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Birds' Nests; an Introduction to the Scie il'll'i'lil' il|i)lHiiililmiill]liiiililll: ALBERT R. MANN LIBRARY New YoRKf^TATE Colleges OF Agriculture and Home Economics AT Cornell University DATE DUE PBINTEOINU.S.A. Cornell University Library QL 675.D6 Birds' nests; an Introduction to the scie 3 1924 000 206 114 Cornell University Library The original of tliis book is in tine Cornell University Library. There are no known copyright restrictions in the United States on the use of the text. http://www.archive.org/details/cu31924000206114 iy^ fe^ '-^-.f^y/j NESTS OF THE CASSIQUE (Page 266). BIRDS' NESTS AN INTRODUCTION TO THE SCIENCE OF CALIOLOGY CHARLES DIXON AUTHOR OF 'rural bird-life," "the game birds and wild fowl of the BRITISH islands/' "BRITISH SEA BIRDS," "CURIOSITIES OF BIRD LIFE," "the MIGRATION OF BIRDS," "AMONG THE BIRDS IN NORTHERN SHIRES," "tHE STORY OF THE BIRDS," ETC., ETC. WITH ILLUSTRATIONS BY A. T. ELWES NEW YORK FREDERICK A. STOKES COMPANY LONDON GRANT RICHARDS 1902 51. 0* 34 '^"^ 'O t PREFACE It is a somewhat remarkable fact that notwithstanding the extreme popularity of the subject of Birds' Nests, no book has yet been published entirely devoted to these beautiful and curious objects. And yet their study—the science of Caliology—is one of the most fascinating branches of Ornithology, perhaps more intimately connected with those difficult problems and questions relating to the mental attributes of what man in his ignorance is pleased to consider the " lower animals," than any other. Indeed, there are many of us who would fain deny the existence of any reasoning faculties whatever in birds, classing their expression in a thousand different ways, all under the vague, meaningless and ridiculous term " Instinct." A bird's nest is the most graphic mirror of a bird's mind. It is the most palpable example of those reasoning, thinking qualities with which these crea- tures are unquestionably very highly endowed. Evidence of this reasoning power confronts the student of Birds' Nests as he gazes upon each pro- creant cradle, no matter how crude on the one hand, or how elaborate on the other it may chance vi PREFACE to be ; for each type of home represents the best possible harmony with the conditions under which reproduction may take place. Unfortunately, Birds' Nests have been little studied in relation to those important scientific questions with which they are so inseparably involved. Alas, too often the despoiling oologist carries off the coveted eggs without even a glance at the cradle which holds them, or with no thought to the philo- sophy of the architectural arrangements (or to the want of them) before him. Then on the other hand there is the observer who views such structures as objects of beauty only, ignoring all evidence of purely utilitarian significance. For him, a pretty nest is one to be admired for its beauty alone ; but the neatest and most elaborate and beautiful bird cradle ever put together, is no more woven for beauty's sake, than the crudest nest-form is provided with any view to the lack of it. Birds' Nests are purely utilitarian structures ; their beauty or their ugliness, their elaborate finish, or their crude workmanship are matters of human sentiment only, and play no part in the general plan of avine architecture. Upon such a foundation the science of Caliology alone must rest, and its philosophy must be woven round a utili- tarian motive, not one in any sense of beauty for its own sake. The opportunities for the scientific study of Birds' Nests are well-nigh endless; for almost every nest PREFACE vii presents special features and is an example of in- dividual intelligence. At present our lack of informa- tion relating to the manner in which a nest is made in the majority of species is almost complete. The building sex—the part played by the male bird, the various stages through which a nest must pass before completion, and a hundred other items require the most patient observation. Even our lack of know- ledge is vast concerning the nests of British birds alone ; and when we come to exotic species, informa- tion is much more meagre still. The present little volume has been written with the object of guiding the student to an acquisition of a scientific knowledge of Birds' Nests. It has been necessarily a brief one, but many lines of original research have been indicated, and some sort of plan promulgated upon which the science of Caliology may, at all events, provisionally be based. Charles Dixon. Paignton, S. Devon, 1901. — CONTENTS CHAPTER I Introductory Absence of literature relating to Birds' Nests—Difficulty of classi- fying Nests—The Philosophy of Birds' Nests—Nests regarded as Utilitarian Structures— Intelligence of Birds in Nest-building The Theory of Instinct—Changed Nesting Habits and Types Evidence against the Theory of Instinct—Variation in Nest- building Skill — Wallace's Theory of Birds' Nests — Faculties Employed by Birds in Nest-building—Retention of Old Habits by Various Birds—Nest-building Tools—Differences in Nest-type— Amongst Nearly Allied Birds—Abnormal Nest Materials—Abnormal Nest sites—The Nest-building Sex—Instructions for Collecting and Preserving Nests—Necessity for Recording Certain Facts—Preser- vative for Nests—Storage of Nests ..... CHAPTER II Nestless BirdSj Annexers, AND Parasites Conditions of a nestless state—Occasional lapses in the Nest-building Habit—Nestless Birds—Tropic Birds and Vultures—Ringed Plover —Coursers and Pratincoles—Stone Curlew—Gulls and Terns—Auks —Nestless Petrels—Goatsuckers—Origin of the Nestless Habit- Number of Eggs laid by nestless species—^Annexing Birds—Birds of Prey and Owls—The Kestrel—The Hobby—Honey Buzzard- Orange-legged Hobby—Iceland Jer-Falcon—The annexing habit not always universal in the same species—Egyptian Vulture—Turkey Vulture—Cooper's Hawk—Tawny Owl—Long-eared Owl—Teng- malm's Owl—Hawk Owl—Eagle Owl—American Barred Owl—Saw- whet Owl—Green Sandpiper—Wood Sandpiper—Swallows—Birds building in nests of other species—Great Titmouse—House Sparrow —Purple Grackle—Spanish Sparrow in nest of Stork—Return of Birds to old Nests—Parasitic Birds—Origin of the habit of Parasitism —Coloration of Eggs of Parasitic Birds—Cow Bird—Birds laying astray—Birds evicted by other species—Benevolent characteristics in Birds—Origin of Parasitism through the young ix — CONTENTS CHAPTER III The Crudest Nest- Forms FAGB Apparent development of nest-building art— Illustrated by nest of Bull- finch—By nests of Crows—By nests of "Willow Wrens "—Import- ance of nesting conditions—The most skilful nest-builders—Crude nest-forms of Ratitae Birds—Nidification of the Ostrich—Of the Falcons—Of certain Owls—Of the Coraciiformes—Of the Fsittaciformes—Of the Cuculiformes—Of certain Cuckoos—Of the Columbiformes—^Peculiarity in nests of Pigeons—Of certain Tyrant Birds—Of the Pediophli or Sand Grouse—Of the Game Birds or Galliformes—Similarity of architecture in this order—Nests of the Charadriiformes—Of the Bustards—Of the Oystercatchers—Of the Stilts—Of the Woodcocks—Of the Jacanas-Of the Crab Plover- Crude nest-forms of the Divers—Of the Penguins—Of the Procel- lariiformes—Of the Lariformes—Nests of the Noddy Tern—Of the Skuas—Of the typical Gulls—Of the Black-headed Gull—Of the Ducks and allied Birds—Of the Mergansers—Uses of down in these Nests—Number of crude nest-builders—The State of the young when hatched ......... 59 CHAPTER IV Concealed or Covered Nests Nests made in earth tunnels—Sand Martins—Tunnel-boring Wood Hewers—Nest of Sclerurus umbretta—Of the Kingfishers—Of the Jacamars, Todys and Bee-eaters—Of certain Parrakeets—Of the Burrowing Owl—Of the Puffins—Of the Petrels—Stormy Petrel— Fork-tailed Petrel—Spectacled Petrel—Of the Whale Birds—Of the Shearwaters—Cave-building Birds—The Jackdaw—The Choughs The Rock Dove—The Shag—Cock of the rock—Oil Bird—Edible Swifts—Alpine Swift—Cave-building Swallows—Nests under stones and in holes and fissures of rocks—Various Petrels—Little Auk- Horned Puffin—Little Owl—Certain Parrots—Various Chats—Red- starts and Accentors—Wall Creeper—Rose-coloured Starling- Buntings and Swallows and Pipits—Timber-building Birds—Wood- peckers and Wrynecks—Hornbills— Toucans and Trogons—Barbels and Honey Guides—Parrots—Certain Cockatoos—Hoopoes —Rollers —Titmice—Nuthatches—Certain Flycatchers—Sparrows—Nest of Phylloscopus occipitalis— Scops Owl—Certain Ducks—Nests in holes, in banks, or under tussocks of vegetation—Robins and Buntings—Twite and Ring Ousel—Mound Birds—The Philosophy of Concealed Nests ....... 87 — CONTENTS xi CHAPTER V Open Nests PAGE Open Nests a widely prevailing type—Nests of certain Geese—Nest of the Screamer—Nests of Curassows, Guans and the Hoatzin—Of Bonaparte's Gull—Classification of "Open" Nests—Nests of the Albatrosses—Of the Herons and Bitterns—Of the Spoonbills and Ibises — Of the Storks — Nests of the Pelecaniformes — Of the Gannets—Of the Cormorants—Of the Darters—Of the Pelicans Of the Frigate Birds—Of the Flamingoes—Of the Cranes—Of the Rails and Finfoots—Nests of various Falconiformes—Of the Vultures—Of certain Eagles—Of the Kites—Of the Hawks and Harriers — Of the Ospreys — Nests of the Humming Birds —'Of certain Swifts—Of the Colics— Nests of the Passeriformes—Of Crows and allied Birds—Of the Birds of Paradise—Of the Drongos —Of the Orioles—Open Nest of a Hangnest^Of the Tanagers Of the Finches and allied Birds—Of the Larks—Of the Wagtails and Pipits—Of the American Wood Warblers—Of the Honey-eaters —Of the White-eyes—Of certain Flower-peckers—Of the Goldcrests —Of the Bearded Titmouse—Of the Shrikes-Of the Waxwings— Of the Vireos—Of the Thrushes—Of the Whinchat—Of the Warblers —Of the Mocking Birds—Of the Timeliidee—Of the Tailor Birds —Of the Laughing Thrushes—Of the Bulbuls—Of the Cuckoo Shrikes— Of certain Flycatchers—Of certain Swallows — Of the Tyrant Birds—Of the Chatterers—Of the Ant Thrushes—Of the Pteroptochidge—General Remarks on the Open or Cup-shaped Type of Nest—Mimicry in Nest-building .
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