Phytotaxa 174 (2): 082–088 ISSN 1179-3155 (print edition) www.mapress.com/phytotaxa/ PHYTOTAXA Copyright © 2014 Magnolia Press Article ISSN 1179-3163 (online edition) http://dx.doi.org/10.11646/phytotaxa.174.2.2

Stigmaphyllon caatingicola (), a new from Seasonally Dry Tropical Forests in

RAFAEL FELIPE DE ALMEIDA1* & ANDRÉ MÁRCIO AMORIM1,2,3 1 Programa de Pós-Graduação em Botânica, Departamento de Ciências Biológicas, Universidade Estadual de Feira de Santana, Av. Transnordestina s/n, 44036-900, Feira de Santana, Bahia, Brazil 2 Departamento de Ciências Biológicas. Universidade Estadual de Santa Cruz, Km 16 rod. Ilhéus-Itabuna, 45600-970, Ilhéus, Bahia, Brazil 3 Herbário Centro de Pesquisas do Cacau, CEPEC, Rodovia Ilhéus-Itabuna, Km 22, 45650-000, Ilhéus, Bahia, Brazil * Corresponding author:[email protected]

Abstract

Stigmaphyllon caatingicola is described and illustrated. We also provide a distribution map, and comments on species dis- tributions, conservation and . This species is distinguished from Stigmaphyllon urenifolium by its deciduous leaves when flowering, lamina membranaceous, entire to apically trilobed, abaxially tomentose, with hairs deciduous in patches, one latero-anterior petal with reddish macula, sepals with darkish hairs, styles glabrous, stigma foliolate, and samaroid meri- carps densely sericeous, with a dorsal wing horizontally orientated.

Key words: Caatinga, , Ryssopterys, Taxonomy

Resumo

Stigmaphyllon caatingicola é descrito e ilustrado. Em adição, nós fornecemos mapa de distribuição e comentários sobre dis- tribuição, conservação e taxonomia da espécie. Esta espécie é distinta de Stigmaphyllon urenifolium por suas folhas decíduas na floração, lâmina membranácea, inteiras ou apicalmente tri-lobadas, face abaxial tomentosa, com tricomas desprendendo- se em regiões, uma pétala latero-anterior com mácula avermelhada, sépalas com tricomas enegrecidos, estiletes glabros, ápice dos estiletes com folíolos reduzidos e samarídeos densamente seríceos, com ala dorsal orientada horizontalmente.

Palavras-chave: Caatinga, Malpighiales, Ryssopterys, Taxonomia

Introduction

Stigmaphyllon A.Juss. (1833: 37) comprises 112 species occurring worldwide within the tropics (Anderson 2011). Most species are woody vines with long-petioled, elliptical to cordate leaves, clusters of yellow flowers arranged in dichasia, and styles with lateral appendages at their apices (stigma foliolate). The fruit is a schizocarp that splits into three samaroid mericarps with large dorsal wings (Anderson 1997). The is currently divided into two subgenera, subg. Stigmaphyllon with 92 species restricted to the Neotropics, except for S. bannisterioides (L.) C.E.Anderson (1992: 328) which reaches West ; and subg. Ryssopterys (A.Juss.) C.E.Anderson (2011: 76) with 20 species restricted to Southeast Asia and Oceania. Both subgenera were regarded as separate by different authors (Anderson 1997; Niedenzu 1928), but recent phylogenetic studies support their combination (Davis & Anderson 2010). Monographs for both groups were presented by Anderson (1997, 2011). Stigmaphyllon is represented in Brazil by 46 species, occurring mostly along streams in the Amazon and Atlantic Forests (Anderson 1997; Mamede et al. 2014), with only a few species occurring in dry habitats, such as Caatinga (dryland) and Cerrado (neotropical savanna) vegetation (Mamede et al. 2014). Caatinga vegetation is included within the Seasonally Dry Tropical Forests Domain in South America (Santos et al. 2012), being a mosaic of thorn scrub and seasonally dry forests (Leal et al. 2005, Moro et al. 2014) and holding more than 2000 species of vascular , fishes, reptiles, amphibians, birds, and mammals. Endemism levels vary from 7% to 57% within these groups (Leal et al. 2005).

82 Accepted by Zhi-Qiang Zhang: 18 Jun. 2014; published: 9 Jul. 2014 In spite of its high endemism in many different groups, Caatinga is poorly diverse in Stigmaphyllon species – with just three species commonly being found: S. auriculatum (Cav.) A.Juss. (1833: 48); S. cavernulosum C.E.Anderson (1989: 513); and S. paralias A.Juss. (1833: 59). None of these species are restricted to this vegetation type, however, being also found within the Atlantic Forest Domain; S. paralias also occurs in Cerrado vegetation (Anderson 1997; Mamede et al. 2014). During fieldwork in Caatinga vegetation in Bahia State we were surprised by finding a new leafless species of Stigmaphyllon.

Material and Methods

Field and herbarium collections from the most representative herbaria in Brazil (ALCB, BHCB, CEN, CEPEC, HRB, HUEFS, INPA, IPA, MBM, R, RB, SP, SPF, UB, UFG and UFMS) were analyzed (acronyms according to Thiers 2014). All collections and type specimens (or images of them) were examined using a stereomicroscope and the specialized literature on the family was consulted. Maps were elaborated using Arcgis software (ESRI 2010) and geographical coordinates were obtained from Anderson (1997) and from herbarium specimens.

Taxonomy

Stigmaphyllon caatingicola R.F.Almeida & Amorim, sp. nov. (Figs. 1, 2, 3)

Type:—BRAZIL. Bahia: Rio de Contas, Distrito de Arapiranga, Estrada para povoado Casa da Telha, 13˚34’24”S, 41˚43’13”W, 23 July 2013, fl., R.F. Almeida 577, M. Alves, L. Moura & E. Chagas (holotype: HUEFS!; isotypes: CEPEC!, MICH!, P!, RB!, SP!). This species is morphologically similar to Stigmaphyllon urenifolium, but it is distinguished by showing deciduous leaves when flowering, lamina membranaceous, entire to apically trilobed, abaxially tomentose, with hairs deciduous in patches, sepals with darkish hairs, one latero-anterior petal with reddish macula, styles glabrous, posterior styles ca. 4.5–5.0 mm, stigma foliolate, samaroid mericarps densely sericeous, with dorsal wing horizontally orientated.

Liana, branches longitudinally rugose, with a corky bark, prominent lenticels, glabrous; stipules ca. 2 mm long., triangular, glabrous, deciduous when mature, borne on a prominent ridge at base of leaves. Leaves opposite to subopposite, deciduous when flowering. Laminas 3.3–5.5 × 4.3–7.5 cm, cordiform to apically lobed, membranaceous, dark grey on both sides when dry, apex of lobes obtuse to mucronate, with filiform glands, margin with sessile glands sparse, base lobed, adaxial surface sparsely tomentose when young, soon glabrate, abaxial surface densely tomentose, hairs whitish, twisted, deciduous in patches, actinodromous venation, veins prominent abaxially; petioles 1.3–2.8 cm, canaliculated, densely sericeous, hairs whitish, scamiform, apex with pair of discoid glands abaxially, enlarged at base. Inflorescence in umbels, 9–12 flowered, disposed on a thyrse of dichasia, each dichasia subtended by a pair of soon deciduous reduced leaves, 4.5–5 mm long, sessile, with a pair of conspicuous glands at base, apex with filiform glands, densely tomentose, with scamiform hairs; inflorescence axis 3.0–8.5 cm long, striated, densely sericeous, with whitish hairs, deciduous in patches when mature; peduncles 5–10 mm long, sericeous, hairs darkish; pedicels 6–10 mm long, sericeous, hairs darkish; bracts 2.0–2.5 × ca. 1.5 mm, ovate, sericeous abaxially; bracteoles 1.5–2.0 × 1.0–1.5 mm, ovate, sericeous abaxially. Floral bud reddish; sepals ca. 3.0 × 4.0 mm, ovate, sericeous, hairs darkish, apex rounded; elaiophores 10, whitish to light yellow, ca. 1.5 × 2.0 mm, oblong; petals yellow, one latero-anterior petal with reddish macula, margin fimbriate, fimbrie up to 0.5 mm long, latero-anterior petals orbicular, base obtuse, 10–11 × ca. 15 mm, claw ca. 3.0 × 1.0 mm; latero-posterior petals orbicular, base truncate, 10–12 × 11–13 mm, claw ca. 2.0 × 1.0 mm; posterior petal orbicular, base acute, ca. 12 × 12 mm, claw ca. 5.0 × 1.5 mm. Stamens connate at base, heteromorphic, those opposite the posterior-lateral petals with thicker filaments, others with tapered filaments, connectives glandulose, anthers glabrous; stamen opposite the anterior sepal with filament ca. 4.0 × 0.5 mm, anther ca. 1.0 × 1.0 mm; stamens opposite anterior-lateral petals with filaments ca 3.0 × 0.5 mm, anthers ca. 1.5 × 1.0 mm; stamens opposite anterior-lateral sepals with filaments ca. 5.0 × 0.5 mm, anthers ca. 1.0 × 1.5 mm, locules reduced, unequal; stamens opposite posterior-lateral petals with filament 5.0 × 1.0 mm, anthers 2.0 × 2.0 mm; stamens opposite the posterior-lateral sepals with filaments ca. 3.0 × 0.5 mm, anthers ca. 1.0 × 0.75 mm, with locules reduced, unequal; stamen opposite the posterior petal with filament ca. 2.5 × 0.5 mm, anther ca. 1.0 × 1.0 mm. Ovary ca. 1.5 × 1.5 mm,

Stigmaphyllon caatingicola (Malpighiaceae) Phytotaxa 174 (2) © 2014 Magnolia Press • 83 globose, sericeous; styles 4.5–5.0 × ca. 0.5 mm, flattened, glabrous, bearing reduced apical folioles, anterior style straight, posterior style lyrate; foliole of anterior style ca. 3.0 × 1.5 mm, two-sided, umbrella-like; foliole of posterior styles ca. 2.5 × 1.75 mm, one-sided; stigmas lateral, pointing towards the posterior petal. Schizocarp splitting into 3 samaroid mericarps, dorsal wing 2.2–2.5 × 0.8–1.0 cm, horizontally orientated, densely sericeous, hairs deciduous in patches; nut ca. 5.0–8.0 × 4.0–6.0 mm, prominent, with two lateral ridges, densely sericeous, hairs deciduous in patches; areole 6.0–8.0 × 5.0–6.0 mm.

FIGURE 1. Stigmaphyllon caatingicola: A. adaxial leaf surface, B. detail of inflorescence, C. detail of flower, D. samaroid mericarp from S. urenifolium (left) and S. caatingicola (right, scale 1 cm), E. detail of stem surface, F. habitat within SDTF in anthropomorphically modified Caatinga (white arrow shows a tree with S. caatingicola climbing) (R.F.Almeida 577, holotype).

84 • Phytotaxa 174 (2) © 2014 Magnolia Press ALMEIDA & AMORIM FIGURE 2. Stigmaphyllon caatingicola: A. detail of the abaxial surface of entire leaves, B. detail of the adaxial surface of lobed leaves, C. flowering branches, D. detail of the inflorescence, E. detail of a sepal with oil glands, F. lateral and posterior petals, G. androecium with stamens connate at base and enlarged (androecium opened at the stamen opposite to the anterior sepal), H. detail of the gynoecium, I. detail of the samaroid mericarp (based on R.F.Almeida 577).

Additional specimens examined (paratypes):—BRAZIL. Bahia: Caturama, entre Caieiras e Tambori, 13˚15’16’’S 42˚12’32’’W, 04 July 2007, fl., A.A. Conceição et al. 2382 (HUEFS). Paramirim, Fazenda Curral Velho, 13˚23’05’’S 42˚18’W, 18 April 2001, fl., T.R. Silva 75, A.M. Giulietti & C. Correia (CEPEC, HUEFS). Rio de Contas, Estrada para Jussiape, perto de um riacho com mata seca, 13˚32’S 41˚52’W, 07 September 2003, fl. fr., R.M. Harley 54684 & A.M. Giulietti (CEPEC, HUEFS). Rio de Contas, Estrada para Jussiape, 26 July 1999, fl., A.M. Giulietti et al. 1508 (HUEFS).

Stigmaphyllon caatingicola (Malpighiaceae) Phytotaxa 174 (2) © 2014 Magnolia Press • 85 Distribution, habitat and phenology:—This species is known only from Seasonally Dry Tropical Forests within Caatinga vegetation in the southern portion of Chapada Diamantina, Bahia State, Brazil. The region surrounding the municipality of Rio de Contas is a known center of diversity within the Chapada Diamantina and holds large numbers of endemic flowering plants (Harley 1995; Rapini et al. 2008). Flowering from April to September. Fruiting from August to September.

FIGURE 3. Map of the distribution of Stigmaphyllon caatingicola (circles) and Stigmaphyllon urenifolium (squares).

Conservation status:—The first collection of Stigmaphyllon caatingicola was recorded two years after the publication of a taxonomic revision of the Neotropical species of Stigmaphyllon by Anderson (1997). This species is represented by only a few records restricted to three municipalities within approximately 90 km of each other, all of them with anthropomorphically modified Caatinga vegetation. Thus, according to IUCN Red List Categories and Criteria (2012), this species should be regarded as Critically Endangered (categories B1a and B1b), due to its range of distribution being less than 100 km2 and continually declining habitat quality. Etymology:—The specific epithet refers to its restricted distribution within Caatinga vegetation. Discussion:—Stigmaphyllon caatingicola is a distinctive leafless species when flowering, a character only known for Stigmaphyllon nudiflorum Diels (1937: 101) from Ecuador, and few other Malpighiaceae species as Diplopterys lutea (Griseb.) W.R.Anderson & C.C.Davis (2006: 10), and Heteropterys dumetorum (Griseb.) Nied. (1928: 336). Its leaves are membranaceous, densely tomentose abaxially when young, and seem to grow right after fruit maturing. Stigmaphyllon caatingicola can be mistakenly misidentified as a Cerrado species, Stigmaphyllon urenifolium A.Juss. (1833: 52), which also occurs within State of Bahia, and States of Minas Gerais and Mato Grosso do Sul. These species differ from each other mostly on leaf, gynoecium and fruit morphology (Table 1).

86 • Phytotaxa 174 (2) © 2014 Magnolia Press ALMEIDA & AMORIM TABLE 1. Comparison of diagnostic morphological characters between S. caatingicola and S. urenifolium. Characters S. caatingicola S. urenifolium Apex of leaves 3-lobed to cordiform 5-lobed Leaf persistence when flowering Deciduous Persistent Persistence of leaf indumentum abaxially Deciduous on patches Persistent Inflorescence type Dichasia disposed on a thyrse Simple dichasia Indumentum of inflorescence branches Sericeous Tomentose Color of indumentum of inflorescence branches Whitish Ocher Indumentum of styles Glabrous Pubescent Apex of styles Foliolate Efoliolate Indumentum of samaroid mericarps Densely sericeous Tomentose to glabrate Angle of dorsal wing 20° 70°

Acknowledgements

We thank Klei Sousa for the drawings, Roy Funch for the English revision, and the curator and staff of HUEFS herbarium for support with herbarium collections. RFA and AMA were sponsored by FAPESB (DEB BOL0584/2013) and CNPq (Produtividade em Pesquisa, DEB 306992/2012-4) respectively. Fieldwork was also sponsored by CNPq REFLORA (DEB 563548/2010-0).

Literature cited

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