Index

A adoption, 184, 185 abortion, 3, 41–58 baby bonus scheme, 190 abortees, characteristics of, 52–55 parenthood tax relief, 193 “abortions with sepsis”, 41 age group approval, 46 abortion, 102 authorization for termination of contraceptive knowledge, 96 pregnancy, 51–52 fertility decline, 119, 123, 124, criminal act, 41 127 debate, 44–46 government population policies, imposition fee, 51 110 incidence of, 56–58 ageing population, 289–90 knowledge, attitudes and practice, challenges, 255 101–5 Ahmad bin Ibrahim, Minister for legal, 42–44, 102 Health, 63 legalization, 36, 52, 161 Alexandra Hospital, post-partum move towards legalization of, 42 programme, 31 on demand, 49–52 Aliens Ordinance 1893, 226 spontaneous, 56–57 Amstutz, Mrs H. B., 10 teenage girls, 55 antinatalist policies, 4 training programme, 30 need for change, 157–61 Abortion Act 1969, 46, 49–50, 57, Asia Foundation, 9 137 Aw, Dr Aileen, 145 Abortion Act 1970, 101, 105 Abortion Act 1974, 66–67, 138–9 B Abortion Bill, 45–46, 50, 65 baby bonus, 175–79 accouchement fees, 81, 82, 84–86, first and fourth child, 188–91 137 birth control, 5 government maternity hospitals, abortion, 44 83–85 method of, 81, 83 hospital, 153–4 practice of, 100, 101

323

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birth rate, crude, 24, 37, 114–17, racial composition, 3 119, 125–27 sterilization, 71 reduction of, 37 who is having too few babies?, standardized, 125 276–83 births, 4, 116, 117 zodiac calendar, 210 differ from population Chinese Christian Association, 5 distribution, 279 Chua Sian Chin, Minister for Health, multiple, 176 43, 45, 50, 64–65, 67–68, 82, 86 shortfall below replacement level, citizenship laws, 231–37 218–20 civil servants total fertility rates by, 131, 132 female, equal medical benefits, Budget 1984, 145 202–3 Budget 1987, 173 five-day working week, 199–202 Budget 1989, 164 flexible work, 170 Build-To-Order (BTO) flats, 299 full-pay leave for undergoing sterilization, 83 C public sector leave, 170 cancer screening service, 26, 31 Clinical Services Unit, 25–26 carcinoma-in-situ, 31 clinics, 11–15 Catholic schools, 90 birth control, 5 Central Provident Fund (CPF), 152 clinical services, 30–31 cash grant, 152 functions, 12 Medisave, 163 mobile clinics, 30 top-up grant for HDB apartments, visits by acceptors, 14 194–96 Colony of the Straits of Settlements, 2 Chan Choy Siong, Madam, 45 communist subversion, 263 Chew Swee Kee, Minister for Community Centres, 10 Education, 10 computation, fertility decline, 114 childcare leave, 197–98 condom, 31, 96, 101 childcare subsidy, 171–72, 185–87 Conference of the International Children Development Account Planned Parenthood Federation, (CDA), 176, 189, 191, 259 62 China Centre of Adoption Affairs Conference of the Methodist Church (CCAA), 236 and the Graduates’ Christian Chinese Fellowship, 43 abortion, 102, 104 contraceptives changes in fertility rate, 134–35 education and services, 6 contraceptive knowledge, 95–101 knowledge, attitudes and practice, fertility trend, 214 95–101 government population policies, new methods, 17 109–11 preferences by acceptors, 31 percentage of new acceptors, 16 prices, 30

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co-savings account, 175, 189 Second National Survey, 29 couples, fewer than two children, training programme, 30 271–75 voluntary family planning society, CPF. See Central Provident Fund 6 (CPF) Family Planning Association (FPA), 3, 95, 118, 136 D acceptors, distribution of old and DBS Bank, 176 new, 15–18 demography, 52 achievements, 18–19 trends, 246–49 clinics, acceptors and attendances, diaphragms, 17–18, 31 11–15 Dragon Year, 135, 139, 179–80, Council, governed by, 20 209–12, 215, 217, 218, 220 formation of, 5–6 government grants and funds, E 9–11, 20 East and Southeast Asia and Oceania new acceptors, characteristics of, (ESEAO), 21 15–18 ECAFE-sponsored Working Group objectives of, 6–7 Meeting on Communication organization, 7–11 Aspects of Family Planning, 43 recruitment of new acceptors, 18 Economic Development Board re-establishment, objectives, 19–21 (EDB), 237 registered with SFPPB, 19 economic structure, 3 sterilization, 62 education, 137, 294 transfer of family planning married women, 95 activities to Health Ministry, profile of older singles, 295 23 sterilized women, 74 visits to clinics by women, 14 universal, 266 volunteer workers, 8 Employment Act, 82, 197, 198, 264 Family Services Department, 175 Employment (Amendment) Act 1973, Federation of Malaysia 82 formation of, 2 Employment Bill, 82 separation from Singapore, 24 employment pass, 227–31 female sterilization, 62–65, 105 enhanced child relief, 145–46, 164–65 full-pay leave, 83 exhibition, family planning, 10 treatment for, 67 female worker, paid maternity leave, F 82, 83 Family Day Care Service, 172 fertility, 4, 294 family planning, 5 below replacement level, 209–21 First National Survey, 29 better-educated women, 143–55 knowledge, attitudes and practice birth shortfall, 218–20 of married women, 94 causes of decline, 114–40

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causes of fertility changes, government family planning 136–39 programme, 24 changes among married women, change in, 24 129–30 Government Infant Welfare Centres, changes by age, 127–29 12 changes by parity, 130–34 Government Maternal and Child effect of the changing age Health Centres, 10 composition on, 125–27 government population policies, fewer than two children, 271–75 108–12, 269 future trends, 139–40, 220–21 Government Programme, 23–39. See long-term trends, 115–24 also Singapore Family planning need for change in policy, 157–61 and population Board (SFPPB) three main races, 213–18 graduate marriage matchmaking, total rate, 116, 126 144–45 who is having too few babies?, grandparents, caregiver relief, 276–83 198–99 First Five-Year Plan (1966–70), 37, gross reproduction rate (GRR), 276 136 gynaecological ailments, 7 First Step Grant scheme, 260 five-day working week, 199–202 H five-year plan, 23–24 Hon Sui Sen, Minister for Finance, flexible work, public sector, 170 25 Ford Foundation, 9 hospital, accouchement fees, 153–54 foreign workers hospitalization expenses, 163 importation of, 2 Housing and Development Board inflow, as population issue, 256 (HDB), 86, 152, 166, 172, 173, maid levy, 187–88, 199 205–6 marriage licence, 91 CPF top-up grant, 194–96 stricter control to relocate to resale apartment, 195 Singapore, 242 Hu, Richard, 164, 173 work permits, 91–92 Fourth Asian Congress of Obstetrics I and Gynaecology, 43 Ibrahim, Dr Yaacob, Minister for FPA. See Family Planning Community Development and Association (FPA) Sports, 180 immigrants, work permits, 138 G immigration General Certificate of Education laws, 225–27 (GCE), 146, 162, 164 need for, 223–25 , 2, 160, 166, 169 Immigration Act (Chap. 133) and the the second long march, 284–98 Immigration Regulations, 227 Goh Kok Kee, Mrs, 10 Immigration Affairs Committee, 237

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Immigration and Checkpoints K Authority (ICA), 232–33 Kandang Kerbau Hospital, 10 immigration policy, 4 post-partum programme, 31 income tax, 85, 137, 163–65 sterilization, 63, 64, 75 Income Tax Act, 85 Khor, Dr Amy, 180 Indians kidSTART scheme, 260 abortion, 102, 104 knowledge, attitudes, and practice changes in fertility rate, 134–35 (KAP) contraceptive knowledge, 95–101 abortion, 101–5 fertility trend, 214 family planning, 94–101 government population policies, government population policies, 109–11 108–12 percentage of new acceptors, 16 sterilization, 105–8 racial composition, 3 survey, 94 sterilization, 71 Kwa Soon Bee, 160 who is having too few babies?, 276–83 L infant care subsidy, 171–72, labour force, 298 185–87 participation of women, 137 injectable contraceptive, 31 labour force projections, 254 Inter-Ministerial Population Labour Force Survey, 83 Committee, 159, 160, 169, , Prime Minister, 2, 179–80 180, 299–302 International Planned Parenthood , 2, 45, 80, 143, 263 Federation (IPPF), 9, 19, 62 , Minister in the grants to FPA, 9 Prime Minister’s Office, 180 Seventh Conference, 11, 80 , 180 Southeast Asia Regional Long-Term Visit Pass Plus (LTVP+), Headquarters, 19, 30 235 intra-uterine devices (IUDs), 17–18, 41, 101 M clinical services, 31 maid levy, 199 failure of, 41 Malays training programme, 31–32 abortion, 102, 104 IPPF-ESEAO Regional Training changes in fertility rate, 134–35 Course for Trainers in contraceptive knowledge, 95–101 Sterilization, 21 fertility trend, 214 government population policies, J 109–11 Japan percentage of new acceptors, 16 contraceptive knowledge, 94 racial composition, 3 replacement fertility level, 139 sterilization, 71

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who is having too few babies?, mobile clinics, 30 276–83 Monetary Authority of Singapore Male Counselling/Vasectomy Clinic, (MAS), 236–38 68, 75 Moore, Mrs Joanne, 10 male family planning clinic, 30 mortality policy, 4 male sterilization, 26, 63, 67, 105, municipal clinics, 11 106 full-pay leave, 83 N treatment for, 67 nannies, 172 married women National Academy of Science, 159 abortion, 102–5 National Day Rally, 143, 166, 169, birth control, practice of, 98–101 170, 179, 180, 191, 194, 197, family planning, 94–101 256, 263 fertility decline, 129–30 National Family Planning and flexible work, 170–71 Population Programme, 39 government population policies, National Family Planning Centre, 30, 108–12 75, 103 sterilization, 105–8 National Population and Talent survey, 29 Division (NPTD), 253 Mass Health Education Programme, national population policy, 23 10 National Population Secretariat Maternal and Child Health Clinics, (NPS), 253 103 National Registration Department, 153 clinical services, 30 National Statistical Commission, 29 maternity leave, 82–83, 137 net reproduction rate (NRR), 277 extra paid leave, 182–85 , Acting Minister for for third child, 166–68 Manpower, 180 McNeice, Sir Percy, 9 non-profit organizations, Work-Life medical benefits, equal, 202–3 Works! Fund, 203 medical expenses, 175, 181 non-resident population, 225, 246–48 Medisave, 163, 181–82 maternity package, 181 O midwives, 31 Ong Pang Boon, Minister for Labour, migration trends, 249–51 82, 93n29 Ministry of Community oral contraceptive, 17–18, 101 Development, Youth and Sports clinical services, 31 (MCYS), 145, 167, 168, 172, Overseas Singaporean Unit (OSU), 175, 176 240–42 Ministry of Education, 267 Ministry of Manpower, 200, 228 P Ministry of Social and Family P1 employment pass, 228 Development (MSF), 236 P2 employment pass, 228

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parenthood tax relief, 193 Population Council Inc., New York, parity, changes in fertility rates, 26 130–34 population policy changes, 258–60 paternity leave, 204–5 on paid maternity leave, 258–59 Penal Code, 41, 47, 63 Population White Paper, 224 Peninsular Malaysia, 1 Post Office Savings Bank (POSB), contraceptive knowledge, 94 189 fertility decline, 118 post-war fertility, 123 movement of people, 2 primary school registration, 87–90, People’s Action Party (PAP), 2, 44 147–51, 162, 165 abortion debate, 44–46 phase one, 88 family planning, advocated by, 10 phase two, 88 five-year plan, 23–24 phase three, 89–90 national population policy, 23 Private Family Planning Programme, permanent residence programmes, 3, 5–21 237–40 private sector, Work-Life Works! personal income tax, 85–86, 163, 164 Fund, 203–4 Personalised Employment Pass pronatalist policies, 4 (PEP), 229 limited, 169–79 pill, 17–18 new incentives, 197–207 clinical services, 31 strengthening old incentives, population, 2–4 179–96 ageing, 255, 289–90, 294 public housing, 81, 82, 86–87, 166, distribution of, 281, 296–97 172–73, 205–6 growth, components of, 250 public sector issues and challenges, 252–56 flexible work, 170 management, 251–53 leave, 170 old dependency ratio, 294 Public Service Division, Ministry of policies, 4 Finance, 144 racial composition, 3 Punggol 21 Plus, 301 talent pyramid, 264 zero growth, 4, 25 Q Population Census 1957, 35 Q1 work pass, 228–29 Population Census 1980, 144, 265, Q2 work pass, 228 267 Queen’s Dispensary, 11 population control programme, 4, 139, 140, 245 R incentives and disincentives, race 80–92 composition of, 3 voluntary sterilization, 69 contraceptive knowledge, 95 when couples have fewer than fertility changes, 134–36 two children, 271–75 fertility trend, 214

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new acceptors of birth control, Singapore citizenship, 176 16, 32 Singapore Citizenship Journal sterilized women, 72 programme, 234 Registrar of Marriages, 91 Singapore Day roadshow, 241 Registry of Births and Deaths, 176 Singapore Family Planning and Remaking Singapore Committee, Population Board (SFPPB), 3, 9, 200, 202 41, 64, 95, 103, 251–52 Report of the Singapore Family Administrative Services Unit, 26 Planning and Population Board annual expenditure, 26, 28 (1977), 158 Clinical Services Unit, 25–26 resident population, 246–48 Cytology Unit, 26, 31 Review Committee, transfer of First Five-Year Plan (1966–70), family planning activities from 35–39 FPA to Health Ministry, 23 five-year plan, 23–24 formation of, 23–24 S FPA clinics taken over by (1966), SDU. See Social Development Unit 12 (SDU) government grants and funds, 26 Second Five-Year Plan (1971–75), 37, Information, Education and 136 Communications Unit, 26 second long march, 284–98 new acceptors, characteristics of, Sheares, Professor B. H., 62–63 32–34 Singapore objectives, 24–25 ageing population, 289–90 organization, 25–30 background, 1–4 Research and Evaluation Unit, 26 economic structure, 3 Second Five-Year Plan (1971–75), first long march, 285–86 37 human problems, 287–88 staff, 26 inadequate young workers, 289 targeted and actual new acceptors, mission, 292–93 35 national harmony, 291–92 Third Five-Year Plan, 38 physical constraints of growth, 287 Singapore Family Planning and prosperity, 288–89 Population Board Act (1965), second long march, 284–98 19, 24 security, 290–91 Singapore Medical Association strategic position, 1 (SMA), 43 topography of, 1 Singapore Science Centre, 159 total land area, 1 Singapore Talent Recruitment Singapore Anti-Tuberculosis Committee (STRC), 239 Association, 12 Singapore Towards the Year 2000 Singapore Armed Forces (SAF), seminar, 159 strengthening, 302 singles grant scheme, 195

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Social Development Unit (SDU), T 144 Taiwan, fertility decline, 118 Social Welfare Department, 6 talent, future, 263–70 spermicidal cream/tablets, 31 Tan, Tony spinsters, public housing, 86 Minister for Education, 150 spontaneous abortions, 137 Minister for Finance, 144, 145 spouses, comparative education targeted and actual new acceptors, level, 269 35 statistical system, 29 tax rebate, special, 173–75 Steering Group on Population, 180, parenthood tax relief, 191–93 200, 202, 207 Teo, Eddie, 170, 180 sterilization, 31, 161–62 Termination of Pregnancy cash incentives, 151–53 Authorization Board, 49, 51 causes of fertility changes, 137 third child maternity leave, 166–68 Eugenics Board, 65 Tiger Year, 57–58, 138, 179, 209, further liberalization of laws, 210, 212, 215, 217, 220 67–69 Toa Payoh Hospital, post-partum incentives, 85, 91 programme, 31 incidence of, 75–77 total fertility rate (TFR), 4, 179–80, knowledge, attitudes and practice 209–13, 223–24 of, 105–8 birth shortfall, 218–20 legal, 65–67 of three main races, 214, 216 legalization, 3 tubal ligation, 62, 161 move towards legalization of, two-child family norm, 38, 81, 82 64–65 offence, 67 U on demand, 69–71 Union Dispensary, 11 primary school registration, 87–90, United Nations Fund for Population 162 Activities (UNFPA), 26–28 profile of sterilized women, 74–75 University of Singapore, 25 sexual, 65–66 sterilized persons, characteristics V of, 71–75 vasectomy, 30, 32, 63 treatment fee, 70 Victory Dispensary, 11 voluntary, 62–77 voluntary family planning society, 6 sterilization programme, 21 Voluntary Sterilization Act (1969), training programme, 31 65, 67, 75 Straits Times, 5, 144, 160 Voluntary Sterilization Act (1970), STRC. See Singapore Talent 105–8 Recruitment Committee (STRC) Voluntary Sterilization Act (1974), 69 Sunday Times, 160 Voluntary Sterilization (Amendment) S work pass, 228–29 Act (1972), 68–69

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Voluntary Sterilization Bill, 44, 65 profile, 32 volunteers, FPA, 8 single graduate women, 144 sterilization, 6, 31 W tubal sterilization, 62 West Europe, fertility decline, 121 who is having too few babies?, White Paper on Family Planning, 276–83 23, 37 women seeking birth control, 12 WHP. See Work Holiday Programme Women’s Charter, 121 (WHP) , Deputy Prime women Minister, 232 acceptance rate of national Work Holiday Programme (WHP) programme, 34 pass, 229–31 acceptors, 12–15 work permits, 91–92, 137 age group, 35 working mother’s child relief, better-educated, 143–55, 267, 268 193–94 birth rate, 115 Work-Life Works! (WOW) Fund, cervical cancer screening, 31 203–4 clinics, visits, 13–14 World Population Conference in contraception, accepting of, 31 Bucharest, 25 fertility decline, 114–40 gynaecological ailment, 7 Y illegal abortions, 42 Cheow Tong, Acting Minister for new acceptors, characteristics of, Health, 160 15–18, 32–34 Yong Nyuk Lin, Minister for Health, new acceptors, determined by 24, 42 family income, 16 YWCA International Club, 6 number of children, 32, 270 number of daughters born, Z 276–77, 281 zero population growth (ZPG), 4, 25, post-abortal, 31 256, 272 post-natal, 31 zodiac calendar, 210 post-partum, 28, 31

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