Nuclear Power Plant Security Assessment Technical Manual
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SANDIA REPORT SAND2007-5591 Unlimited Release Printed September 2007 Nuclear Power Plant Security Assessment Technical Manual D. W. Whitehead C. S. Potter S. L. O=Connor Prepared by Sandia National Laboratories Albuquerque, New Mexico 87185 and Livermore, California 94550 Sandia is a multiprogram laboratory operated by Sandia Corporation, a Lockheed Martin Company, for the United States Department of Energy’s National Nuclear Security Administration under Contract DE-AC04-94AL85000. Approved for public release; further dissemination unlimited. Issued by Sandia National Laboratories, operated for the United States Department of Energy by Sandia Corporation. NOTICE: This report was prepared as an account of work sponsored by an agency of the United States Government. Neither the United States Government, nor any agency thereof, nor any of their employees, nor any of their contractors, subcontractors, or their employees, make any war- ranty, express or implied, or assume any legal liability or responsibility for the accuracy, complete- ness, or usefulness of any information, apparatus, product, or process disclosed, or represent that its use would not infringe privately owned rights. Reference herein to any specific commercial prod- uct, process, or service by trade name, trademark, manufacturer, or otherwise, does not necessarily constitute or imply its endorsement, recommendation, or favoring by the United States Govern- ment, any agency thereof, or any of their contractors or subcontractors. The views and opinions expressed herein do not necessarily state or reflect those of the United States Government, any agency thereof, or any of their contractors. Printed in the United States of America. This report has been reproduced directly from the best available copy. Available to DOE and DOE contractors from U.S. Department of Energy Office of Scientific and Technical Information P.O. Box 62 Oak Ridge, TN 37831 Telephone: (865)576-8401 Facsimile: (865)576-5728 E-Mail: [email protected] Online ordering: http://www.osti.gov/bridge Available to the public from U.S. Department of Commerce National Technical Information Service 5285 Port Royal Rd Springfield, VA 22161 Telephone: (800)553-6847 Facsimile: (703)605-6900 E-Mail: [email protected] Online order: http://www.ntis.gov/help/ordermethods.asp?loc=7-4-0#online 2 SAND2007-5591 Unlimited Release Printed September 2007 Nuclear Power Plant Security Assessment Technical Manual D. W. Whitehead Security Risk Assessment Department C. S. Potter Active Response and Denial Department S. L. O=Connor Organizational Learning, Conference Planning, and Communications Department P.O. Box 5800 Albuquerque, NM 87185-0758 Abstract This report (Nuclear Power Plant Security Assessment Technical Manual) is a revi- sion to NUREG/CR-1345 (Nuclear Power Plant Design Concepts for Sabotage Pro- tection) that was published in January 1981. It provides conceptual and specific tech- nical guidance for U.S. Nuclear Regulatory Commission nuclear power plant design certification and combined operating license applicants as they: • develop the layout of a facility (i.e., how buildings are arranged on the site property and how they are arranged internally) to enhance protection against sabotage and facilitate the use of physical security features, • design the physical protection system to be used at the facility, and • analyze the effectiveness of the PPS against the design basis threat. It should be used as a technical manual in conjunction with the Nuclear Power Plant Security Assessment Format and Content Guide. The opportunity to optimize physi- cal protection in the design of a nuclear power plant is obtained when an applicant utilizes both documents when performing a security assessment. This document provides a set of best practices that incorporates knowledge gained from more than 30 years of physical protection system design and evaluation activi- ties at Sandia National Laboratories and insights derived from U.S. Nuclear Regula- tory Commission technical staff into a manual that describes a development and analysis process of physical protection systems suitable for future nuclear power 3 plants. In addition, selected security system technologies that may be used in a physical protection system are discussed. The scope of this document is limited to the identification of a set of best practices as- sociated with the design and evaluation of physical security at future nuclear power plants in general. As such, it does not provide specific recommendations for the de- sign and evaluation of physical security for any specific reactor design. These best practices should be applicable to the design and evaluation of physical security for all future plants. Note that the original NUREG/CR-1345 remains valid for many light water reactor designs. While the focus of this document is on new plants, existing nuclear power plants and nuclear material facilities may be able to apply these best practices and security sys- tem technologies when upgrading or modifying their physical protection systems. 4 ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS The authors thank all of the many contributors to Section 5. Without their help this section would have taken significantly longer to produce. To John Darby of Sandia National Laborato- ries, thank you for your technical review. To Betty Biringer of Sandia National Laboratories, thanks for all your support. Finally, we would like to thank Albert Tardiff of the U.S. Nuclear Regulatory Commission for his guidance throughout this project. His guidance helped make this document a better product. 5 6 Contents 1. Introduction............................................................................................................................. 15 1.1 Background................................................................................................................... 15 1.2 Purpose.......................................................................................................................... 15 1.3 Objectives ..................................................................................................................... 15 1.4 Scope............................................................................................................................. 16 1.5 Report Organization...................................................................................................... 16 2. Design and Evaluation of a Physical Protection System ........................................................ 17 2.1 Overview....................................................................................................................... 17 2.2 Identify the PPS Objectives .......................................................................................... 18 2.2.1 Threat Definition............................................................................................. 19 2.2.2 Protection Objectives Identification............................................................... 19 2.3 Establish Facility Design .............................................................................................. 19 2.3.1 Facility Characterization................................................................................. 20 2.3.2 Target Identification........................................................................................20 2.4 Design the Physical Protection System......................................................................... 21 2.4.1 Physical Protection System Functions............................................................ 22 2.4.1.1 Detection ........................................................................................... 22 2.4.1.1.1 External Sensors.............................................................. 23 2.4.1.1.2 Interior Sensors................................................................ 24 2.4.1.1.3 Alarm Assessment........................................................... 25 2.4.1.1.4 Alarm Communication and Display................................ 26 2.4.1.1.5 Entry/Exit Control........................................................... 26 2.4.1.2 Delay ................................................................................................. 27 2.4.1.3 Response............................................................................................ 27 2.4.2 Physical Protection System Characteristics.................................................... 29 2.4.2.1 Protection-in-Depth........................................................................... 29 2.4.2.2 Minimum Consequence of Component Failure ................................ 29 2.4.2.3 Balanced Protection........................................................................... 30 2.5 Analyze the Physical Protection System Design .......................................................... 30 2.5.1 Pathway Analysis............................................................................................ 31 2.5.1.1 Adversary Paths................................................................................. 31 2.5.1.2 Effectiveness Measures..................................................................... 31 2.5.1.3 Critical Path....................................................................................... 34 2.5.1.4 Adversary Sequence Diagram........................................................... 34 2.5.1.4.1 Physical Areas................................................................. 35 2.5.1.4.2 Protection