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Chapter Ii Singapore's National Security Strategy

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Chapter Ii Singapore's National Security Strategy CHAPTER II SINGAPORE’S NATIONAL SECURITY STRATEGY Long before the accident oN September 11, 2001, terrorist threats were not an urgent global security concern. However, after that 9/11 explosions tragedy, every country hasten a major transformation focusing on their national security. Many countries, consequently, change including Singapore. Singapore understands that today’s security environment is much more complex and the needs to utilize a sophisticated technique is a must in order to stop a complex problem like terrorism. Therefore, Singapore enacted a national security system that suitable to control extraordinary dangers. Thus, Singapore has organized a multi-ministry network because it believes terrorist threats need an action which requires varied expertise and multiple authorities. Singapore itself has build a well-organized strategy to strengthen its national security to deal effectively with the threat of global terrorism. A Fight Against Terror: Singapore’s National Security Strategy published by The National Security Coordination Centre documents the operations. In this publication, Singapore acquaints with the national security architecture which supervises agencies that are responsible to the security of Singapore. Also, according to the publication, Singapore’s strategy includes two general actors. Firstly, actor is accounted for the government which has a great responsibility to protect the city-state. In detail, the government works on a robust strategy which consists of three components: Prevention, Protection, and Response. Secondly, in the publication, the public involvement also matters because Singapore believes it 1 cannot work successfully without the public engagement. Therefore, the government creates what is called the “Total Defence” program. A. National Security Architecture Singapore presents what is called as “Home Team” which comprises 9 agencies working together to safeguard the home country. These agencies consist of the Ministry of Home Affairs Headquarters, the Singapore Police Force, Singapore Civil Defence Force, the Internal Security Department, the Immigration and Checkpoints Authority, the Prison Department, the Central Narcotics Bureau, the Commercial and Industrial Security Corrporation (CISCO), and the Singapore Corporation for Rehabilitative Enterprises (SCORE). These agencies work together with another organization which keep Singapore a safe and secured home for all. Singapore creates these agencies within three security pillars, which are the policy, operational and capability development coordination. Figure 2.1 Security Policy Coordination (National Security Coordination Centre, 2004) 1. Policy Coordination a. Security Policy Review Committee This body is mobilized by the coordinator of Minister for Security and Defence, which also works with the Ministers of Defence and the Minister of Home Affairs and Foreign Affairs. In this body, they formulate a strategy within a policy that considers the most critical issue and threats (National Security Coordination Centre, 2004). b. National Security Coordination Secretariat This coordinator is responsible to set a plan for the national security and coordinate the policy and intelligence issue. The secretariat has been given the responsibility to the permanent secretary for National Security and Intelligence Coordination. They will report directly to the Prime Minister by the Coordinating Minister for Security and Defence. The Permanent secretary is further responsible to a National Security Coordinating Committee which involves other permanent secretaries. Furthermore, they are responsible to the Security Policy Review Committe (SRPC) for security policy coordination. In addition, he is charged to coordinate the Singapore’s counter-terrorism intelligence work (National Security Coordination Centre, 2004). The National Security Coordination itself work on two key actors that are first, the National Security Coordination Centre (NSCC). This agency works on carrying out the policy, arrangement and risk-assessment and is responsible for such horizon scanning, for example the operation of a Horizon Scanning Centre. Second, the Joint Counter-Terrorism Centre is responsible for terrorist threats. This includes policy-making and counter-terrorism measures (National Security Coordination Centre, 2004). 2. Operational Coordination a. Homefront Crisis Ministerial Committee This Committe is responsible to the Minister of Home Affairs and other Cabinet Ministers as principal members. Here, they enact measures such as strategic and political guidance to tackle down a crises in order to maintain a state of normalcy (National Security Coordination Centre, 2004). b. Homefront Crisis Executive Group This group consists of a superior policy decision-maker from an integrated ministries and government agencies and conducts by the Permanent Secretary of the Ministry of Home Affairs. Mainly, this group is responsible to create policy guidance and strategy on managing a major crises. It will also support the Ministerial Committe by providing operational coordination, help them resolving cross ministry issue and ensure their decision and directives are implemented (National Security Coordination Centre, 2004). 3. Capability Development Coordination a. Understanding Networking This coordinator aims to make a common understanding to Singapore’s national security strategies and policies, enhancing the awareness of terrorist threats, and the new national security initiatives. The government initiates to make a national security course which will be conducted for senior security practitioners coordinated by the National Security Coordination Centre. Thus, it will be focusing on the inter-agencies and network centric character of the Singapore’s national security architecture. The government will also conduct annual seminars which will present about national security objectives for the future, even immediate future (National Security Coordination Centre, 2004). b. Anticipating Surprises This is a framework on builidng risk-assesment and horizon-scanning that will be capable to anticipate a sudden danger, for example, Singapore is experience with SARS. Thus, Singapore believes it needs to make the country ready to deal with sudden danger with a well-trained strategy (National Security Coordination Centre, 2004). B. The Integrated Approach After building 9 government agencies above, Singapore introduce what is called as “An Integrated Approach” that consist of three approaches; prevention, protection, and response. Therefore, a strong defence strategy constructed upon a well-organized coordinaton bodies will obtain a good result. Figure 2.2 An Integrated Approach to National Security (National Security Coordination Centre, The Fight Agints Terror, 2004) 1. Prevention a. International Efforts Fight againts terrorism is not only faced by one single country but it is shared globally. Therefore, working with other countries and sharing information and assistances become a need to control this transnational terrorism. Singapore has a remarkable cooparation with other countries on combating terrorism, for instances Singapore’s joint cooperation with the United States to support “war on terror” campaign. The other examples are Singapore’s participation in the US-led proliferation Security Initiative aiming to combat the mass destruction. More, in ASEAN region, Singapore is involved on appointing points of contact for intelligence liasion. The other effort done by Singapore is becoming the first country that use their port to implement the US Container Security Initiative (CSI), which responsibility is to screen high-risk containers before they reach the American ports (National Security Coordination Centre, 2004). b. Intelligence Coordination A good cooperation is one of the keys to successfully counter the terrorist groups. It does not only work closely in the international region; Singapore also keep maintains their coordination to keep the information exchange going on among ASEAN country such as Indonesia and Thailand, for example, Indonesia arrested Singapore JI cell leader, Mas Selamat, and he was handed over to Singapore (National Security Coordination Centre, 2004). However, in 2008 Mas Selamat could escape from the Whitley Road Detention Centre but was apprehended in Malaysia in 2009 (Hong, 2009). Also, Thailand arrested Arifin Ali, who was also a member of the Singaporean JI cell (National Security Coordination Centre, 2004). c. Border Controls By understanding that this city-state has a bigger number of visitor than the people live inside, border control needs to be well-coordinated to prevent the foreign terrorist to come inside to Singapore. Singapore puts a stringent measures by putting the Customs and Excise Departement to work with the Singapore Immigration and Registration to form the Immigration and Checkpoints Authority or ICA, enacted on 1 April 2003, in which this ICA has unlimited capabilities to screen the movement of goods and the visitors (National Security Coordination Centre, 2004). 2. Protection By having limited resources, Singapore will concentrate on territories of most prominent concern to make the city-state safe for all. Singapore taken a protective measures which needs to be takes as a second layer of stronger effort. Singapore must be harder than a threat (National Security Coordination Centre, 2004). a. Critical Infrastucture and High Profile Events Setting up a range of security measures is one of the purposes of protective measures
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