemarried:addressingchild,earlyandforcedm Iffat Idris,LivestockandconflictinSouthSudan,29October2018,DFIDht Oxfam, SouthSudanGender Analysis, March2017 Elysia Buchanan,Borntobemarried:addressingchild,earlyandforcedm Stakeholder writteninputstoSitAn,November2020and AVSI, Gender-BasedViolence inRumbekandGokState, April 2019 UNICEF SouthSudanCountryOffice AnnualReport2019,2020 UNICEF, ‘PracticalGuidetofulfilthereintegrationneedsandrightsofgirlsformerlyassociatedwitharmedforcesgroupsinSouthSudan’,2019 Africa, 25March2020 iolations againstChildreninSituationsof Armed Conflict,December -General, 17July2020www.un.org/sexualviolenceinconflict/wp- arriage inNyal,SouthSudan,Oxfam,18February2019 arriage inNyal,SouthSudan,Oxfam,18February2019 tps://assets.publishing.service.gov.uk article44oftheConventiononRightsChild ta LandscapeDiagnosticReport,March 2021 udget 2019-2020www.unicef.org/southsudan/media/2996/file/ mme forChildrenReleasedfrom Armed Forcesand Armed Groups

curated/en/917201548773499646/pdf/WPS8722.pdf profiles/SSDaccessed25January2021 Crisis, April 2021 accessed10March2021 ofSouthSudan,November2020 conflict-and-economic-crises-exacerbate-poverty-in-south-sudan Addressing FiscalImbalances, April 2020 ofSouthSudan,November2020and African DevelopmentBank,SouthSudan-Policy Advisory Note,BudgetandResourceManagement: Brief-2020.pdf bitstream/handle/10986/35217/South-Sudan-Economic-Update-Socioeconomic-Impacts-of-COVID-19.pdf SudanCitizensDraftBudget2019–2020 address-covid19andVOA,SouthSudanSecures$174MillionIMFLoan,2 2021https://www.imf.org/en/News/Articles/2021/03/31/pr2194-south-sudan-imf-execboard-approves-us-174-2m-emergency-assistance- south-sudan-secures-174-million-imf-loanaccessed6 April 2021 373 372 371 370 369 368 367 366 365 364 363 362 361 360 359 358 357 356 355 354 353 352 351 350 349 348 347 346 345 344 343 342 341 340 339 338 337 accessed11 March2021 January 2021 January2021 UNDP SouthSudanhttp://www.ss.undp.org/content/south_sudan/en/home/countryinfo.html accessed30 July2020 Ibid World Bank,SouthSudan EconomicUpdate,SocioeconomicimpactsofCOVID-19,December 2020 World Bank,Literacyrate, adultfemaleandmale(%ages15above)https://data.worldbank.org/indicator/SE.ADT.LITR.FE.ZS accessed24 Government ofSouthSudan,SudanCountryReportfortheFifthUnitedNationsConferenceonLeastDevelopedCountries,No vember 2019 World Bank,EstimatingPovertyinaFragileContext, The HighFrequencySurveyinSouthSudan,January2019http://documents1.worldbank.org/ Those withadeprivationscoreof50percentormore Population withadeprivationscoreofatleast33percent.UNDP SouthSudanHumanDevelopmentIndicators2020http://hdr.undp.org/en/countries/ UNICEF OfficeofResearch–Innocenti,Protectingand TransformingSocialSpendingforInclusiveRecoveries,COVID-19andtheLoomingDebt UNDP SouthSudanhttp://www.ss.undp.org/content/south_sudan/en/home/countryinfo.html accessed30July2020 World BankBlogs,HowconflictandeconomiccrisesexacerbatepovertyinSouthSudan,23 April2019https://blogs.worldbank.org/africacan/how- GoSS (2020)ProposedState Transfers MonitoringCommittee(STMC) Terms ofReference(ToR) UNICEF SouthSudan,CountryOffice AnnualReport2020,2021 Open BudgetSurvey, OpenBudgetSurvey2019:SouthSudanwww.internationalbudget.org/open-budget-survey/country-results/2019/south-sudan Open BudgetSurvey2017SouthSudanwww.internationalbudget.org/wp-content/uploads/south-sudan-open-budget-survey-2017-summary.pdf World Bank,Supportingurbanjobsinpeacebuildingandrecovery, An overviewofresultsandpolicyimplications,June24,2020 Ibid World Bank,SouthSudanEconomicUpdate,SocioeconomicimpactsofCOVID-19,December2020 IMF, RequestforDisbursementUndertheRapidCredit Facility—PressRelease;StaffReport;Statementby The ExecutiveDirectorfor TheRepublic IMF, RequestforDisbursementUndertheRapidCredit Facility—PressRelease;StaffReport;Statementby The ExecutiveDirectorfor TheRepublic World Bank,SouthSudanEconomicUpdate,SocioeconomicimpactsofCOVID-19,December Government ofSouthSudan,NationalBudgetBrief2019/2020,2020 MoFP and UNICEF, BudgetProcessUpdateforCitizens2020/2021,SouthSudan,(forthcoming,2021) Ibid Government ofSouthSudan,NationalBudgetBrief2019/2020,2020 FY2018/19 education9%,health2%,socialandhumanitarianaffairs0%;FY2019/205.5%,1%,humanitarianaffairs2%. UNICEF SouthSudan,SudanCitizensDraftBudget2019-2020 Government ofSouthSudan,NationalBudgetBrief2019/2020,2020www.unicef.org/southsudan/media/6361/file/South-Sudan-National-Budget- Government ofSouthSudan,SudanCountryReportfortheFifthUnitedNationsConferenceonLeastDevelopedCountries,November2019 World December2020https://openknowledge.worldbank.org/ Bank,SouthSudanEconomicUpdate,Socioeconomic impactsofCOVID-19, FY 2020/2021NationalResourceEnvelopePolicy Assumptions OcumGenesKarloUndersecretaryforPlanning MoFP andUNICEF, Sudan,(forthcoming,2021)andUNICEFSouth BudgetProcessUpdateforCitizens2020/2021,South UNICEF SouthSudan,SudanCitizensDraftBudget2019-2020 Government ofSouthSudan,InitialreportSudansubmittedunder UNICEF, PoliticalEconomyinSouthSudan2021-2022,DiscussionPaper, March2021 IMF, IMFExecutive Board Approves US$174.2MillionEmergency Assistance forSouthSudanto Address theCOVID-19Pandemic,30March Ibid

article44oftheConventiononRightsChild April 2021https://www.voanews.com/africa/south-sudan-focus/

173 THE SITUATION OF CHILDREN AND WOMEN IN SOUTH SUDAN 2018–2020 174 THE SITUATION OF CHILDREN AND WOMEN IN SOUTH SUDAN 2018–2020 2018http://uis.unesco.org/sites/default/files/documents/global-initiative-out-of-school-children-south-sudan-country-study.pdf EconomiesinSub-Saharan Africa?, September2020 theUnitedNationsCommitteeon theRightsofChild(unpublisheddraft17September2020) andWorking intheStreetsJubaandWau, January2021 for-children-ending-up-sleeping-in-thestreets-of-postwar-south-sudan-2375-4494-1000335.php?aid=85805#23 Sudan.JChild Adolesc Behav5:335.doi:10.4172/2375-4494.1000335 https://www.omicsonline.org/open-access/domestic-violence-as-a-risk-factor- Working intheStreetsJubaandWau, January2021 for-children-ending-up-sleeping-in-thestreets-of-postwar-south-sudan-2375-4494-1000335.php?aid=85805#23 Sudan.JChild Adolesc Behav5:335.doi:10.4172/2375-4494.1000335https://www.omicsonline.org/open-access/domestic-violence-as-a-risk-factor- (UNICEF),SouthSudan Assessment ontheStatusofVulnerable ChildrenLivingandWorking intheStreetsJubaandWau, January2021 UnitedNationsEducational,ScientificandCulturalOrganization(UNESCO),World FoodProgramme(WFP),andUnitedNationsChildren’s Fund catalog/2588accessed11 February 2021 I.”World Bank,Washington, DC.License:CreativeCommons Attribution CCBY 3.0IGO org/esa/media/7061/file/UNICEF-The-Climate-Crisis-2020.pdfandWFP, CropProductioninRelationtoFoodInsecuritySouthSudan,February2021 410 409 408 407 406 405 404 403 402 401 400 399 398 397 396 395 394 393 392 391 390 389 388 387 386 385 384 383 382 381 380 379 378 377 376 375 374 AoK-N-FINAL.pdf FGD feedbackOctober-December2020 CRPD 2006www.ohchr.org/EN/HRBodies/CRPD/Pages/ConventionRightsPersonsWithDisabilities.aspx accessed3February2021 Government ofSouthSudan, Sudan CountryReportfortheFifthUnitedNationsConferenceonLeast DevelopedCountries,November2019 UNICEF, UNICEFConfidentialReportontheImplementationofCRCinSouthSudan:2015-2020:toPre-Sessional Working Groupof Ibid MoGCSW, MoGEI,HoldtheChild,SouthSudan,UNESCO,WFP, UNICEF, SouthSudan Assessment on the StatusofVulnerable ChildrenLiving Ndoromo O,ÖstermanK,BjörkqvistK(2017)DomesticViolence asaRiskFactor forChildrenEndingupSleepingintheStreetsofPost-War South MGCSW, MoGEI,HoldtheChild,SouthSudan,UNESCO,WFP, UNICEF, SouthSudan Assessment ontheStatusofVulnerable ChildrenLivingand Ndoromo O,ÖstermanK,BjörkqvistK(2017)DomesticViolence asaRiskFactorforChildrenEndingupSleepingintheStreetsofPost-War South Ibid Ibid 5-to-7-years-old (5%),8-to10-year-olds(22%),11- to14-year-olds(42%)and15-18-year-olds (19%).ibid Ibid Ibid Ibid MoGEI, PreliminaryReport:NationwideOutofSchoolChildrenCatchmentMappinginSouthSudan,May2020 Global InitiativeonOut-of-SchoolChildren,SouthSudanCountryStudy, May2018 OCHA, SouthSudanHumanitarianNeedsOverview2020,November2019 UNESCO andMinistryofGeneralEducationInstruction(MoGEI),GlobalInitiativeonOut-of-SchoolChildren,SouthSudanCountryStudy, May UNICEF ESARO,EconomicFallout,Vulnerability andDeath: Are Cash Transfers theLightatEndofCOVID-19 Tunnel forChildrenand Ministry ofGender, ChildrenandSocialWelfare (MoGCSW),MinistryofGeneralEducationandInstruction(MoGEI),HoldtheChild,SouthSudan, Ibid Republic ofSouthSudan,NationalHouseholdHealthSurvey2020,(preliminaryresults)dated21March2021 Ministry ofHealth,NationalBureauStatistics,SouthSudanHouseholdHealthSurvey2010https://microdata.worldbank.org/index.php/ UN SouthSudan,SudanSDGsDataLandscapeDiagnosticReport,March2021 Ibid Finn, Arden etal.2020.“JobOutcomesinthe Towns ofSouthSudan:Jobs,Recovery, And PeacebuildingInUrbanSouthSudan– Technical Report WFP, GlobalReportonFoodCrises2020,20 April 2020 REACH, SouthSudan: Area ofKnowledge-NeighbourhoodsFactsheets,October2020www.impact-repository.org/document/reach/7a933911/IPC- FAO, UNICEFandWFP, FSNMSDecember2018,July2019 WFP, FAO, UNDP, IFPRIandUNICEF, 2018ReportonResilienceandVulnerability inSouthSudan,17July2019. WFP, GlobalReportonFoodCrises2020,20 April 2020 National BureauofStatistics,ConsumerPriceIndexforSouthSudanOctober2020https://ssnbs.org/node/117 accessed1February2020 WFP, GlobalReportonFoodCrises2020,20 April 2020 FAO, UNICEFandWFP, FSNMSDecember2018,July2019 UNICEF, The ClimateCrisisChangeImpacts, Trends andVulnerabilities ofChildreninSubSaharan Africa, October2020https://www.unicef. Government oftheNetherlands,ClimateChangeProfile:SouthSudan,February2019

2020/05/sg_policy_brief_on_persons_with_disabilities_final.pdf development/desa/disabilities/wp-content/uploads/sites/15/2020/05/sg_policy_brief_on_persons_with_disabilities_final.pdf Docs/South-Sudan-National-Disability-and-Inclusion-Policy.pdf Survey2020,(preliminaryresults)dated21March2021 IASC.www.who.int/mental_health/emergencies/guidelines_iasc_mental_health_psychosocial_june_2007.pdf Soldiers,UNICEFiscallingfortheuseofchildreninarmedconflicttoend.21February2021 453 452 451 450 449 448 447 446 445 444 443 442 441 440 439 438 437 436 435 434 433 432 431 430 429 428 427 426 425 424 423 422 421 420 419 418 417 416 415 414 413 412 411 un.org/record/1626976 accessed 3 February 2021 un.org/record/1626976accessed3February2021 CRPD FGD feedbackOctober-December 2020 FGD feedbackOctober-December2020. SeealsoUnitedNations,PolicyBrief: A Disability-Inclusive ResponsetoCOVID-19,May2020www.un.org/ Ibid Humanity andInclusion,SouthSudan COVID-19ResponseRapidNeeds Assessment Report,May2020 FGD feedbackOctober-December2020 AVSI, DisabilityinRumbek And GokState,May2019 K4D, DisabilityinSouthSudan,16March2018 Government ofSouthSudan, The SouthSudanStateof Adolescents and Youth Report2019,2020 Ibid FGD feedbackOctober-December2020 Republic ofSouthSudan,NationalHouseholdHealthSurvey2020,(preliminary results)dated21March2021 Government ofSouthSudan, The SouthSudanStateof Adolescents and Youth Report2019,2020 Government ofSouthSudan,NationalDisabilityandInclusionPolicy(2013) K4D, DisabilityinSouthSudan,16March2018 FGD feedbackOctober-December2020 Government ofSouthSudan, The SouthSudanStateof Adolescents and Youth Report2019,2020 FGD feedbackOctober-December2020 AVSI, DisabilityinRumbek And GokState,May2019 Ibid FGD feedbackOctober-December2020 Government ofSouthSudan,NationalDisabilityandInclusionPolicy(2013)www.apminebanconvention.org/fileadmin/APMBC/Victim_Assistance_ Government ofSouthSudan,InitialreportSudansubmittedunderarticle44theConventiononRightsChild OHCHR StatusofRatificationInteractiveDashboardhttps://indicators.ohchr.org/ accessed3February2021 Government ofSouthSudan, The SouthSudanStateof Adolescents and Youth Report2019,2020 Such asCoreCommitmentsforChildren(CCCs)inhumanitarianaction,CPIMS,globalUNICEFcommunity-basedMHPSSoperationalguidelines. Inter-Agency StandingCommittee(IASC)(2007).IASCGuidelinesonMentalHealthandPsychosocialSupportinEmergencySettings.Geneva: FGD feedbackOctober-December2020 UNICEF, Evaluationof The UNICEF’s ResponsetotheCrisisinSouthSudan: Analysis oftheChildProtectionProgramme2016-2018,Draft11-06-2019 Ibid Ibid Government ofSouthSudan, The SouthSudanStateof Adolescents and Youth Report2019,2020 UNICEF PressRelease“Childrenhavenoplaceinarmedconflictsandtheabusemustendnow”OnInternationalDayagainsttheUseofChild Government ofSouthSudan, The SouthSudanStateof Adolescents and Youth Report2019,2020 K4D, DisabilityinSouthSudan,16March2018 Ibid Government ofSouthSudan, The SouthSudanStateof Adolescents and Youth Report2019,2020 FGD feedbackOctober-December2020 Age-specific prevalenceestimateswerecalculatedfromadifferentquestionintheSurvey. RepublicofSouthSudan,National HouseholdHealth AVSI, DisabilityinRumbek And GokState,May2019 Government ofSouthSudan,InitialreportSudansubmittedunderarticle44theConventiononRightsChild WHO, DisabilityandHealthwww.who.int/news-room/fact-sheets/detail/disability-and-health accessed24January2021 Committee ontheRightsofPersonswithDisabilities,Generalcommentno.6(2018)equalityandnon-discrimination2018https://digitallibrary.

175 THE SITUATION OF CHILDREN AND WOMEN IN SOUTH SUDAN 2018–2020 176 THE SITUATION OF CHILDREN AND WOMEN IN SOUTH SUDAN 2018–2020 media/5c6eaec3ed915d4a380dda98/203-205_Youth_in_South_Sudan_Livelihoods_and_Conflict.pdf November2019 least20workers. suspended/2-1-777774accessed10 April 2020 tochildrenwithdisabilitiesinSouthSudan,(pendingpublication) f Nations%20SouthSudan%20%20%20COVID-19%20Response%20Plan.pdf of SouthSudan,November2020 for-explorationaccessed10 April 2020 495 494 493 492 491 490 489 488 487 486 485 484 483 482 481 480 479 478 477 476 475 474 473 472 471 470 469 468 467 466 465 464 463 462 461 460 459 458 457 456 455 454 United NationsCooperation Framework(UNCF)forSouth Sudan2019–2021 Ibid Ibid Ibid Ibid Ibid United NationsSouthSudan,COVID-19Socio-EconomicResponsePlan2020https://southsudan.un.org/sites/default/files/2020-10/Un ited%20 Ibid Government ofSouthSudan,SudanCountryReportfortheFifthUnitedNationsConferenceonLeastDevelopedCountries,No vember 2019 Roz Priceand Anna Orrnert, Youth inSouthSudan:livelihoodsandconflict,17November2017,DFID Roz Priceand Anna Orrnert, Youth inSouthSudan:livelihoodsandconflict,17November2017,DFIDhttps://assets.publishing.service.gov.uk/ Government ofSouthSudan,SudanCountryReportfortheFifthUnitedNationsConferenceonLeastDevelopedCountries,No vember 2019 World BankEaseofDoingBusinessIndexSouthSudanhttps://data.worldbank.org/indicator/IC.BUS.EASE.XQ?locations=SSaccessed10 April 2020 Ibid Government ofSouthSudan,SudanCountryReportfortheFifthUnitedNationsConferenceonLeastDevelopedCountries,November2019 Ibid andGovernmentofSouthSudan,SudanCountryReportfortheFifthUnitedNationsConferenceonLeastDevelopedCountries, Ibid Ibid World Bank,SouthSudanEconomicUpdate,SocioeconomicimpactsofCOVID-19,December2020 These include:Microbusinesseswhichemployupto3workers;smallbusiness4-5medium6-9andlargeat African DevelopmentBankGroup,SouthSudanEconomicOutlook Government ofSouthSudan,SudanCountryReportfortheFifthUnitedNationsConferenceonLeastDevelopedCountries,November2019 UNDP South Sudanhttps://www.ss.undp.org/content/south_sudan/en/home/countryinfo.html accessed26March2021 Government ofSouthSudan,SudanCountryReportfortheFifthUnitedNationsConferenceonLeastDevelopedCountries,November2019 World Bank,SouthSudanEconomicUpdate,SocioeconomicimpactsofCOVID-19,December2020 Ministry ofPetroleum,PetroleumReportJune2018-May2019, Twelve MonthsResults,Volume 7(undated) IMF, RequestforDisbursementUndertheRapidCreditFacility—PressRelease;StaffReport;Statementby TheExecutiveDirectorfor TheRepublic MoFP (2020)FY 2020/2021NationalResourceEnvelopePolicy Assumptions Upstream, SouthSudanlicensingroundsuspended,19March2020https://www.upstreamonline.com/exploration/south-sudan-licensing-round- Oil Review Africa, ‘SouthSudanisopenfor exploration’,23 April 2019http://www.oilreviewafrica.com/exploration/exploration/south-sudan-is-open- Ibid Golnaz WhittakerandGavinWood, UNICEFOfficeofResearch–Innocenti,CaseStudy, Barriersandfacilitatorstoprovidingassistivetechnologies Government ofSouthSudan,InitialreportSudansubmittedunderarticle44theConventiononRightsChild MoGEI, PreliminaryReport:NationwideOutofSchoolChildrenCatchmentMappinginSouthSudan,May2020 Ibid AVSI, DisabilityinRumbek And GokState,May2019 FGD feedbackOctober-December2020 Government ofSouthSudan, The SouthSudanStateof Adolescents and Youth Report2019,2020 FGD feedbackOctober-December2020 AVSI, DisabilityinRumbek And GokState,May2019 Oxfam, SouthSudanGender Analysis, March 2017 Ibid

nerable-children/ accessed 4 May 2020 online-system-launches-in-south-sudan-to-support-most-vulnerable-children/accessed4May2020 www.humanitarianresponse.info/files/assessments/avsi_feasibility_study_on_pastoralist_education_in_kapoeta_-_ees.pdf net/node/13975/pdf/child_participation_review_-_south_sudan_country_report.pdf south-sudan-s-main-power-provider-closes-over-lack-of-dollarsaccessed26January2021 release-85-children-detention-south-sudan accessed15May2020 South Sudan,Sudan:InauguralSDGreport,September2017,athttps://ss.one.un.org/wp-content/uploads/2019/10/South-Suda n-SDG-Report.pdf young-childrens-livesaccessed18May2020 Health,2017,14:65athttps://reproductive-health-journal.biomedcentral.com/articles/10.1186/s12978-017-0327-0 536 535 534 533 532 531 530 529 528 527 526 525 524 523 522 521 520 519 518 517 516 515 514 513 512 511 510 509 508 507 506 505 504 503 502 501 500 499 498 497 496 2020 LabourOrganization,2013www.ilo.org/ipec/Informationresources/WCMS_IPEC_PUB_24057/lang--en/index.htm 31 January Human RightsCouncil,Forty-thirdsession,24February–20March2020,ReportoftheCommissiononinSouthSudan,31January UNDP SouthSudanHuman DevelopmentIndicators2018 United NationsSecurityCouncil,Situation inSouthSudanReportoftheSecretary-General,11 December2019 UNICEF, UNICEF welcomesreleaseof85childrenfromdetentioninSouthSudan,7May 2020www.unicef.org/press-releases/unicef-welcomes- UNICEF SouthSudan,ChildProtection Brief,May2019 UNICEF SouthSudan,CountryOffice AnnualReport2019,2020 UNICEF SouthSudan,CountryOffice AnnualReport2020,2021 UNICEF, NewappandonlinesystemlaunchesinSouthSudantosupportmostvulnerablechildren,June2019www.unicef.org.uk/new-app-and- Ibid UNICEF SouthSudan,CountryOffice AnnualReport2019,2020 UNICEF SouthSudan,CountryOffice AnnualReport2020, 2021. FormoreontheSDGs,seeMinistryofFinanceandPlanningUnitedNations OCHA, SouthSudanHumanitarianNeedsOverview2020,November20 19 Stakeholder writteninputstoSitAn,November2020 UNICEF SouthSudan,HealthBrief,May2019. UNICEF, UNICEFSouthSudanCountryOffice Consolidated ProgrammeStrategyNotes,June2018 UNICEF, Howtraditionalbeliefsthreatenyoungchildren’s lives,15 April 2020www.unicef.org/southsudan/stories/how-traditional-beliefs-threaten- UNICEF, UNICEFSouthSudanCountryOfficeConsolidated ProgrammeStrategyNotes,June2018 FSNMS 25,June2020 Republic ofSouthSudan,NationalHouseholdHealthSurvey2020,(preliminaryresults)dated21March2021 Calistus Wilundaetal,“BarrierstoutilisationofantenatalcareservicesinSouthSudan:aqualitativestudyRumbekNorthCounty”,Reproductive Ibid AVSI, FeasibilityStudyonPastoralistEducationinKapoeta–EasternEquatoriaState,September2020 AVSI, FeasibilityStudyonPastoralistEducationinKapoeta–EasternEquatoriaState,September2020https://www.humanitarianresponse.info/sites/ International ProgrammeontheEliminationofChildLabour(IPEC),labourandeducationinpastoralistcommunitiesSouthSudan, Montrose, Assessment ofEarlyGradeLearnersinLiteracyandNumeracySouthSudan– Assessment 1,DraftReport for UNICEF, 18 August 2017 Government ofSouthSudan,InitialreportSudansubmittedunderarticle44theConventiononRightsChild Ibid Government ofSouthSudan,InitialreportSudansubmittedunderarticle44theConventiononRightsChild Save theChildrenNorway, ChildParticipationReview. SouthSudanCaseCountrySummary, March2018https://resourcecentre.savethechildren. Ibid AVSI, Gender-BasedViolence inRumbekandGokState, April 2019 UNICEF SouthSudan, A Reporton Assessing MenstrualHygieneManagementinSchools(draft)2020 AVSI, Gender-BasedViolence inRumbekandGokState, April 2019 UNICEF SouthSudanCountryOffice AnnualReport2019,2020 Government ofSouthSudan,InitialreportSudansubmittedunderarticle44theConventiononRightsChild Community Rapid Assessment roundIIconducted inall10states,UNICEF2021 Education KAP, UNICEF, 2020-21 Government ofSouthSudan, The SouthSudanStateof Adolescents and Youth Report2019,2020 Bloomberg, SouthSudan’s MainPowerProvider ClosesOverLackofDollars,10January2021www.bloomberg.com/news/articles/2021-01-10/ Stakeholder writteninputstoSitAn,November2020 OCHA, SouthSudanSituationReport,2 August 2019

177 THE SITUATION OF CHILDREN AND WOMEN IN SOUTH SUDAN 2018–2020 178 THE SITUATION OF CHILDREN AND WOMEN IN SOUTH SUDAN 2018–2020 Report,May2019 toNovember2020https://unmas.org/sites/default/files/imsma_monthly_november_2020.pdf aspxaccessed13October2020 andabandonedexplosiveordnance(AXO),butnotmines.Landmineclustermunitionmonitorhttp://www.the-monitor.org/en-gb/the-issues/erw. mortars,rockets,air-droppedbombs,andclustermunitions.Undertheinternationallegaldefinition,ERW consistofunexplodedordnance(UXO) against-children-a-hidden-crisis-of-the-covid-19-pandemic-joint-statement-from-end-violence-against-children/accessed15 April 2020 COVID-19Pandemic–JointStatementfromEndViolence Against Children,8 April 2020https://childrenandarmedconflict.un.org/2020/04/violence- In-South-Sudan,-some-children-work-in-mines-to-surviveaccessed3May2020 2016-2018,Draft11-06-2019 2016-2018,Draft11-06-2019 InternationalLabourOrganization,2013 tda2018/South%20Sudan.pdf InternationalLabourOrganization,2013 risks-increase-in-over-10-of-countries/accessed29January2021 en/Stories/untoc-20-years-later.html accessed30March2021 Later– The UnitedNationsConvention Against Transnational OrganizedCrimeandEastern Africa, November2020www.unodc.org/easternafrica/ January2020 RightsinSouthSudan,31January2020 (SSPDF)in Tonj North(Warrap). HumanRightsCouncil,Forty-thirdsession,24February–20March2020,ReportoftheCommissionon 571 570 569 568 567 566 565 564 563 562 561 560 559 558 557 556 555 554 553 552 551 550 549 548 547 546 545 544 543 542 541 540 539 538 537 (Ratification:2012),www.ilo.org/dyn/normlex/en/f?p=NORMLEXPUB:13100:0::NO::P13100_COMMENT_ID:3237478 accessed29July2020 MoGEI, Preliminary Report:NationwideOutofSchool Children CatchmentMappingin SouthSudan,May2020 Annual EducationCensusdata,January 2020(datacollectedin2018) Universalia ManagementGroup,Summative GPEcountryprogrammeevaluationBatch4,Country9:Republic ofSouthSudanFinalEvaluation Information providedbyUNICEF, September2017 Ibid UNMAS SouthSudanhttps://unmas.org/en/programmes/southsudanaccessed8 April 2021 IMSMA monthlyreport,January2021 UNICEF, Evaluationof The UNICEF’s ResponsetotheCrisisinSouthSudan: Analysis oftheChildProtectionProgramme United NationsMine Action Service–SouthSudanInformationManagementSystemforMine Action (IMSMA) MonthlyReport–fromJanuary2004 Explosive remnantsofwar(ERW) areexplosivemunitionsleftbehindafteraconflicthasended. Theyincludeunexplodedartilleryshells,grenades, UNICEF, Evaluationof The UNICEF’s ResponsetotheCrisisinSouthSudan: Analysis oftheChildProtectionProgramme FGD feedbackOctober-December2020 Office oftheSpecialRepresentativeSecretary-GeneralforChildrenand Armed Conflict, Violence AgainstChildren: A HiddenCrisisofthe FGD feedbackOctober-December2020 FGD feedbackOctober-December2020–reportedinmorethanone International ProgrammeontheEliminationofChildLabour(IPEC),labourandeducationinpastoralistcommunitiesSouthSudan, AP News, InSouthSudan,somechildrenworkinminestosurvive,12September2018https://apnews.com/1bf0475f053344859b9217ae3a979d51/ US DepartmentofLabour, SouthSudanChildLabourandForcedReport 2018www.dol.gov/sites/dolgov/files/ILAB/child_labor_reports/ International ProgrammeontheEliminationofChildLabour(IPEC),labourandeducationinpastoralistcommunitiesSouthSudan, Verisk Maplecroft,Childlabourrisksincreasein23countries–forecasttoworsen, June2020www.maplecroft.com/insights/analysis/child-labour- ILO, DirectRequest(CEACR)-adopted2015,published105thILCsession(2016),Minimum Age Convention,1973(No.138)-SouthSudan Government ofSouthSudan,InitialreportSudansubmittedunderarticle44theConventiononRightsChild Ibid Government ofSouthSudan,InitialreportSudansubmittedunderarticle44theConventiononRightsChild Only SomaliaandSouthSudanarestilltoaccedetheUnitedNationsConventionagainst Transnational OrganizedCrime.UNODC, Twenty Years Stakeholder writteninputstoSitAn,November2020 UNICEF SouthSudan,CountryOffice Annual Report2020,2021 oftheCommissiononHumanRightsinSouthSudan,31 Human RightsCouncil,Forty-thirdsession,24February–20March2020,Report On 31Januaryand21February2019,40children,includingtwoaged8yearsofage,werereleasedbytheSouthSudanPeople’s DefenceForces UN, Conflict-relatedsexualviolencereportoftheUnitedNationsSecretary-General,17July2020 Ibid Report oftheSecretary-Generalonchildrenandarmedconflict A/73/907–S/2019/509,20June2019 UNICEF, MonitoringandReportingMechanism(MRM),November2020 UNICEF SouthSudan,Gender-basedViolence Brief,May2019 Stakeholder writteninputstoSitAn,November2020

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179 THE SITUATION OF CHILDREN AND WOMEN IN SOUTH SUDAN 2018–2020 180 THE SITUATION OF CHILDREN AND WOMEN IN SOUTH SUDAN 2018–2020 tion%20Report%20no.146%20midyear%20Jan-June%202020.pdf files/2020-07/UNICEF%20South%20Sudan%20Humanitarian%20Situa tion%20Report%20no.146%20midyear%20Jan-June%202020.pdf andadolescenthealthprogrammesinSouthSudan:ascopingreview. ConflHealth14,20(2020). Report,May2019 Note-Dec-2019.pdf Children,29 April 2017 org/document/reach/778a3d17/REACH_SSD_Factsheet_ABA_MagwiTown_Dec19.pdf November%2030-%20December%206%20.pdf 30-December6)www.afro.who.int/sites/default/files/2020-12/South%20Sudan%20IDSR%20Bulletin%20Week%2049%20of%202020%20%20 (2020).https://conflictandhealth.biomedcentral.com/articles/10.1186/s13031-020-00258-0/tables/1 accessed6May2020 implementationofreproductive,maternal,neonatal,child,andadolescenthealthprogrammesinSouthSudan:ascopingreview. ConflHealth14,20 654 653 652 651 650 649 648 647 646 645 644 643 642 641 640 639 638 637 636 635 634 633 632 631 630 629 628 627 626 625 624 623 622 621 620 619 618 617 616 615 614 Ibid Ibid Republic ofSouthSudan,NationalHousehold HealthSurvey2020,(preliminaryresults)dated21March2021 Samira Sami,FeasibilityofImplementing NewbornHealthServicesinDisplacedPersonCampsSouthSudan: SummaryReport,Savethe Interview, UNICEF, 31 August 2017 UNICEF, SouthSudanHumanitarianSituationReportMidyear2019,133 Report oftheSecretary-Generalonchildrenandarmedconflict A/73/907–S/2019/509,20June2019 REACH, Area-Based Assessment in Areas ofReturn,Magwi Town, MagwiCounty, EasternEquatoriaState,December2019www.impact-repository. World Bank,SouthSudanEconomicUpdate,SocioeconomicimpactsofCOVID-19,December2020 UNICEF, SouthSudanHumanitarianSituationReportNo.146,January-June2020https://www.unicef.org/southsudan/sites/unicef.org.southsudan/ Stakeholder writteninputstoSitAn,November2020 UNICEF SouthSudan,HealthBrief,May2019. Government ofSouthSudan,SudanCountryReportfortheFifthUnitedNationsConferenceonLeastDevelopedCountries,November2019 Belaid, L.,Bayo,P., Kamau,L.etal.Healthpolicymappingandsystemgapsimpedingtheimplementationofreproductive,maternal,neonatal,child, World Bank,SouthSudanEconomicUpdate,SocioeconomicimpactsofCOVID-19,December2020 MoH andWHO,SouthSudanIntegratedDiseaseSurveillanceResponse(IDSR)EpidemiologicalBulletinWeek 49of2020(November UNICEF SouthSudan,Social Assessment ReportforEssentialHealthServicesProject(EHSP),25November2018 For alistofotherstrategiespleasesee Table 1,Belaid,L.,Bayo,P., Kamau,L.etal.Healthpolicymappingandsystemgapsimpedingthe UNICEF, UNICEFSouthSudanCountryOfficeConsolidated ProgrammeStrategyNotes,June2018 Montrose, Assessment ofEarlyGradeLearnersinLiteracyandNumeracySouthSudan– Assessment 1,DraftReport for UNICEF, 18 August 2017 Ibid Mott MacDonald, Assessment ofEarlyGradeLearnersinLiteracyandNumeracySouthSudan,EndlineReport, August 2020 Universalia ManagementGroup,SummativeGPEcountryprogrammeevaluationBatch4,Country9:RepublicofSouthSudanFinalEvaluation Mott MacDonald, Assessment ofEarlyGradeLearnersinLiteracyandNumeracySouthSudan,EndlineReport, August 2020 Oxfam, SouthSudanGender Analysis, March 2017 UNICEF, SafetoLearn,SouthSudanDiagnosticExercise-ProvisionalReport,May2020 Montrose, Assessment ofEarlyGradeLearnersinLiteracyandNumeracySouthSudan– Assessment 1,DraftReportforUNICEF, 18 August 2017 Stakeholder writteninputstoSitAn,November2020 Ibid Ibid Global CoalitiontoProtectEducationfrom Attack (GCPEA),EducationUnder Attack 2020 UNICEF SouthSudan,Educationbrief,December2019.www.unicef.org/southsudan/media/2056/file/UNICEF-South-Sudan-Education-Briefing- Global CoalitiontoProtectEducationfrom Attack (GCPEA),EducationUnder Attack 2020https://protectingeducation.org/wp-content/uploads/eua_2020_full.pdf UNICEF, Menstrualhygienewww.unicef.org/wash/menstrual-hygiene accesed22January2021 UNICEF SouthSudan, A Reporton Assessing MenstrualHygieneManagementinSchools(draft)2020 Ibid UNICEF SouthSudan, A Reporton Assessing MenstrualHygieneManagementinSchools(draft)2020 Oxfam, SouthSudanGender Analysis, March 2017 Ibid UNICEF, GuidanceonMenstrualHealthandHygiene,March2019https://www.unicef.org/wash/files/UNICEF-Guidance-menstrual-health-hygiene-2019.pdf MoGEI, PreliminaryReport:NationwideOutofSchoolChildrenCatchmentMappinginSouthSudan,May2020

BMCPublicHealth19,897(2019). https://doi.org/10.1186/s12889-019-7192-4 unicef.org/southsudan/press-releases/world-immunization-week-hundreds-thousands-will-miss-out-measles-vaccine-south-sudanaccessed15May2020 South%20Sudan%20-%202%20Aug%202019.pdf December6) value_2015+wbapi_data_value+wbapi_data_value-last&sort=desc,accessed10 April 2020 south-sudan-receives-first-batch-covid-19-vaccines-through-covax-facilityaccessed12 April 2021 May2020 www.unicef.org/southsudan/press-releases/world-immunization-week-hundreds-thousands-will-miss-out-measles-vaccine-south-sudan accessed15 getinthepicture.org/sites/default/files/resources/Country%20Progress%20Report%20v%2014%20FINAL.pdf direhumanitarianneeds,May2020 Health,2017,14:65athttps://reproductive-health-journal.biomedcentral.com/articles/10.1186/s12978-017-0327-0 694 693 692 691 690 689 688 687 686 685 684 683 682 681 680 679 678 677 676 675 674 673 672 671 670 669 668 667 666 665 664 663 662 661 660 659 658 657 656 655 December6) Republic ofSouth Sudan, NationalHouseholdHealthSurvey 2020,(preliminaryresults)dated 21March2021 Ibid Ibid UNAIDS https://aidsinfo.unaids.org/accessed 1 April 2021 Leddy, A.M., Weiss, E., Yam, E.etal.Gender-basedviolenceandengagementinbiomedicalHIVprevention, careandtreatment:ascopingreview. Ibid UNAIDS https://aidsinfo.unaids.org/accessed1 April 2021 Republic ofSouthSudan,NationalHouseholdHealthSurvey2020,(preliminary results)dated21March2021 UNAIDS Ibid UNAIDS https://aidsinfo.unaids.org/accessed1 April 2021 WFP, FAO, UNDP, IFPRIandUNICEF, 2018ReportonResilienceandVulnerability inSouthSudan,17July2019. UNICEF, SouthSudanreceivesfirstbatchofCOVID-19 vaccinesthroughtheCOVAX Facility, 25March2021https://www.unicef.org/press-releases/ UNICEF, World Immunizationweek:HundredsofthousandswillmissoutonthemeaslesvaccineinSouthSudan duetoCOVID-19,24 April 2020www. MoH andWHO,SouthSudanIntegratedDiseaseSurveillanceRespon UNICEF, World Immunizationweek:HundredsofthousandswillmissoutonthemeaslesvaccineinSouthSudan duetoCOVID-19,24 April 2020 Ministry ofHealth,NationalImmunizationCoverageFinalReport,2017 Health Cluster, HealthClusterBulletin6,30June2017 SSCO interview, UNICEF, 31 August 2017 Republic ofSouthSudan,NationalHouseholdHealthSurvey2020,(preliminaryresults)dated21March2021 OCHA, SouthSudanSituationReport,2 August 2019,athttps://reliefweb.int/sites/reliefweb.int/files/resources/Situation%20Report%20-%20 Republic ofSouthSudan,NationalHouseholdHealthSurvey2020,(preliminaryresults)dated21March2021 MoH andWHO,SouthSudanIntegratedDiseaseSurveillanceResponse(IDSR)EpidemiologicalBulletinWeek 49of2020(November30- WHO andUNICEF, ReachingtheEveryNewbornNational 2020Milestones:CountryProgress,PlansandMovingForward,May2017,athttp:// Republic ofSouthSudan,NationalHouseholdHealthSurvey2020,(preliminaryresults)dated21March2021 UNICEF, UNICEFResponseinSouthSudan: Threats tochildrights–OvercomingtheimpactofCOVID-19inacontextchronicvulnerabilitiesand UNICEF SouthSudan,CountryOffice Annual Report2020,2021 UN Inter-agencyGroupforChildMortalityEstimation,Levelsand Trends inChildMortality, 2019 Calistus Wilundaetal,“BarrierstoutilisationofantenatalcareservicesinSouthSudan:aqualitativestudyRumbekNorthCounty”,Reproductive Ministry ofHealth,HealthManagementInformationSystemReport2017,May2019 Interview, UNICEF, 31 August 2017 Republic ofSouthSudan,NationalHouseholdHealthSurvey2020,(preliminaryresults)dated21March2021 Ministry ofHealth,HealthManagementInformationSystemReport2017,May2019 OCHA, SouthSudanHumanitarianNeedsOverview2021,January2021 Republic ofSouthSudan,NationalHouseholdHealthSurvey2020,(preliminaryresults)dated21March2021 Ministry ofHealth,Emergencyobstetricandneonatalcareassessmentreport,2013 World HealthOrganization.(‎2019)‎. Trends inmaternalmortality2000to2017 World Bank,MaternalMortalityRatio:SouthSudan,athttps://data.worldbank.org/indicator/SH.STA.MMRT?locations=SS&order=wbapi_data_ World HealthOrganization.(‎2019)‎. Trends inmaternalmortality2000to2017 Interview, UNICEF, 31 August 2017 se (IDSR)EpidemiologicalBulletinWeek 49of2020(November30-

181 THE SITUATION OF CHILDREN AND WOMEN IN SOUTH SUDAN 2018–2020 182 THE SITUATION OF CHILDREN AND WOMEN IN SOUTH SUDAN 2018–2020 ProtectioninSouthSudan,July2019 cases-jan2020.htmlaccessed15 April 2020 15 April 2020 department-complains-about-lack-of-skilled-workers-in-aweil accessed9February2021 uploads/2017/08/WASH-brief-July-2017.pdf EconomiesinSub-Saharan Africa?, September 2020 736 735 734 733 732 731 730 729 728 727 726 725 724 723 722 721 720 719 718 717 716 715 714 713 712 711 710 709 708 707 706 705 704 703 702 701 700 699 698 697 696 695 UNICEF SouthSudan,CountryOffice AnnualReport2019,2020 UNICEF, ‘PracticalGuidetofulfilthereintegrationneedsandrightsof girlsformerlyassociatedwitharmedforcesandgroupsinSouth Sudan’,2019 South SudanMinistryofGender, Childand Social Welfare andtheUnitedNationsChildren’s Fund(UNICEF),Mappingand Analysis ofSocial Carter Center, 53CasesofGuineaWorm Reportedin2019,29January2020https://www.cartercenter.org/news/pr/2020/guinea-worm-worldwide- UNICEF, SouthSudanHumanitarianSituationReportMidyear2019,133 WHO Africa, Aiming forzerocholerainSouthSudan,04 August 2019https://www.afro.who.int/news/aiming-zero-cholera-south-sudan accessed FAO, UNICEFandWFP, FSNMSDecember2018,July2019 UNICEF SouthSudan,Water, SanitationandHygiene(WASH) Brief,July2017,athttp://www.childrenofsouthsudan.info/wp-content/ Republic ofSouthSudan,NationalHouseholdHealthSurvey2020,(preliminary results)dated21March2021 World Bank,SouthSudanEconomicUpdate,SocioeconomicimpactsofCOVID-19,December2020 Republic ofSouthSudan,NationalHouseholdHealthSurvey2020,(preliminary results)dated21March2021 OCHA, SouthSudanHumanitarianNeedsOverview2020,November2019 FAO, UNICEFandWFP, FSNMSDecember2018,July2019 UNICEF, SouthSudan–UgandaCrossBorderMission Report,Draft, August 2017 UNICEF SouthSudan,CountryOffice AnnualReport2019,2020 Radio Tamazuj, Water departmentcomplainsaboutlackofskilledworkersin Aweil, 13June 2017,athttps://radiotamazuj.org/en/news/article/water- Ibid Interview, UNICEF, 6September2017 UNICEF, Water, SanitationandHygiene(WASH) inSouth Sudan,Briefingnote,Majordevelopments,October-December2020 Ibid UNICEF SouthSudan,Water, SanitationandHygiene(WASH) Brief,July2017 UNICEF SouthSudan,CountryOffice AnnualReport2019,2020 Ibid OCHA, SouthSudanHumanitarianNeedsOverview2021,January2021 OCHA, SouthSudanHumanitarianNeedsOverview2020,November2019 OCHA, SouthSudanHumanitarianNeedsOverview2021,January2021 Ibid OCHA, SouthSudanHumanitarianNeedsOverview2021,January2021 UNICEF ESARO,EconomicFallout,Vulnerability andDeath: Are Cash Transfers theLightatEndofCOVID-19 Tunnel forChildrenand Ibid UNICEF, Water, SanitationandHygiene(WASH) inSouthSudan,Briefingnote,Majordevelopments,October-December2020 OCHA, SouthSudanHumanitarianNeedsOverview2021,January2021 FGD feedbackOctober-December2020 Republic ofSouthSudan,NationalHouseholdHealthSurvey2020,(preliminaryresults)dated21March2021 UNICEF SouthSudan,CountryOffice Annual Report2020,2021 FSNMS 25,June2020 South SudanHouseholdHealthSurvey(2010) New WHOclassification:<2.5%- Very Low, 2.5-<10%Low, 10-<20%Medium,20-<30%High,>=30% Very high. UNICEF SouthSudan,CountryOffice Annual Report2020,2021 UNICEF, COVID-19andconflict: A deadlycombination,30December2020www.unicef.org/coronavirus/covid-19-and-conflict-deadly-combination UNAIDS https://aidsinfo.unaids.org/accessed1 April 2021 Ministry ofHealth,HealthManagementInformationSystemReport2017,May2019

Report, May 2019 Report,May2019 challengesandopportunities.UNICEFEvaluationOffice,New York education. August 2020https://girlseducationsouthsudan.org/wp-content/uploads/2020/09/GESS-Flyer-August-2020.pdf Humanitarian_Situation_Report_Jan_2020.pdf southsudan.unfpa.org/en/news/statement-ending-child-marriage-south-sudan-ministry-gender-child-and-social-welfare-and-unfpaaccessed15May2020 theUnitedNationsCommitteeonRightsofChild(unpublisheddraft17September2020) 779 778 777 776 775 774 773 772 771 770 769 768 767 766 765 764 763 762 761 760 759 758 757 756 755 754 753 752 751 750 749 748 747 746 745 744 743 742 741 740 739 738 737 UNICEF SouthSudan, CountryOffice AnnualReport2019, 2020 Ibid Ibid UNICEF SouthSudan,CountryOffice AnnualReport2020,2021 FGD feedbackOctober-December2020 Ibid UNICEF SouthSudan,CountryOffice AnnualReport2020,2021 UNICEF. 2020. Accelerating theagendaforchildrightsin Africa: 30yearsofthe African CharterontheRightsandWelfare oftheChild-Progress, Ibid UNICEF SouthSudan,CountryOffice AnnualReport2020,2021 Stakeholder writteninputstoSitAn,November2020 UNICEF SouthSudan,CountryOffice AnnualReport2019,2020 UNICEF SouthSudan,CountryOffice AnnualReport2020,2021 UNICEF SouthSudan,CountryOffice AnnualReport2019,2020 Ibid UNICEF SouthSudan,CountryOffice AnnualReport2020,2021 UNICEF SouthSudan,EducationBrief,May2019 GESS, Girls’ EducationSouthSudan(GESS)willtransformthelivesofagenerationchildrenin –especiallygirlsthrough UNICEF, SouthSudanHumanitarianSituationReport No.140,January2020https://www.unicef.org/appeals/files/UNICEF_South_Sudan_ UNICEF SouthSudan,Playingisnot(only)forfun, August 2020www.unicef.org/southsudan/stories/playing-not-only-fun accessed1 April 2021 Ibid Ibid World BankandUNICEF, Pre-primaryEducationinSouthSudan:Currentopportunitiesandchallenges,31July 2019 EMIS report2018 AVSI, 2020 Torit andMagwicountyMultisectorHouseholdSurvey, 2020 Universalia ManagementGroup,SummativeGPEcountryprogrammeevaluationBatch4,Country9:RepublicofSouthSudanFinalEvaluation Government ofSouthSudan,SudanCountryReportfortheFifthUnitedNationsConferenceonLeastDevelopedCountries,November2019 UNICEF, SafetoLearn,SouthSudanDiagnosticExercise-ProvisionalReport,May2020 Ibid Ibid UNICEF SouthSudan,CountryOffice Annual Report2020,2021 Government ofSouthSudan,InitialreportSudansubmittedunderarticle44theConventiononRightsChild UNFPA, StatementonendingchildmarriageinSouthSudanbytheMinistryofGender, ChildandSocialWelfare andUNFPA, 3December2018https:// OECD, SocialInstitutionsandGenderIndex(SIGI)SouthSudan2019www.genderindex.org/wp-content/uploads/files/datasheets/2019/SS.pdf UNICEF SouthSudan,CountryOffice Annual Report2020,2021 UNICEF, UNICEFwelcomesreleaseof85childrenfromdetentioninSouthSudan,7May2020 UNICEF, JusticeforChildrenhttps://www.unicef.org/protection/justice-for-children accessed23March2021 UNICEF SouthSudan,ChildProtectionBrief,May2019 UNICEF SouthSudan,CountryOffice Annual Report2019,2020 UNICEF, UNICEFConfidentialReportontheImplementationofCRCinSouthSudan:2015-2020:toPre-Sessional Working Groupof Stakeholder writteninputstoSitAn,March2021 UNICEF, CriticalsupportforformerchildsoldiersinSouthSudanatriskfromlackoffunding,11 February2020 UNICEF SouthSudan,CountryOffice Annual Report2019,2020

183 THE SITUATION OF CHILDREN AND WOMEN IN SOUTH SUDAN 2018–2020 184 THE SITUATION OF CHILDREN AND WOMEN IN SOUTH SUDAN 2018–2020 health.htmlaccessed6 August 2020 www.unicef.org/press-releases/over-13-million-children-did-not-receive-any-vaccines-all-even-covid-19-disrupted accessed4May2020 files/Global-Humanitarian-Response-Plan-COVID-19.pdf undp.org/en/countries/profiles/SSDaccessed8May2020 andindividuallevelinhealth,educationstandardofliving.UNDP SouthSudanHumanDevelopmentIndicators2018(published2019) http://hdr. 2020 .int/files/adaptation/workstreams/national_adaptation_programmes_of_action/application/pdf/south_sudan_final_napa_-_24th_nov-2016.pd JongleiandUpperNile,SouthSudan,November2018 theUnitedNationsCommitteeonRightsofChild(unpublisheddraft17September2020) South%20Sudan%20Climate%20Vulnerability%20Profile%20to%20Improve%20Resilience.pdf RisksandResilienceRecommendations,May2019www.climatelinks.org/sites/default/files/asset/document/USAID_The%20Cadmus%20Group_ resolving-climate-change-induced-migration-and-conflict-south-sudan/accessed29May2020 climate-crisis-95790accessed29May2020 theUnitedNationsCommitteeonRightsofChild(unpublisheddraft17September2020) 817 816 815 814 813 812 811 810 809 808 807 806 805 804 803 802 801 800 799 798 797 796 795 794 793 792 791 790 789 788 787 786 785 784 783 782 781 780 WFP, Respondingtothe developmentemergencycausedbyCOVID-19,WFP’s medium-termprogrammeframework,June2020(MTPF) SciDevNet, Africa ‘notready’ forCOVID-19mentalhealthissues,24 April 2020https://medicalxpress.com/news/2020-04-africa-ready-covid-mental- UNICEF, Over 13 millionchildrendidnotreceiveanyvaccinesatallevenbeforeCOVID-19 disruptedglobalimmunization–UNICEF, 24 April 2020 OCHA, SouthSudanHumanitarianNeeds Overview2021,January2021 OCHA, GlobalHumanitarianResponsePlanCOVID-19UnitedNationsCoordinated Appeal April –December2020,www.unocha.org/sites/unocha/ UNICEF SouthSudan, Assessing theeconomicandsocialimpact ofCoronavirus(COVID-19)onSouthSudan,PPT, April 2020 Population withadeprivationscoreofatleast33percent. The MultidimensionalPovertyIndex(MPI)identifiesmultipledeprivationsatthehousehold World Bank,SouthSudanEconomicUpdate,SocioeconomicimpactsofCOVID-19,December2020 UN inSouthSudanCOVID-19caseconfirmed5 April2020https://ss.one.un.org/category/news-and-updatesaccessed15 April Government ofSouthSudan,RepublicSudan’s National Adaptation Programmeof Actions (NAPA) toclimatechange,2016 https://unfccc UNICEF SouthSudan.EnvironmentalandSocialManagementFrameworkforEssentialHealthServicesProject(EHSP)intheformerstatesof UNICEF, The ClimateCrisis ClimateChangeImpacts, Trends andVulnerabilities ofChildreninSubSaharan Africa, October2020 UNICEF, UNICEFConfidentialReportontheImplementation oftheCRCinSouthSudan:2015-2020:ReporttoPre-Sessional Working Groupof Government ofSouthSudan,RepublicSudan’s National Adaptation Programmeof Actions (NAPA) toclimatechange,2016 Stakeholder writteninputstoSitAn,November2020andUSAID,SouthSudanClimateVulnerability Profile:Sector-andLocation-SpecificClimate Government oftheNetherlands,ClimateChangeProfile:SouthSudan WFP, CropProductioninRelationtoFoodInsecuritySouthSudan,February2021 Nhial Tiitmamer, Resolvingclimate change-inducedmigrationandconflictinSouthSudan, AfricaPortal,24May2020www.africaportal.org/features/ World Bank,SouthSudanEconomicUpdate,SocioeconomicimpactsofCOVID-19,December2020 WFP, CropProductioninRelationtoFoodInsecuritySouthSudan,February2021 Information providedbyUNICEFSouthSudanWASH section,27October2019 Devex, Are aidgroupsignoringSouthSudan'sclimatecrisis?,14October2019www.devex.com/news/are-aid-groups-ignoring-south-sudan-s- UNICEF, The ClimateCrisisChangeImpacts, Trends andVulnerabilities ofChildreninSubSaharan Africa, October2020 World Bank,ConceptNote,SouthSudan:IntegratedService DeliveryforHumanDevelopment,14December2020 Government ofSouthSudan,SudanCountryReportfortheFifthUnitedNationsConferenceonLeastDevelopedCountries,November2019 UNICEF, Water, SanitationandHygiene(WASH) inSouthSudan,Briefingnote,Majordevelopments,October-December2020 Government ofSouthSudan,SudanCountryReportfortheFifthUnitedNationsConferenceonLeastDevelopedCountries,November2019 UNICEF, Water, SanitationandHygiene(WASH) inSouthSudan,Briefingnote,Majordevelopments,October-December2020 Government ofSouthSudan,SudanCountryReportfortheFifthUnitedNationsConferenceonLeastDevelopedCountries,November2019 UNICEF, Water, SanitationandHygiene(WASH) inSouthSudan,Briefingnote,Majordevelopments,October-December2020 UNICEF SouthSudan,CountryOffice Annual Report2019,2020 Ibid Ibid Ibid UNICEF SouthSudan,CountryOffice Annual Report2020,2021 Stakeholder writteninputstoSitAn,March2021 UNICEF, UNICEFConfidentialReportontheImplementationofCRCinSouthSudan:2015-2020:toPre-Sessional Working Groupof UNICEF SouthSudan,CountryOffice Annual Report2020,2021

SavingLivesandBuildingResilience inEasternandSouthern Africa, 25March2020 uploads/2020/01/dm2020-case-study-cash-based-programming-south-sudan-final.pdf wildornaturallyoccurringvirus.CDCwww.cdc.gov/vaccines/vpd/polio/hcp/vaccine-derived-poliovirus-faq.html accessed16September2020 covid-19accessed16September2020 SudanDuringtheCOVIDCrisisKeyMessages-May2020http://data.globalprotectioncluster.org/fr/documents/download /153accessed20September2020 EconomiesinSub-Saharan Africa?, September 2020andHousingLandProperty Technical workinggroupSouthSudan,Evictionsin September-5October, 6October2019 Disease%20%28EVD%29%20Preparedness_%23_51.pdf September-5October, 6October2019https://www.afro.who.int/sites/default/files/2019-10/Weekly%20Update%20on%20Ebola%20%20Virus%20 direhumanitarianneeds,May2020 direhumanitarianneeds,May2020 Nations%20SouthSudan%20%20%20COVID-19%20Response%20Plan.pdf 6-fiscal-year-fy-2020 assets/Publications/5ea90d311d87b_TheSocialAndEconomicEffectsOfTheCOVID_Full.pdf 855 854 853 852 851 850 849 848 847 846 845 844 843 842 841 840 839 838 837 836 835 834 833 832 831 830 829 828 827 826 825 824 823 822 821 820 819 818 Bank,Washington, DC.License:CreativeCommons Attribution CCBY 3.0IGO UNICEF ESARO,Economic Fallout,Vulnerability andDeath: Are Cash Transfers theLight attheEndofCOVID-19 Tunnel forChildren andEconomiesin UNICEF ESARO,ESAROSocial PolicyGuidanceNote,RespondingtotheSocioeconomicImpactsofCOVID-19: The RoleofSocialPolicyin World Vision, Cash-basedprogrammingtoaddress hunger inconflict-affectedSouthSudan: Acasestudy, May2016 www.calpnetwork.org/wp-content/ UNICEF, UNICEF SouthSudanCountryOfficeConsolidatedProgrammeStrategy Notes, June2018 Government ofSouthSudan,SudanCountryReportfortheFifthUnitedNationsConferenceonLeastDevelopedCountries,No vember 2019 Stakeholder writteninputstoSitAn,November2020 Finn, Arden etal.2020.“JobOutcomesinthe Towns ofSouthSudan:Jobs,Recovery, And PeacebuildingInUrbanSouthSudan – Technical ReportI.”World FGD feedbackOctober-December2020–mentionedinmorethanone Ibid FGD feedbackOctober-December2020 AVSI, Gender-BasedViolence inRumbekandGokState, April 2019 UN SouthSudan,SudanSDGsDataLandscapeDiagnosticReport,March2021 Government ofSouthSudan,SudanCountryReportfortheFifthUnitedNationsConferenceonLeastDevelopedCountries,November2019 Ibid Harrop, E.andKhan, A., SynthesisofEvidencefromUNICEFSouthSudanEvaluations(2018–2019),UNICEF, Juba(forthcoming) OCHA, SouthSudanHRP 2021,March2021 Bertelsmann Stiftung’s Transformation Index(BTI)2020, CountryReportSouthSudan,2020 VDPV isastrainoftheweakenedpoliovirusthatwasinitiallyincludedinoralpoliovaccine(OPV)andhaschangedovertimebehavesmorelike UNICEF, SouthSudanHumanitarianSituationReport Midyear2019,SituationReport133 South SudanMinistryofHealth,Weekly UpdateonEbolaVirus Disease(EVD) Preparedness Activities inSouthSudan,Update#51Week 40:29 OCHA, SouthSudanHRP 2021,March2021 South SudanMinistryofHealth,Weekly UpdateonEbolaVirus Disease(EVD) Preparedness Activities inSouthSudan,Update#51Week 40:29 UNICEF, We areallsocialmobilisersinthefightagainstCOVID-19,June2020www.unicef.org/southsudan/stories/we-are-all-social-mobilisers-fight-against- UNICEF SouthSudan,CountryOffice AnnualReport2020,2021 UNICEF, UNICEFResponseinSouthSudan: Threats tochildrights–OvercomingtheimpactofCOVID-19inacontextchronicvulnerabilitiesand MoH andWHO,SouthSudanIntegratedDiseaseSurveillanceResponse(IDSR)EpidemiologicalBulletinWeek 35of2020(August24 – August 30) OCHA, SouthSudanHRP 2021,March2021 OCHA, GlobalHumanitarianResponsePlanCOVID-19UnitedNationsCoordinated Appeal April –December2020 UNICEF, UNICEFResponseinSouthSudan: Threats tochildrights–OvercomingtheimpactofCOVID-19inacontextchronicvulnerabilitiesand United NationsSouthSudan,COVID-19Socio-EconomicResponsePlan2020https://southsudan.un.org/sites/default/files/2020-10/United%20 UNICEF ESARO,EconomicFallout,Vulnerability andDeath: Are Cash Transfers theLightatEndofCOVID-19 Tunnel forChildrenand WFP, CropProductioninRelationtoFoodInsecuritySouthSudan,February2021 World Bank,SouthSudanEconomicUpdate,Socioeconomic impactsofCOVID-19,December2020 Sudd Institute,PolicyBrief The SocialandEconomicEffects of theCOVID-19PandemicinSouthSudan,28 April2020 USAID, SouthSudan-CrisisFactSheet#6,Fiscal Year (FY)2020,17 Apr 2020https://reliefweb.int/report/south-sudan/south-sudan-crisis-fact-sheet- World Bank,SouthSudanEconomicUpdate,Socioeconomic impactsofCOVID-19,December2020 Sudd Institute,PolicyBrief The SocialandEconomicEffects of theCOVID-19PandemicinSouthSudan,28 April2020https://www.suddinstitute.org/ SciDevNet, Africa ‘notready’ forCOVID-19mentalhealthissues,24 April 2020

185 THE SITUATION OF CHILDREN AND WOMEN IN SOUTH SUDAN 2018–2020 186 THE SITUATION OF CHILDREN AND WOMEN IN SOUTH SUDAN 2018–2020 reports/2019/10/1/no-confidence-displaced-south-sudanese-await-real-peace ConsolidatedProgrammeStrategyNotes,June2018 improvementofmaternalandchildnutrition:whatcanbedoneatcost?.Lancet.2013,quotedinUNICEF, UNICEFSouthSudanCountryOffice Sudan,February2020 ItisrecommendedthataGenderProgrammaticReviewbeconductedpriortothenextCountryProgramme.StakeholderwritteninputsSitAn,March2021 898 897 896 895 894 893 892 891 890 889 888 887 886 885 884 883 882 881 880 879 878 877 876 875 874 873 872 871 870 869 868 867 866 865 864 863 862 861 860 859 858 857 856 Sub-Saharan Africa?, September2020 Daniel P. Sullivan,NoConfidence:DisplacedSouthSudanese Await ‘RealPeace’,RefugeesInternational,October2019www.refugeesinternational.org/ Republic ofSouthSudan,NationalEvaluation ReportontheImplementationofBeijingDeclarationand Platformfor Action, undated UNDP, SouthSudan2015NationalHumanDevelopment Report,2016 Republic ofSouthSudan,NationalEvaluation ReportontheImplementationofBeijingDeclarationand Platformfor Action, undated Ibid UNICEF, UNICEFSouthSudanCountryOfficeConsolidatedProgrammeStrategyNotes,June2018 UNICEF SouthSudan, A Reporton Assessing MenstrualHygieneManagementinSchools(draft)2020 Ibid UNICEF, UNICEFSouthSudanCountryOfficeConsolidatedProgrammeStrategyNotes,June2018 Stakeholder writteninputstoSitAn,March2021 UNICEF, NutritioninSouthSudanBriefingnoteJanuary-March2020,www.unicef.org/southsudan/media/4346/file/Nutrition-%20March%202020.pdf Bhutta, ZA etal, The LancetNutritionInterventionsReviewGroup,andtheMaternalChildStudyGroup.Evidence-basedinterventions for UNICEF, UNICEFSouthSudanCountryOfficeConsolidated ProgrammeStrategyNotes,June2018 Ibid Stakeholder writteninputstoSitAn,November2020 Government ofSouthSudan,SudanCountryReportfortheFifthUnitedNationsConferenceonLeastDevelopedCountries,November2019 Stakeholder writteninputstoSitAn,November2020 FGD feedbackOctober-December2020 UNICEF, UNICEFSouthSudanCountryOfficeConsolidated ProgrammeStrategyNotes,June2018 Government ofSouthSudan,SudanCountryReportfortheFifthUnitedNationsConferenceonLeastDevelopedCountries,November2019 Stakeholder writteninputstoSitAn,March2021 FGD feedbackOctober-December2020 Ibid Government ofSouthSudan,SudanCountryReportfortheFifthUnitedNationsConferenceonLeastDevelopedCountries,November2019 UNICEF SouthSudan, Assessing theeconomicandsocialimpactofCoronavirus(COVID-19)onSouthSudanPPT, April 2020 Government ofSouthSudan, The SouthSudanStateof Adolescents and Youth Report2019 Ibid Ibid UNICEF, UNICEFSouthSudanCountryOfficeConsolidatedProgrammeStrategyNotes,June2018 Ibid Ibid UNICEF, UNICEFSouthSudanCountryOfficeConsolidatedProgrammeStrategyNotes,June2018 Ibid Stakeholder writteninputstoSitAn,March2021 Inception ReportonSouthSudanSDGDataLandscape,DevelopmentInitiative,January2021 Stakeholder writteninputstoSitAn,March2021 Government ofSouthSudan,SudanCountryReportfortheFifthUnitedNationsConferenceonLeastDevelopedCountries,November2019 FGD feedbackOctober-December2020andSaferworld,“Likethemilitaryofvillage”Security, justiceandcommunitydefencegroupsinsouth-eastSouth Human RightsCouncil,Forty-thirdsession,24February–20March2020,ReportoftheCommissiononinSouthSudan,31January2020 Government ofSouthSudan,SudanCountryReportfortheFifthUnitedNationsConferenceonLeastDevelopedCountries,November2019 In accordancewiththeUNICEFGender Action Plan2018-2021https://www.unicef.org/gender-equality/gender-action-plan-2018-2021 accessed1 April 2021. Stakeholder writteninputstoSitAn,November2020 UNICEF SouthSudan,CountryOffice Annual Report2020,2021

31January2020 relatedissues, Annex 6IRRM,January2019www.unicef.org/evaldatabase/files/UNICEF-South_Sudan-Annexes_web.pdf 13 April 2020 www.eala.org/documents/view/the-eac-prohibition-of-female-genital-mutilation-bill2016 accessed10 April 2020 January2020 worldbank.org/curated/en/873081543905849983/pdf/SS-EHSP-UNICEF-Social-Assessment-Report-2018.pdf publishing.service.gov.uk/media/57a089e3e5274a31e00002f4/SLRC_WP11.pdf Stateactors.ReportoftheSecretary-Generalonchildrenandarmedconflict A/73/907–S/2019/509, 20 June2019 Army-in-Opposition –pro Taban Dengisnowlistedas Taban Deng-alliedSSPDF. They arenowincludedaspartofSSPDFandthereforelisted Liberation Army (SPLA)isnowlistedasSouthSudanPeople’s DefenceForces(SSPDF).Inaddition,theSudanPeople’s LiberationMovement/ Inclusion_Strategy_english.pdf 938 937 936 935 934 933 932 931 930 929 928 927 926 925 924 923 922 921 920 919 918 917 916 915 914 913 912 911 910 909 908 907 906 905 904 903 902 901 900 899 comprehensive-action-plan-to-end-prevent-all-grave-violations-against-children-signed-by-government/accessed10 April 2020 Prevent All GraveViolations Against ChildrenSignedbyGovernment,7February2020https://childrenandarmedconflict.un.org/2020/02/south-sudan- Office oftheSpecialRepresentativeSecretary-GeneralforChildrenand Armed Conflict,SouthSudan: Comprehensive ActionPlantoEnd& Government ofSouth Sudan,InitialreportofSouthSudan submittedunder South SudanNGO Forumhttps://southsudanngoforum.org/ UNICEF, South Sudan,Part1:Childsurvival–WASH, EvaluationoftheUNICEFResponsetoHumanitarianCrisis in health,nutritionand South SudanHealthForumhttps://sites.google.com/site/healthclustersouth Republic ofSouthSudan,National Evaluation ReportontheImplementatio UNICEF, SouthSudanHumanitarianSituationReportNo.140,January2020 OCHA, SouthSudanHRP 2021,March2021 East African Legislative Assembly, Mutilation Bill,2016byHon.DoraChristineKanabahitaByamuka, The EACprohibitionofFemaleGenital IGAD SouthSudanhttps://southsudan.igad.int/accessed10 April 2020 IGAD https://igad.int/about-us/the-igad-regionaccessed10 April 2020 EAC www.eac.int/ accessed 10 April 2020 AU RECshttps://au.int/en/organs/recsaccessed10 April 2020 UNICEF, StrategyNotes,June2018 UNICEFSouthSudan Country OfficeConsolidatedProgramme UNICEF, SouthSudanHumanitarian SituationReportNo.140,January2020 Ibid Government ofSouthSudan,InitialreportSudansubmittedunder oftheCommissiononHumanRightsinSouthSudan,31 Human RightsCouncil,Forty-thirdsession,24February–20March2020,Report Ibid Government ofSouthSudan,InitialreportSudansubmittedunder OECD, SocialInstitutionsandGenderIndex(SIGI)SouthSudan2019 UNICEF SouthSudanCountryOffice Annual Report2020,2021 OECD, SocialInstitutionsandGenderIndex(SIGI)SouthSudan2019 Government ofSouthSudan,InitialreportSudansubmittedunder UNICEF SouthSudan,Social Project(EHSP),25November2018http://documents. Assessment ReportforEssentialHealthServices Overseas DevelopmentInstitute,Intheeyeofstorm: An analysisofinternalconflictinSouthSudan’s JongleiState,2014https://assets. oftheCommissiononHumanRightsinSouthSudan, Human RightsCouncil,Forty-thirdsession,24February–20March2020,Report Modifications toterminologyandnamesofpartiesresultedfromsomepoliticalchangesontheground.InSouthSudan,SudanPeople’s Stakeholder writteninputstoSitAn,March2021andFGDfeedbackOctober-December2020 United Nations,NationsDisabilityInclusionStrategy2019www.un.org/en/content/disabilitystrategy/assets/documentation/UN_Disability_ Stakeholder writteninputstoSitAn,November2020 Stakeholder writteninputstoSitAn,March2021 Ibid Government ofSouthSudan,SudanCountryReportfortheFifthUnitedNationsConferenceonLeastDevelopedCountries,November2019 Government ofSouthSudan,SudanCountryReportfortheFifthUnitedNationsConferenceonLeastDevelopedCountries,November2019 UNICEF, UNICEFSouthSudanCountryOfficeConsolidatedProgrammeStrategyNotes,June2018 Government ofSouthSudan,SudanCountryReportfortheFifthUnitedNationsConferenceonLeastDevelopedCountries,November2019 UNICEF, UNICEFSouthSudanCountryOfficeConsolidatedProgrammeStrategyNotes,June2018 Government ofSouthSudan,SudanCountryReportfortheFifthUnitedNationsConferenceonLeastDevelopedCountries,November2019 African Unionhttps://au.int/en/organs/recsaccessed10 April 2020

article44oftheConvention ontheRightsofChild article44oftheConventiononRightsChild article44oftheConventiononRightsChild article44oftheConventiononRightsChild sudan/useful-links/south-sudan-health-forum-google-group accessed n oftheBeijingDeclarationandPlatform for Action, undated

187 THE SITUATION OF CHILDREN AND WOMEN IN SOUTH SUDAN 2018–2020 188 THE SITUATION OF CHILDREN AND WOMEN IN SOUTH SUDAN 2018–2020 republic-of-south-sudan.html 2020 net/node/13975/pdf/child_participation_review_-_south_sudan_country_report.pdf January2020 releases/20151201accessed10 April 2020 inChildMarriage;FindingsofaNewStudybythe AU CampaigntoEndChildMarriagein Africa, 1December2015https://au.int/en/press "determiningfactor"inthegrowingmovementtoendchildmarriage. African Union, The RoleofReligiousand Traditional Practices 953 952 951 950 949 948 947 946 945 944 943 942 941 940 939 United NationsCooperationFramework(UNCF)forSouthSudan2019–20 UNICEF SouthSudanontwitter, 7December2017https://twitter.com/unicefssudan/status/938743112956022785?lang=en accessed10 April Ibid FGD feedbackOctober-December2020 Save theChildrenNorway, ChildParticipationReview. SouthSudanCaseCountrySummary, March2018https://resourcecentre.savethechildren. oftheCommissiononHumanRightsinSouthSudan,31 Human RightsCouncil,Forty-thirdsession,24February–20March2020,Report Reporters WithoutBorders,https://rsf.org/en/south-sudanaccessed6 UNICEF SouthSudan,CountryOffice AnnualReport2020,2021 Ibid. A studybythe AU CampaigntoEndChildMarriagein Africa foundthattraditionalandreligiousleadersin Africa canbea Ibid FGD feedbackOctober-December2020 OECD, SocialInstitutionsandGenderIndex(SIGI)SouthSudan2019 Ibid Ibid UNICEF SouthSudan,CountryOffice AnnualReport2020,2021 April 2020 21 http://ss.one.un.org/united-nations-cooperation-framework-for-the-

NOTE

189 THE SITUATION OF CHILDREN AND WOMEN IN SOUTH SUDAN 2018–2020 190 THE SITUATION OF CHILDREN AND WOMEN IN SOUTH SUDAN 2018–2020 191 THE SITUATION OF CHILDREN AND WOMEN IN SOUTH SUDAN 2018–2020 192 THE SITUATION OF CHILDREN AND WOMEN IN SOUTH SUDAN 2018–2020 UNICEF SouthSudan Ministry ofGender, ChildandSocialWelfare Ministry ofFinanceandPlanning Republic ofSouthSudan Juba July 2021 Government oftheRepublic ofSouthSudanandUnitedNationsChildren’ © MinistryofFinanceand Planning andMinistryofGender, Childand SocialWelfare, Republic ofSouthSudan Juba Totto ChanCompound Republic ofSouthSudan Juba

s Fund(UNICEF)