Quick viewing(Text Mode)

A Narrative Review of Apiaceae Family Plants in Usada Netra for Eye Disease Treatment

A Narrative Review of Apiaceae Family Plants in Usada Netra for Eye Disease Treatment

Journal of Pharmaceutical Science and Application Volume 2, Issue 2, Page 49-65, December 2020 E-ISSN : 2301-7708

A NARRATIVE REVIEW OF FAMILY IN USADA NETRA FOR EYE DISEASE TREATMENT

Luh Pande Putu Tirta1, A.A Gede Rai Yadnya-Putra1*

1Department of Pharmacy, Faculty of Mathematics and Sciences, Udayana University, Bali-

Corresponding author email: [email protected]

ABSTRACT Background: Eye health really needs to be maintained so as to avoid diseases such as red-eye (conjunctivitis) and stye (hordeolum). Conjunctivitis and hordeolum are caused by bacteria, and their treatment is generally using antibiotics. However, if antibiotics are used irrationally it can be dangerous to health, therefore at this time, people are more interested in traditional medicine. One of them is Balinese traditional medicine, Usada Netra. Usada Netra is a science that deals with the prevention, treatment and recovery of eye diseases. Objective: This review discusses conjunctivitis, hordeolum and its treatment, processing of herbs for eye diseases in Usada Netra, botanical aspects, phytochemical and pharmacological effects of three Apiaceae family based on the results of scientific research as well as the correlation with eye treatment in pharmaceutical sciences. Methods: Search data in this article review with the help of search engines namely Google Scholar, and online journal provider sites, including PubMed, Biomed, NCBI, and primary data obtained from international journals, national journals and usada Bali books that have been published. Result: Based on the pharmacological effects produced by the Apiaceae family plant can inhibit the growth of bacteria that cause conjunctivitis and hordeolum. Conclusion: The use of plant Apiaceae family can be recommended for treatment of the eye such as conjunctivitis and hordeolum, with due regard to the safety requirements for eye treatment preparations.

Keywords: Antibacterial, Apiaceae Family, Conjunctivitis, Hordeolum

INTRODUCTION Eye health is very important to avoid medicines or herbal medicines in disease. Eye disease is often the case that maintaining public health and for the the red-eye (conjunctivitis) and stye prevention and treatment of diseases[3]. One (hordeolum). Conjunctivitis and hordeolum of the traditional treatments found in Bali is are caused by bacteria, so their treatment is Usada Bali. Usada Bali is a derivative of generally using antibiotics[1,2]. However, Ayurveda. Ayurveda is part of Upaveda, the irrational/ handling use of an antibiotic while Upaveda is part of Vedic Smerti can cause bacteria to become resistant, coming to Bali in the tenth century in the era which can certainly be harmful to health. So of King Udayana Government. The Usada that now the Indonesian people are Bali System is basically a Religious increasingly heading towards the paradigm Magical Empiricist. The traditional of back to nature by choosing to use natural treatment system by WHO is recognized as ingredients to overcome health problems[3]. Traditional Medicine / Complementary and WHO (World Health Organization) Alternative Medicine (TM / CAM)[4]. also recommends the use of traditional 49 DOI : https://doi.org/10.24843/JPSA.2020.v02.i02.p03 Tirta and Yadnya-Putra Volume 2, Issue 2, Page 49-65, December 2020

One part of Usada Bali is Usada Netra. medicine". Primary data were obtained Usada Netra discusses various diseases that from international journals, national can occur in humans and its treatment. journals and usada Bali books that had been Usada Netra's treatment is based on published. The selection of inclusion experience, word or revelation by utilizing criteria for articles/journals except for the plants, mantras and rajahan or paintings to reference book of usada Bali is a research treat various diseases. Usada Netra is a article published in the last ten years (2010- medical treatment for eye diseases[5]. Many 2020). plants contained in Usada Netra are useful in the treatment of eye diseases, one of RESULTS which is from the Apiaceae family. Review Of Eye Disease And Its Apiaceae family is one of the plant Treatment families with the most types of plants found A. Conjunctivitis and used by the Balinese people. The Conjunctivitis is inflammation of Balinese use plants from the Apiaceae conjunctival tissue that can be caused by an family such as (Foenicullum vulgare invasion of microorganisms, Mill.), Gotu Kola ( asiatica L.), hypersensitivity reactions or degenerative and ( ) as a changes in the conjunctiva. The symptoms treatment for eye diseases[6,5]. are caused by vascular dilatation, cellular This review discusses of conjunctivitis, infiltration and exudation. Patients usually hordeolum and its treatment, processing of complain of red-eye, conjunctival oedema ingredients for eye diseases in Usada Netra, and excessive secretions[1]. botanical aspects, phytochemicals and Conjunctivitis can be grouped based on pharmacological effects of the Apiaceae the time of occurrence, namely acute and plant based on the results of scientific chronic. Acute conditions that occurrence research and correlations with eye treatment of symptoms up to four weeks, while the in pharmaceutical science. It is hoped that chronic conjunctivitis symptoms are more the review of this article can be scientific than four weeks. Conjunctivitis often information about the plant of the Apiaceae occurs along or after respiratory infections, family in Usada Netra, which has the and generally, there is a history of contact potential as a standardized herbal medicine with patients with viral conjunctivitis[1]. for eye diseases. Acute infective conjunctivitis and viral conjunctivitis are more common in adults METHODS and men[7]. The writing of this article review was The pathophysiology that causes preceded by searching plants for the conjunctivitis is microorganisms (viruses, treatment of eye diseases in the Usada Netra bacteria, fungi), allergens, irritants causing book, then using the help of search engines the eyelids to become infected so that the to search for plant and families. eyelids can not be close and open Then all plants are grouped into the same completely so that the eyes become dry and family. Traced general review of plants cause conjunctivitis. The most common from the source and the pharmacological bacterial causes of acute conjunctivitis are effects of plants by searching using the help Staphylococcus aureus, Staphylococcus of search engines namely Google Scholar, epidermidis, Haemophilus influenzae, and online journal provider sites, including Streptococcus pneumoniae, Streptococus PubMed, Biomed, NCBI, and so on. A viridans, Moraxella catarrhalis and gram- literature search was carried out with the negative bacteria[8,9]. keywords "antibacterial activity", "antibacterial plant", and "herbal

50 DOI : https://doi.org/10.24843/JPSA.2020.v02.i02.p03 Tirta and Yadnya-Putra Volume 2, Issue 2, Page 49-65, December 2020

Treatment for Conjunctivitis : B. Hordeolum 1. Moxifloxacin Hordeolum is an acute bacterial Antibiotics are commercially available infection found on the eyelids[2]. Symptoms for the treatment of bacterial conjunctivitis of hordeolum are painful inflammation of is moxifloxacin. The mechanism of action the eyelids and erythematous. Infection in of Moxifloxacin is by inhibition of Hordeolum occurs due to thickening, topoisomerase II (DNA gyrase) and drying, or stasis in Zeis, Moll, or in the topoisomerase IV that are needed for Meibomian gland. The Zeis gland secretes replication, bacterial transcription, repair, sebum and has antiseptic properties that can and bacterial recombination.[10] prevent bacterial growth[17]. The Moll gland Moxifloxacin has been shown to be active produces immunoglobulin A, mucin, and against most bacterial isolates, both gram- lysosomes which are important in immune positive, gram-negative or anaerobic defence against bacteria in the eye[18]. bacteria[11]. There are two types of hordeolum namely external Hordeolum (stye) that 2. Ciprofloxacin occurs due to infection of the superficial Ciprofloxacin is a broad-spectrum sebaceous glands (eyelash follicles) and antibiotic that is used for the treatment of internal Hordeolum that occurs due to various eye infections. The dose of the drug infection of the meibomian gland (acute ciprofloxacin 3 mg / mL for bacterial meibomianitis). External Hordeolum can conjunctivitis is 1-2 drops every 2 hours for last one to two weeks, can heal itself. There two days, then 1-2 drops every 4 hours for are reports that about 90% of hordeolum is the next five days[12,13]. caused by Staphylococcus aureus infection[19]. 3. Chloramphenicol Chloramphenicol 1% ointment applied Treatment for Hordeolum : 3-4 times daily. The mechanism of action as 1. Warm compresses a broad-spectrum antibiotic and strongly External hordeolum can be treated with inhibits protein synthesis [12,14]. warm compresses and massage therapy. This warm compress is intended to soften 4. Gentamicin the granulomatous tissue and facilitate Gentamicin is an antibiotic of the drainage by removing eyelashes). Special aminoglycoside group has a broad spectrum attention is needed when compressing and against gram-positive and gram-negative massaging internal hordeolum, as this can bacteria. Dose Gentamicin eye drops 0.3%, cause irritation or deformation of the 1-2 drops into the conjunctival sac every 4 cornea[20]. hours[12,15]. 2. Antibiotics 5. Sulfacetamide sodium Topical antibiotic use can also be Sulfacetamide sodium works indicated for the treatment of Hordeolum. antagonist competitively against para- Persistent or larger lesions may require aminobenzoic acid (PABA) by disrupting antibiotic therapy. This treatment can help bacterial DNA synthesis. A dose of sodium shorten the duration and severity. sulfacetamide 10%, which is 4 x 1-2 drops Macrolide antibiotic ointments such as daily, is used at night. Sulfacetamide erythromycin ophthalmic ointment can be sodium belongs to the sulfonamide used for 7-10 days[21,2]. antibiotic class[12,16].

51 DOI : https://doi.org/10.24843/JPSA.2020.v02.i02.p03 Tirta and Yadnya-Putra Volume 2, Issue 2, Page 49-65, December 2020

3. Topical steroids divided into two subspecies, namely If the swelling enlarges and causes piperitum and capillaceum and includes pressure on the cornea, it can be treated with three varieties, namely var. vulgare (Mill.), topical steroids that are used for a short Thell., var. Dulce (Mill.) Thell, and var. duration of 2-3 days. If the infection spreads Azoricum (Mill.) Thel[23]. Following is the and develops into a periorbital or orbital of Fenniculum vulgare which cellulitis, systemic antibiotics is required[22, can be seen in Table 2[24]. 17]. The fennel plant is known by different names in each region as in India under the Usada Netra name Fennel, Canada: Doddasompu, Usada Netra is a medical science for China: Hui xiang, England: Bitter Fennel, eye diseases. In usada Netra there are Japan: Fenneru, Korea: Sohoehyang, and approximately 17 types of plants for the Indonesia: Adas[24] Fennel ( treatment of eye diseases, swollen eye vulgare Mill) has small yellow on disease, red eyes, itchy eyelids, eye stalks are small, thin green downy discharge, and blurred eyes[5]. Many plant can grow up to 40 cm and a width of about families are contained in Usada Netra such 0.5 mm, hollow stems, dried fruit with a as Fabaceae, Euphorbiaceae, Rubiaceae, length of 4-10 mm. Fennel can grow to a Amaryllidaceae, Acoraceae, Lamiaeae, height of 2.5 m[25.26]. Fennel plants are Rutaceae, Acanthaceae, Anacardiace, shown in Figure 1. Apocynaceae and also another family plant Fennel has been widely used in with the most plants in the Apiaceae family. traditional medicine for various diseases. The following table discusses the Apiaceae Fennel is used in various traditional systems tribal plants for eye treatment in Usada such as Ayurveda, Unani, Siddha, in India, Netra, which can be seen in Table 1. and Iran's traditional system as an alternative and complementary Plant Review medicine[27]. Fennel plant in the area of 1. Fennel (Foenicullum vulgare) Turkey and Pakistan used as a drug for a. Botanical Aspects of Fennel myopic eyes and itching[28,29]. (Foenicullum vulgare) Fennel (Foeniculum vulgare) is an b. Chemical compound annual originating from Fennel contains saponins, flavonoids, the Mediterranean and Southern Europe. cardiac glycosides, sterols, triterpenes, Fennel grows wild on the coastlines of the coumarin and essential oils. Fennel contains Mediterranean, and Egypt. This plant is 42.3% carbohydrates, 18.5% fiber, 13.4% cultivated throughout the world. Fennel is minerals, 10% fat, and 9.5% protein.

Table 1. Overview of Apiaceae for the Treatment of Eyes in the Usada Netra Name of Plant Use How to make and use Fennel (Foeniculum Treatment of common As much as 3 of Fennel are added with 3 pieces of vulgare) eye pain apite wood leaves then crushed. How to use it smeared on (conjunctivitis) the eyelid[6]. Gotu Kola (Centella Treatment of red eyes paiduh leaves (gotu kola) were crushed and dropped into asiatica L.) and swollen eyes the eyes 3-4 times a day[5]. (conjunctivitis) Coriander (Coriandrum Treatment of Coriander, white kecamcem, pulasari, sindrong wayah, sativum L. ) “ketumbuhan” miana cemeng, and palm sugar, are processed into loloh (hordeolum) (to be drunk), then the pulp is used to boreh (smeared) on the skin of the diseased eyelid[6].

52 DOI : https://doi.org/10.24843/JPSA.2020.v02.i02.p03 Tirta and Yadnya-Putra Volume 2, Issue 2, Page 49-65, December 2020

Table 2. Taxonomy Fennel (Foeniculum vulgare) Nomenclature of Fennel (Foeniculum vulgare)

Kingdom Plantae (a) (b) Division Tracheophyta Sub-division Spermatophytina Class Magnoliopsida Order Family Apiaceae (c) (d) Foeniculum Species Foeniculum vulgare Mill

The minerals and vitamins contained in (e) Fennel are phosphorus, niacin, iron, potassium, calcium, sodium, thiamine, Figure 2. Molecular structure of riboflavin, and vitamin C[30,31]. essential components of Fennel oil. (a) Flavonoids are phenolic compounds Trans-anethole, (b) Fenchone, (c) that are strong antioxidants. The total Estragol, (d) Para-anisaldehyde, (e) phenolic content in the Fennel Alpha-phellandrene[25] is 262.59 ± 15.5 mg. Fennel is also famous for its essential oil content. The main c. Pharmacological Effects components of Fennel essential oils are i. Antimicrobial Effects trans-anethole, fenchone, estragole (methyl The antibacterial effects of methanolic chavicol), and alpha-phellandrene[32,33,25]. extracts of 23 fennel samples were Following is the chemical structure of evaluated against many bacterial isolates. Fennel essential oils in Figure 2. The extracts of two samples showed moderate to good inhibitory activities (MIC: 62.5-125μg/ml) against three bacteria[35]. The fennel seed extract was tested for antimicrobial activity against Staphylococcus aureus, Micrococcus spp and Entecococcus spp. The results showed that the ethanol extract of Foeniculum vulgare had greater activity against [36] Micrococcus spp. (MIC = 250μg / ml) . (a) (b) Antimicrobial effects of methanol, ethanol, diethyl ether, and hexane extracts from Foeniculum vulgare seeds were also tested against Escherichia coli, Salmonella typhi, Bacillus cereus, Staphylococcus aureus, Candida albicans and Aspergillus flavus. Extracts with methanol solvents showed higher antimicrobial activity than other extracts. The results showed that Bacillus cereus and Aspergillus flavus were (c) (d) the most sensitive microorganisms, Figure 1. Fennel plants (a) in native showing the largest inhibitory zone and the habitat. (b) Flowers, (c) Fruits, (d) lowest MIC value. The least recorded Seeds[24] antimicrobial activity against Escherichia coli[33].

53 DOI : https://doi.org/10.24843/JPSA.2020.v02.i02.p03 Tirta and Yadnya-Putra Volume 2, Issue 2, Page 49-65, December 2020

The antibacterial activity of the therapeutic and protective effects on the essential oil of Fennel was tested against eyes[39]. three Gram-positive bacteria namely Fennel extract (70% ethanol) at doses Staphylococcus epidermidis, Enterococcus of 100 and 200 mg/kg given for 5 days, faecalis, and Staphylococcus aureus and six intraperitoneally in female mice, the results Gram-negative bacteria namely Morganella showed that Fennel extract could reduce morganii, Escherichia coli, Proteus serum levels of oxidative factors in female mirabilis, S.enteritidis serovar rats. [40] The antioxidant activity of essential Typhimurium, Salmonella enteritidis, and oils contained in Fennel is measured in Psemorosa infusion. The results showed the terms of the ability to contribute to essential oil of Fennel proved effective hydrogen or radical cleaning, using DPPH. against antibiotic-resistant strains, namely Fennel essential oil showed radical Enterococcus faecalis, Escherichia coli, M. cleansing ability at all concentrations morganii, Salmonella enteriditis and S. tested, % Inhibition DPPH 11.24-21.88, centiritidis serovar Typhimurium. Fennel IC50: 45.89g / l. Fennel ferric oil reduction essential oils also have antibacterial activity capacity of 0.19-0.37 mmol / l Trolox[32]. against S.epidermidis, S. aureus, although the level of inhibition is still low when iii. Antiinflammatory and Analgesic compared with antibiotics ampicillin (10 Effects μg), cephalothin (30 μg), and tetracycline A methanol extract of Foeniculum (30 μg)[37]. vulgare showed the highest analgesic / Besides having been tested for Fennel's antinociceptive activity at a dose level of pharmacological activity as an antibacterial, 2000 mg/kg, whereas the activity indicated Fennel also has anti-fungal activity. The in by ethyl acetate extract was (800 mg/kg). vitro antifungal activity of the essential oil On the other hand, n-hexane extract (700 Foeniculum vulgare was investigated for mg/kg) and methylene chloride extract (500 three strains of Candida albicans from mg/kg) showed the same antinociceptive different places using disks, the well activity, when compared with diffusion method, microdilution, and acetylsalicylic acid (200 mg/kg) activity compared with standard antimycotics drugs was lower. The results also revealed that the namely Nystatine and Fluconazole. The extract investigated showed significant results showed that the essential oils studied anti-inflammatory activity. The methanol showed antifungal activity against all C. extract of Foeniculum vulgare has the albicans isolates (MIC value: 0.06 mg / ml highest activity, which significantly reduces - 0.23 mg / ml)[38]. the weight of oedema caused by carrageenan in rat feet at dose levels of 1500 ii. Antioxidant Effects and 2000 mg/kg, each having a protective Antioxidant molecules capable of effect of 28 and 47%, compared to the correcting the oxidative stress imbalance control value, while ibuprofen (35 mg/kg), are becoming increasingly crucial to the used as a standard drug shows a protective prevention and treatment of various eye effect of 52.23%. Anti-inflammatory diseases. Eye drops made from Foeniculum effects of Fennel can restore the body's vulgare seed water extract have a protective homeostasis so as to prevent and treat eye and therapeutic effect in rats induced by diseases[41]. sodium selenite, which causes cataracts. This is seen in decreasing the lens's 2. Gotu Kola ( L.) turbidity score and increasing scanning a. Botanical Aspects of Gotu Kola electron microscopy. The antioxidant effect (Centella asiatica L.) of Foeniculum vulgare extract allows for

54 DOI : https://doi.org/10.24843/JPSA.2020.v02.i02.p03 Tirta and Yadnya-Putra Volume 2, Issue 2, Page 49-65, December 2020

Centella asiatica is found throughout the thick pericarp[42,44]. The following is a Gotu tropics and sub-tropics of India. Centella kola plant shown shown in Figure 3. asiatica can grow up to 600m tall. This plant originates from Southeast Asia, India and , parts of China, Madagascar, South Africa, the Southeast United States, Mexico, Venezuela, Colombia, and Eastern South America. Centella asiatica L. is a medicinal plant that has long been used by (a) (b) the people of Java and Indonesia. Centella Figure 3. Gotu kola plants, (a) with [45] asiatica (L.) is known by various different flowers, (b) with roots names in each region such as Thankuni (Bengali), Mandukaparni (Hindi), Pegga b. Chemical compound (Malay), Gotu kola (Sinhala), Gedarai The main active compounds of (Tamil), and Bekasianam (Telugu)[42,43]. Centella asiatica (L.) are pentacyclic The following is a taxonomy of Centella triterpenes such as asiatic acid, madecassic [46,47] asiatica L. which can be seen in Table 3. acid, asiaticoside and madecassoside . Quantification of Centella asiatica (L.) Table 3. Taxonomy of Gotu kola triterpenes has been successfully (Centella asiatica L.)[45] determined by some researchers using Nomenclature of Gotu kola plant (Centella HPLC-UV. However, the triterpene asiatica L.) component in Centella asiatica is known to Kingdom Embryophyta vary depending on the conditions and Sub-kingdom Spermatophyta location of its growth[48]. Following is the Division Spermatophyta chemical structure of the triterpene content Sub-division Angiospermae Class Dicotyledonae of Centella asiatica (L.) which can be seen Sub-class Rosidae in Figure 4. Sub-order Aralianae Gotu kola plants consist of Order Araliales phenylpropanoids phenols such as Family Apiaceae rosmarinic acid, chlorogenic acid, 3,4-di-o- Sub-family Genus Centella caffeoyl quinic acid, 1,5-di-o-caffeoyl Species Centella Asiatica L. quinic acid, 3,5-di-o-caffeoyl quinic acid, 4,5-di-o-caffeoyl quinic acid, Centella asiatica (L.) is a plant that isochlorogenic acid, tannin, and phylactic. grows vines, slightly scented, spreads, and [49] In addition, Centella asiatica (L.) also can grow to heights of up to 15 cm (6 contains flavonoids with high total phenolic inches). Centella asiatica thrives in shady, content such as quercetin, kaempherol, swampy, damp and wet areas such as catechin, rutin, apigenin and naringin and fields, and can also grow on sandy loam essential oils such as caryophyllene, soils. Centella asiatica (L.) is found in farnesol and elements. P-cymene- (44%) fertile soils for regeneration. The trunk is and many other volatile compounds in bald, striated. The leaves, 1-3 from each Centella asiatica (L.) essential oils in stem knot, stem length 2-6 cm and width analysis by GC-MS[50]. 1.5-5 cm, base of sheath, hairy on both Centella asiatica (L.) is also rich in sides. The flowers are beautifully shaped vitamin C, vitamin B1, vitamin B2, niacin, umbles, each consisting of 3-4 white carotene and vitamin A. The total ash to purple or pink flowers. Centella asiatica content of Centella asiatica (L.) contains L. usually blooms in April-June. The fruit is chloride, sulfate, phosphate, iron, calcium, about 2 inches long, oval, round and very magnesium, sodium and potassium[51].

55 DOI : https://doi.org/10.24843/JPSA.2020.v02.i02.p03 Tirta and Yadnya-Putra Volume 2, Issue 2, Page 49-65, December 2020

strongest antimold activity (percentage of mycelia inhibition = 26.3 mm)[54]. The ethanol extract activity of 100% Centella asiatica L. shows a zone of inhibition of 15.4 mm against A. niger. [55] The antifungal activity of Centella asiatica L. was also tested against Candida albicans, with an (a) average inhibition zone yield of 5 mm, while the standard zone of miconazole nitrate inhibition showed 20 mm inhibition[56].

iii. Anti-inflammatory effect Anti-inflammatory effects can inhibit pathological conditions and restore the (b) body's homeostasis so as to prevent and Figure 4. The chemical structure of treat eye diseases. Centella asiatica L. can Centella asiatica (L.). (a) Asiaticoside inhibit the damage to human red blood cell and asiatic acid (without Glucose- membranes. At different concentrations, Rhamnose); (b) Madecassoside and membrane stabilization was observed for madecassic acid (without Glucose- [48] diclofenac sodium and methanol extracts, Rhamnose . and at a dose of 2000 μg / ml, the maximum membrane stabilization of Centella asiatica c. Pharmacological Effects L extract was recorded at 94.97%[57]. The i. Antibacterial effect asiatic acid content of Gotu kola was tested Gotu kola plants were cultured on leaf at the 4th and 5th hours, after the addition explants with MS media and tested for their of λ-carrageenan (Carr), it was found that antibacterial activity against B. cereus, E. the asiatic acid content could reduce foot coli, S. aureus, and P. aeruginosa, which edema in mice through increased regulation produced methanol extracts of leaves and of catalase activity, superoxide dismutase callus which had maximum inhibitory [52] (SOD), and glutathione (GPx) in liver effects on the organisms tested . tissue[58]. Antibacterial activity tests can also be The asiaticoside content tested in carried out with the method so that the lipopolysaccharide-induced mice obtained largest diffusion well and disc plate results in inhibition of the fever process and inhibition zone (10.0 mm) is shown by inflammatory response, including serum Centella asiatica L. root ethanol extract TNF-α and IL-6 production, liver against S. aureus while the values drop to myeloperoxidase (MPO) activity, COX-2 5.0 and 3.5. mm for extracts with brain protein expression and prostaglandin chloroform solvents and water extracts [59] [53] production . The asiaticoside G content is when tested against S. aureus . also reported to have anti-inflammatory properties on RAW 264.7 cells stimulated ii. Antifungal Effects by lipopolysaccharides (LPS)[60]. Eye disease can also be caused by [8,9] invasion from fungi . Antifungal activity iv. Antioxidant Effects test Centella asiatica L. has been carried out Gotu kola plant extracts obtained from on several types of fungi. The ethanol Turkey and India compared to standard extract of Centella asiatica L. was tested for plant extracts obtained from China. Three antifungal activity against Aspergillus extracts at concentrations of 250, 500, 1000, flavus, and Penicillium citrinum showed the 56 DOI : https://doi.org/10.24843/JPSA.2020.v02.i02.p03 Tirta and Yadnya-Putra Volume 2, Issue 2, Page 49-65, December 2020

and 2000 μg / mL showed radical Coriandrum sativum L. is an annual scavenging activity for testing at 2,2- plant, has taproots, and slender branched diphenyl-1-picrillhidrazil (DPPH)[61]. stems can grow to 20-70 cm tall. There are Polyphenolic compounds, flavonoids, β- two varieties of Coriandrum sativum L.: carotene, tannins, vitamin C, which are vulgare and microcarpum; Vulgare has found in Centella asiatica L significantly larger fruit (3-5 mm diameter) by producing have antioxidant activity. The antioxidant essential oil 0.1% -0.35% (v / w) while activity of gotu kola can also improve microcarpum has smaller fruit (1.5-3 mm oxidative stress which is important for the diameter) by producing oil volatile 0.8% - prevention and treatment of eye diseases[62]. 1.8% (v / w). The leaves are lanceolate, green or dark green, and have varying 3. Coriander (Coriandrum sativum L.) shapes and lobes. The flowers grow in small a. Botanical Aspects of Coriander umbles, white or pink, asymmetric. Dried Coriandrum sativum L. is a herbal schizocarp coriander fruit is almost ovoid plant that has nutritional value and is used with two mericarps and has a sweet, slightly as a spice that is useful as traditional pungent taste[66,67]. The following is a medicine[63,64]. Coriandrum sativum L. is picture of coriander plants that can be seen believed to have originated in the in Figure 5. Mediterranean and is known by various names such as in Arabic: kuzbara, Chinese: yuan sui, hu sui, Dutch: Coriander, English: coriander, collender, Chinese: , Indian: dhania, Japan: Koendoro and Malaysia: Coriander[65]. The following is the taxonomy of the Coriander (Coriandrum sativum L.) plant in Table 4. (a) (b) (c) Table 4. Taxonomy of coriander Figure 5. Coriander plants. (a) Coriander (Coriandrum sativum L.)[65] Leaves, (b) Coriander Fruit, (c) Coriander The nomenclature of Coriander (Coriandrum Flowers[65,68]. sativum L.) Kingdom Plantae b. Chemical compound Subkingdom Viridaeplantae Coriandrum sativum L. contains Division Tracheophyta Class Magnoliopsida bioactive components such as flavonoids Order Apiales (quercetin and isoquercetin, rutin), terpenes Family Apiaceae (linalool), terpenoids, polyphenols (ferrulic Genus Coriandrum acid, gallic acid, rutin, caffeic acid, Species Coriandrum sativum L.) anethole, borneol, carotenoids), fatty acids rich in petroselinic acid, coumarin and Coriandrum sativum L. is a herbal hydroxy-coumarin, tannins, vitamin C plant that has nutritional value and is used sterols and tocopherols[63,69]. Following is a as a spice that is useful as traditional table of the composition of the chemical [63,64] medicine . Coriandrum sativum L. is compound of Coriandrum sativum L. believed to have originated in the essential oils seen in Table 5. Mediterranean and is known by various Based on the table above it can be seen names such as in Arabic: kuzbara, Chinese: that the highest chemical content in the yuan sui, hu sui, Dutch: Coriander, English: alcohol group is Linaloolm hydrocarbons, coriander, collender, Chinese: parsley, namely g-terpinene, ketones namely Indian: dhania, Japan: Koendoro and Camphor and Esters, namely Geranyl Malaysia: Coriander[65]. 57 DOI : https://doi.org/10.24843/JPSA.2020.v02.i02.p03 Tirta and Yadnya-Putra Volume 2, Issue 2, Page 49-65, December 2020

acetate. 90% of essential oils which were identified using GC-FID and GC-MS showed that Linalool was the most commonly found component at 69.60%. (a) (b) Table 5. Chemical compound and composition of Coriandrum sativum L. essential oil[69]

Chemical Composition (c) (d) compound Alcohols Linalool (60–80%), geraniol (1.2%–4.6%), terpinen-4-ol (3%), a-terpineol (0.5%) (e) (f) Hydrocarbons g-terpinene (1–8%), r-cymene (3.5%), limonene (0.5%– 4.0%), a-pinene (0.2%–8.5%), Figure 6. Chemical Structure of camphene (1.4%), myrcene Coriandrum sativum L. (a) Coriandrin, (0.2%–2.0%) (b) Linalool, (c) Geranyl acetate, (d) Ketones Camphor (0.9%–4.9%) Camphor, (e) 2-decenoic acid, (f) Alpha Ester Geranyl acetate (0.1%–4.7%), [68,71] linalyl acetate (0%–2.7%) pinene .

Other ingredients found were geranyl Test the activity of C. sativum L. acetate (4.99%), ter-terpinene (4.17%), essential oils in different bacterial isolates alpha-pinene (1.63%), anethol (1.15%) and using the microdilution method. Essential p-cymene (1.12% )[70]. The following is the oils of Coriandrum sativum L. showed good chemical structure of the compounds antibacterial activity against most strains of contained in Coriandrum sativum L. shown bacteria tested, including Streptococcus in Figure 6. pyogenes (Lancefield group A) and methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus c. Pharmacological Effects (MRSA), with a minimum average inhibitory concentration of 0.04 i. Antibacterial effect [74] The essential oil of C. sativum L. respectively % v / v and 0.25% v / v . Effective antibacterial activity against Coriandrum sativum L. essential oil activity Staphylococcus aureus and Gram-negative was tested using a different method, namely bacterial strains including E. coli, the Kirby-Bauer disk diffusion method. Klebsiella pneumoniae, Salmonella Coriandrum sativum L. had a lower antibacterial activity for gram-positive typhimurium, and P. aeruginosa as well as [75] two Acinetobacter baumannii strains that bacteria than gram-negative bacteria . are clinically resistant multi drug. The main Antibacterial activity against gram- mechanism of action of Coriander essential positive namely Staphylococcus aureus oil is to damage the cell membrane of obtained inhibition zone diameter of (8.67 ± bacteria, causing cell death[72]. Test 0.32) mm when compared with Ampicillin antibacterial activity with different (10.37 ± 0.30) mm and Gentamicin (10.37 extraction solvents showed that only ± 0.25), while the highest activity against E. aqueous extract of C. sativum L has stable coli (10.73 ± 0 , 21) mm compared with the antibacterial activity under heating and has Gentamicin antibiotic (9.47 ± 0.45) mm. the best antibacterial effect at pH 6 with a Coriander also inhibits the growth of concentration of NaCl 2.0%[73]. Salmonella typhii (9.53 ± 0.40) mm which is slightly lower than Ampicillin (10.57 ± 0.21) mm and has little antibacterial activity against Klebsiella (7.20 ± 0.17) mm but 58 DOI : https://doi.org/10.24843/JPSA.2020.v02.i02.p03 Tirta and Yadnya-Putra Volume 2, Issue 2, Page 49-65, December 2020

close to the antibacterial activity of The use of synthetic drugs, such as ampicillin antibiotics (8.43 ± 0.25) mm[75]. antibiotics can reduce the effects caused by The following table compares the conjunctivitis or hordeolum. Antibiotics antibacterial activity test of Coriandrum that can be used for the treatment of sativum L. essential oils which can be seen conjunctivitis are Ciprofloxacin, and for the in Table 6. treatment of Hordeolum, one of them can Based on the pharmacological effects use erythromycin. [12,2] But the use of of the Apiaceae plants produced, namely antibiotics that are irrational/improper can Fennel (Foenicullum vulgare Mill.), Gotu cause bacteria to become resistant, which kola (Centella asiatica L.) and Coriander can certainly be harmful to health. So many (Coriandrum sativum) all plants have people have switched to using plants as antibacterial activity, which bacteria are a herbal medicines. Herbal medicine is used common cause of conjunctivitis and for treatment throughout the world because hordeolum eye disease. it has been tested to have activity as an antimicrobial, immunomodulatory, which Table 6. Comparison of inhibition zones can prevent or treat diseases, both animal or Coriander, ampicillin, and gentamicin human[76]. essential oils in different One of the rich culture of the microorganisms[75] community regarding traditional medicine Inhibition zone (mm) using herbs is found in Usada Netra. Usada Microor Essential Netra is derived from the word "usada" ganisms oil of Ampicillin Gentamicin meaning healing and "netra" means eyes or Coriander S.aureus 8.67±0.32 10.37±0.30 10.37±0.25 vision, Usada Netra is a medical treatment [6] E. Coli 10.73±0.21 11.37±0.21 9.47±0.45 for eye diseases . K. 7,20 ± 0,17 8,43 ± 0,25 10.83±0.12 Many plants contained in Usada Netra pneumon play a role in the treatment of eye diseases; iae one of them is the Apiaceae plant. The Pseudom 8.33±0.29 11.53±0.21 9.67±0.40 Apiaceae is the most family species found onas and used by the Balinese people. Balinese S. typhi 9,53 ± 0,40 10,57±0,21 12.50±0.20 people make use of the plants of the

Apiaceae family such as Fennel DISCUSSION (Foenicullum vulgare Mill.), Gotu kola The eye is an organ that is vital for life. (Centella asiatica L.) and Coriander Eye health is very important to avoid (Coriandrum sativum) for treatment of eye disease. An eye disease that often occurs is diseases such as red eyes and red-eye (conjunctivitis) and stye hordeolum[6,5]. (Hordeolum). Conjunctivitis is an Normal eye disease, red eye or swelling inflammation of conjunctival tissue that can in pharmaceutical terms can be associated be caused by the invasion of with conjunctivitis, which can be caused by microorganisms. The most common an invasion of microorganisms such as bacteria that cause acute conjunctivitis are viruses, bacteria, or fungi. The bacteria that S. aureus, Staphylococcus epidermidis, H. most commonly cause acute conjunctivitis influenzae, Streptococcus pneumoniae, are S. aureus, Staphylococcus epidermidis, Streptococus viridans, Moraxella H. influenzae, Streptococcus pneumoniae, catarrhalis and gram-negative bacteria. Streptococus viridans, Moraxella Hordeolum is an acute bacterial infection catarrhalis and gram-negative bacteria[9]. found in the eyelid. The bacterium that Fennel plants in Usada Netra are used causes hordeolum is Staphylococcus for the treatment of ordinary eyes. [6] Fennel aureus[9,2,19]. is used to treating many bacterial, fungal,

59 DOI : https://doi.org/10.24843/JPSA.2020.v02.i02.p03 Tirta and Yadnya-Putra Volume 2, Issue 2, Page 49-65, December 2020

viral, and mycobacterial infections. [35] The eyes) according to those listed on Usada content of essential oil of Fennel has Netra. antibacterial activity against S.epidermidis, Coriander plants (Coriandrum sativum S. aureus, although the level of inhibition is L.) in Usada Netra are used to treat the eyes still low when compared with antibiotics that come out of plants (stye or hordeolum). ampicillin, cephalothin, tetracycline. Hordeolum is an acute bacterial infection Fennel also has anti-fungal activity. Fennel found in the eyelid where the bacterium that essential oil also has antifungal activity causes hordeolum is Staphylococcus against all C. albicans isolates (MIC value: aureus[19,2]. The essential oil of Coriandrum 0.06 mg / ml - 0.23 mg / ml)[37,38]. sativum L. shows good antibacterial activity The antioxidant activity test of against most strains of bacteria tested, Foeniculum vulgare extract with Fennel including Streptococcus pyogenes extract has therapeutic and protective (Lancefield group A) and methicillin- effects on the eyes. This is seen in the resistant Staphylococcus aureus (MRSA), decrease in lens turbidity score and increase with a minimum average inhibitory scanning electron microscopy. In addition, concentration of 0.04 respectively % v / v Fennel also has anti-inflammatory and and 0.25% v / v. [74] So based on the analgesic activity. The fennel antioxidant pharmacological effects produced above it activity can reduce the destructive cellular can be concluded that Coriandrum sativum consequences of oxidative stress that are L.) can be used for the treatment of eye important for the prevention and treatment diseases, namely Hordeolum (plant on the of eye diseases[31,39,41]. So it can be eye) in accordance with those listed on concluded that the Fennel plant can be Usada Netra. utilized for the treatment of eye diseases, The use of traditional plants as eye namely Conjunctivitis (common eye medicine must not be carelessly fulfilled the disease) as stated on Usada Netra. requirements of sterile preparations for the Gotu Kola (Centella asiatica L.) in eyes. Making sterile preparations for the Usada Netra is used for the treatment of red eyes must be done aseptically. The aseptic and swollen eyes[5]. The ethanol extract of method is a working technique that attempts Centella asiatica L. root has antibacterial to prevent and avoid contamination from activity with the biggest inhibition zone microorganisms and reduce the risk of yield (10.0 mm) against S. aureus bacteria. exposure from dosage makers[77]. Sterile In addition, Centella asiatica L. ethanol preparations for eyes have the requirements extract was tested for antifungal activity to be sterile, free from microbial against Aspergillus flavus, and Penicillium contaminants or foreign matter, and must be citrinum showed the strongest antifungal / free of particles that can irritate the eye[78]. antimold activity (percentage of mycelia inhibition = 26.3 mm)[53,54]. Gotu kola CONCLUSION (Centella asiatica (L.) also has anti- Based on the review above it can be inflammatory and antioxidant activity. The concluded that the plants of the Apiaceae antioxidant activity of gotu kola can also family namely Fennel, Gotu Kola and improve oxidative stress which is important Coriander which are listed in Usada Netra for the prevention and treatment of eye have pharmacological activities that have diseases. [60,61] So based on the been tested as antibacterial, antioxidant, pharmacological effects produced above it analgesic antifungal and anti-inflammation. can be concluded that Centella asiatica (L.) So the use of plant Apiaceae family can be can be used for the treatment of eye diseases recommended for treatment of the eye such namely conjunctivitis (red and swollen as conjunctivitis and hordeolum, but with due regard to the safety requirements for

60 DOI : https://doi.org/10.24843/JPSA.2020.v02.i02.p03 Tirta and Yadnya-Putra Volume 2, Issue 2, Page 49-65, December 2020

eye treatment preparations. And it is hoped Nepal J Ophthalmol. 2015; 8 (15): 23- that the potential of the Apiaceae family 35. plant contained in Usada Netra can be used 8. Sitompul R. Konjungtivitis Viral : as a standardized herbal medicine for eye Diagnosis dan Terapi di Pelayanan diseases. Kesehatan Primer. Journal Kedokteran Indonesia. 2017; 5 (1): 64–71. CONFLICT OF INTEREST 9. Abdurrauf M. Memutus Mata Rantai This paper was written independently. Penularan Konjungtivitis Bakteri Akut. All authors disclose no financial or personal Idea Nursing Journal. 2016; 7(2): 62-65. relationships with other people or 10. Petri WA. Chapter 52: sulfonamides, organizations that could inappropriately trimethoprim-sulfamethoxazole, influence the work. quinolones, and agents for urinary tract infections, in: B.A. Chabner, B.C. ACKNOWLEDGMENT Knollmann, L.L. Brunton (Eds.), The We thank to lecturers and staff in the Pharmacological Basis of Department of Pharmacy, Udayana Therapeutics.12th ed. New York: University, Bali, for the support in the Goodman & Gilman’s; 2011. implementation of research. 11. Omari MMH, Jaafari DS, Al-Shou’od KA, and Badwan AA. Moxifloxacin REFERENCE Hydrochloride. Burlington: Academic 1. Azari AA and Barney NP. Press; 2014. Conjunctivitis: A systematic Review of 12. Junaid I. Pedoman Praktis Obat Diagnosis and Treatment. Journal Indonesia. Jakarta: PT. Bhuana Ilmu American Medical Association. 2013; Populer; 2012. 310 (16): 1721–1729. 13. Khan A, Iqbal Z, Khan MI, Khan JA, 2. Lindsley K, Nichols JJ, and Dickersin Javed MK, and Ahmad Z. Drug-Drug K. Non-surgical interventions for acute Interaction Between Ciprofloxacin and internal hordeolum. Cochrane Database Diclofenac Ophthalmic Drops at Ocular Syst Rev. 2017; (1): CD007742. Level. African Journal of Pharmacy and 3. Katno. Tingkat Manfaat, Keamanan, Pharmacology. 2011; 5(23): 2566-2574 dan Efektifitas Tanaman Obat dan Obat 14. Shukla P, Bansode FW, and Singh RK. Tradisional. Tawangmangu: Badan Chloramphenicol Toxicity: A Review. Penelitian dan Pengembangan Journal of Medicine and Medical Kesehatan Departemen Kesehatan RI; Sciences 2011; 2(13): 1313-1316. 2008. 15. Radigan EA, Gilchrist NA, and Miller 4. Suatama IB. 2019. Multikulturalisme MA. Management of aminoglycosides Usada Bali. Jurnal Widya Kesehatan. in the intensive care unit. JIC. 2010; Universitas Hindu Indonesia. 2019; 1 25(6):327– 342. (1): 1-9. 16. Turan A, Saricaoglu H, Baskan EB, 5. Dinkes Prov. Bali. 2008. Himpunan Turan H, and Aydogan K. Efficacy of Usada I. Denpasar: UPTD B POT Topical Sodium Sulfacetamide in the KOM; 2008 Treatment of Mild and Moderate Acne 6. Nala N. Usada Bali. Denpasar: PT. Vulgaris: A Randomized, Comparative Upada Sastra; 1992. Study. Turkderm. 2012; 46(8): 33-26. 7. Shrestha1 SP, Khadka, Pokhrel AK, and 17. Pflipsen M, Massaquoi M, and Wolf S. Sathian B. Acute bacterial Evaluation of the Painful Eye. Am Fam conjunctivitis – antibiotic susceptibility Physician. 2016; 93(12): 991-998. and resistance to commercially 18. Takahashi Y, Watanabe A, Matsuda H, available topical antibiotics in Nepal. Nakamura Y, Nakano T, Asamoto K,

61 DOI : https://doi.org/10.24843/JPSA.2020.v02.i02.p03 Tirta and Yadnya-Putra Volume 2, Issue 2, Page 49-65, December 2020

Ikeda H, and Kakizaki H. Anatomy of 26. Singh SP. A Comprehensive Review on secretory glands in the eyelid and Pharmacological Activity of conjunctiva: a photographic Foeniculum vulgare. Global Journal of review. Ophthalmic Plast Reconstr Pharmacy & Pharmaceutical Sciences. Surg. 2013; 29(3):215-219. 2019; 7(1); 1-5. 19. Bharathi MJ, Ramakrishnan R, 27. Rahimi R, and Ardekani MRS. Shivakumar C, Meenakshi R, and Medicinal properties of Foeniculum Lionalraj D. Etiology and antibacterial vulgare Mill. in traditional Iranian susceptibility pattern of community- medicine and modern phytotherapy. acquired bacterial ocular infections in a Chinese Journal of Integrative tertiary eye care hospital in South India. Medicine. 2013; 19(1): 73–79. Indian Journal of Ophthalmology. 2010; 28. Mahmood A, Mahmood A, Malik RN, 58(6):497–507. and Shinwari ZK. Indigenous 20. McMonnies CW, Korb DR, Blackie knowledge of from CA. The role of heat in rubbing and Gujranwala district, Pakistan. Journal of massage-related corneal Ethnopharmacology. 2013; 148(2): deformation. Cont Lens Anterior Eye. 714–723. 2012; 35(4):148-154. 29. Polat R, and Satil F. An ethnobotanical 21. McAlinden C, González-Andrades M, survey of medicinal plants in Edremit and Skiadaresi E. Hordeolum Acute Gulf (Balikesir, Turkey). Journal of abscess within an eyelid sebaceous Ethnopharmacology. 2012; 139 (2): gland. Cleve Clin J Med. 2016; 626–641. 83(5):332-334 30. AL-Snafi AE. The chemical 22. Jin KW, Shin YJ, and Hyon JY. Effects constituents and pharmacological of chalazia on corneal astigmatism : effects of Foeniculum vulgare- A Large-sized chalazia in middle upper review. IOSR Journal Of Pharmacy. eyelids compress the cornea and induce 2013; 8(5): 81-96. the corneal astigmatism. BMC 31. Elizabeth AA, Josephine G, Muthiah Ophthalmol. 2017; 17(36); 1-9. NS and Muniappan M. Evaluation of 23. Napoli EM, Curcuruto G, and Ruberto analgesic and anti-inflammatory effect G. Screening the Essential Oil of Foeniculum vulgare. Research Composition of Wild Sicilian Fennel. Journal of Pharmaceutical, Biological Biochemical Systematics and Ecology. and Chemical Sciences. 2014; 5(2): Elsevier Ltd. 2010; 38(2): 213–23. 658-668. 24. Badgujar SB, Vainav, Patel, and 32. Marin I, Sayas BE, Viuda MM, Navarro Bandivdekar AH. Foeniculum vulgare C and Sendra E. Chemical composition, Mill: A Review of Its Botany, antioxidant and antimicrobial activity of Phytochemistry, Pharmacology, essential oils from organic Fennel, Contemporary Application, and parsley, and lavender from Spain. Foods Toxicology. BioMed Research 2016; 5: 1-8. International. 2014; 1-32. 33. Roby MH, Sarhan MA, Selim KA, and 25. Rather MA, Dar BA, Sofi SN, Bhat BA, Khalel. Antioxidant and antimicrobial and Qurishi MA. Foeniculum Vulgare: activities of essential oil and extracts of A Comprehensive Review of Its Fennel (Foeniculum vulgare L.) and Traditional Use, Phytochemistry, chamomile (Matricaria chamomilla L.). Pharmacology, and Safety. Arabian Industrial Crops and Products. 2013; Journal of Chemistry. 2012; 9(2): 1574- 44: 437-455. 83. 34. Amar Z, Noureddine G, Ahmed E, Mohamed FH, Tarik AM, Ahmed T, et

62 DOI : https://doi.org/10.24843/JPSA.2020.v02.i02.p03 Tirta and Yadnya-Putra Volume 2, Issue 2, Page 49-65, December 2020

al. Chemical Constituents From metabolites and pharmacology of Algerian Foeniculum vulgare Aerial Foniculum vulgare Mill. Subsp. Parts And Evaluation Of Antimicrobial Piperitum . Rev latinoam. Quím. 2010; Activity. J.Chil.Chem.Soc. 2011; 56(3) 38(2): 103-111. : 759-763. 42. Seevaratnam V., Banumathi P, 35. Salami M, Rahimmalek M and Premalatha MR, Sundaram and Ehtemam MH. Inhibitory effect of Arumugam T. Functional Properties of different fennel (Foeniculum vulgare) Centella Asiatica (L.): A Review. samples and their phenolic compounds International Journal of Pharmacy and on formation of advanced glycation Pharmaceutical Sciences. 2012; 4 (5); products and comparison of 8-14. antimicrobial and antioxidant activities. 43. Prakash V. Terpenoids as Source of Food Chem 2016;213:196-205. Anti-Inflammatory Compounds. Asian 36. Rocha DK, Matosc O, Novoa MT, J Pharm Clin Res. 2017; 10(3):68-76. Figueiredo AC, Delgado M and 44. Singh S, Gautam, Sharma and Batra. Moiteiro C. Larvicidal activity against Centella asiatica (L.): A plant with Aedes aegypti of Foeniculum vulgare immense medicinal potential but essential oils from Portugal and Cape threatened. International Journal of Verde. Nat Prod Commun. 2015; 10(4): Pharmaceutical Sciences Review and 677-682. Research.2010; 4(2); 9-17 37. Mota AS, Martinsb MR, Arantesb S, 45. Kant R, Srivastav PP, and Datta AK. Lopesc VR, Bettencourtd E, Pombala S, The Medicinal Role of Centella asiatica Gomesa AC and Silvaa LA. and Its Applications in the Dahi: A Antimicrobial Activity and Chemical Research Review. Journal of Composition of the Essential Oils of Pharmaceutical Research International. Portuguese Foeniculum vulgare Fruits. 2019; 28(6): 1-9. Natural Product Communications. 46. Roy DC, Barman, and Shaik. Current 2015; 10(4): 673–676. Updates on Centella asiatica: 38. Dahak K and Taourirte M. Phytochemistry, Pharmacology and Comparative Study of In Vitro Traditional Uses. Med Plant Res. 2013; Antimicrobial Activities of Foeniculum 3(4):70-7. vulgare Mill. (umbelliferae) extract. 47. Puttarak P. and Panichayupakaranant P. OnLine Journal of Biological Sciences. Factors Affecting The Content of 2013; 13(4): 115 - 120. Pentacyclic Triterpenes in Centella 39. Hassan OA, Abu-Raghif AR, Rasheed asiatica Raw Materials. Pharmaceutical AM, and Al-Yawer MA. Effect of Biology. 2012; 50 (12); 1508–1512. Foeniculum vulgare Seed Aqueous 48. Hashim P, Sidek H. Helme M, Helan M. Extract Eye Drops on Selenite induced Sabery A, Palanisamy UD, et al. Cataract in Rabbits. Int. J. Pharm. Sci. Triterpene Composition and Rev. Res. 2017; 47(16);83-87. Bioactivities of Centella asiatica. 40. Sadeghpour, Montaseri, Najafpour, Molecules. 2011; 16; 1310-1322. Dolatkhah, Rajabzadeh and Khaki. 49. Chong NJ and Aziz. Systematic Review Study of Foeniculum vulgare (Fennel) on Chemical Constituents of Centella seed extract effects on serum level of asiatica, Research Journal of oxidative stress. Crescent Journal of Pharmaceutical, Biological and Medical and Biological Sciences. 2015; Chemical Sciences. 2011; 2(3); 445-459 2(2): 59- 63. 50. Francis and Thomas. Essential Oil 41. Nassar MI, El–sayed, Makled, El– Profiling of Centella asiatica (L.) Urb-a Khrisy and Osman. Secondary

63 DOI : https://doi.org/10.24843/JPSA.2020.v02.i02.p03 Tirta and Yadnya-Putra Volume 2, Issue 2, Page 49-65, December 2020

medicinally important herb. South Phytotherapy Research. 2013; 27: Indian J Biol Sci. 2016; 2(1): 16973 1136–1142. 51. Bhavana D and Jyoti. Centella asiatica: 60. Nhiem NX, Tai BH, Quang TH, Kiem The elixir of life. International Journal PV, Minh CV, Nam NH, et al. New of Research in Ayurveda and Pharmacy. Ursane-Type Triterpenoid Glycoside 2011; 2(2): 431-438. From Centella asiatica Leaves 52. Sekar, Ayyanar, Pillai. Phytochemical Modulates the Production of Nitric Screening and Antibacterial Activity of Oxide and Secretion of TNF-α in Leaf and Callus Extracts of Centella activated RAW 264.7 cells. Bioorganic asiatica. Bangladesh J Pharmacol. 2011. and Medicinal Chemistry Letters. 6(1): 55-60. 2011; 21 (6): 1777–1781. 53. Nasution MY, Martina R, Ahmad 61. Orhan IE, et al. Comparative studies on SS. Pulungan, Nanda P and Diky SD. Turkish and Indian Centella asiatica Antimicrobial Activities of Centella (L.) Urban (gotu kola) samples for their asiatica Leaf and Root Extracts on enzyme inhibitory and antioxidant Selected Pathogenic Micro-organisms. effects and phytochemical Journal of Medical Sciences. 2018; characterization. Ind Crops Prod. 2013; 18(4): 198-204 47: 316-322. 54. Dhiman, Aggarwal , Aneja, and Kaur. 62. Chandrika UG, and Kumara PA. Gotu In Vitro Antimicrobial Activity of Kola (Centella asiatica): Nutritional Spices and Medicinal Herbs Against properties and plausible health benefits. Selected Microbes Associated with Adv Food Nutr Res. 2015; 76: 125-157. Juices. Int J Microbiol. 2016; 9015802: 63. Laribi K. Kouki, Hamdi M, and 1-9. Bettaieb. Coriander (Coriandrum 55. Idris NA, Nadzir MM. Antimicrobial sativumL.) and its bioactive Activity of Centella asiatica on constituents. Fitoterapia. 2015; 103: 9– Aspergillus niger and Bacillus subtilis. 26. Chem Eng Trans. 2017; 56:1381-1386. 64. Zhang, Amila AD, Kudret K, and 56. Sultan RA, Mahmood SB, Azhar I, Muraleedharan GN. Evaluation of Ahmed SW, Mahmood ZA. Biological coriander spice as a functional food by Activities Assessment of Centella using in vitro bioassays. Food Chem. asiatica (Linn.). J Herbs Spices Med 2015; 167: 24–29. Plants. 2014; 20(3):319-327. 65. Khan, IU, Dubey W and Gupta V. 57. Chippada SC, Volluri SS, Bammidi SR, Taxonomical Aspect of Coriander Vangalapati M. In Vitro Anti- (Coriandrum sativum L.). International inflammatory Activity of Methanolic Journal of Current Research. 2014; Extract of Centella asiatica by HRBC 6(11); 9926-9930. Membrane Stabilisation. Rasayan J 66. Yeung EC, and Bowra S. Embryo and Chem. 2011; 4(2):457-60. development in coriander 58. Huang, S.S. et al. Antinociceptive (Coriandrum sativum). Botany. 2011; Activities and the Mechanisms of Anti- 89: 263-73. Inflammation of Asiatic Acid in Mice. 67. Mandal, S and Mandal M. Coriander Evid Based Complement Alternat Med. (Coriandrum sativum L.) essential oil: 2011; 895857. Chemistry and biological activity. 59. Wan J, Gong X, Jiang R, Zhang Z, and Asian Pacific Journal of Tropical Zhang L. Antipyretic and Anti- Biomedicine. 2015; 1-8. Inflammatory Effects of Asiaticoside in 68. Asgarpanah, J and N. Kazemivash. Lipopolysaccharidetreated Rat Through Phytochemistry, pharmacology and Up-Regulation Of Heme oxygenase-1. medicinal properties of Coriandrum

64 DOI : https://doi.org/10.24843/JPSA.2020.v02.i02.p03 Tirta and Yadnya-Putra Volume 2, Issue 2, Page 49-65, December 2020

sativum L. African Journal of Pharmacy for humans and their companion and Pharmacology. 2012 6(31);2340- animals: A review. J Biol Sci. 2014; 14: 2345. 1-19. 69. Nadeem, Anjum FM, Khan MI, 77. Oetari, R. A. Teknik Aseptis. Tehseen S, El-Ghorab A, Sultan JI. Yogyakarta: Gadjah Mada University Nutritional and medicinal aspects of Press; 2018. coriander (Coriandrum sativum L.). Br 78. Depkes RI. Farmakope Indonesia. Edisi Food J. 2013; 115: 743-55. Keempat. Jakarta: Departemen 70. Anwar F, et al. Physicochemical Kesehatan Republik Indonesia; 1995. composition of hydro-distilled essential oil from coriander (Coriandrum sativum L.) seeds cultivated in Pakistan. J. Medicinal Plants Research.2011; 5(15): 3537-3544 71. Sahib NG, Anwar F, Gilani AH, Hamid AA, Saani N, and Khalid MA.Coriander (Coriandrum sativumL.): A Potential Source of High-Value Components for Functional Foods and Nutraceuticals- A Review. Phytother Res. 2012; 27(10); 1439-1456. 72. Silva F, Ferreira S, Queiroz JA, Domingues FC. Coriander (Coriandrum sativum L.) essential oil: its antibacterial activity and mode of action evaluated by flow cytometry. J. Med. Microbiol. 2011; 60(10):1479-1486. 73. Cao, Xin-Zin, You, Jian-Ming, Li, Shen-Xin, Zhang, and YouLiang. Antimicrobial Activity of the Extracts from Coriandrum sativum.Int. J. Food Nutrition and Safety. 2012; 1(2): 54-59. 74. Casetti FSB, Biehler K, Augustin M, Schempp CM, Frank U. Antimicrobial Activity Against Bacteria With Dermatological Relevance and Skin Tolerance of the Essential Oil From Coriandrum sativum L. Fruits. Phytother Res. 2012; 26(3):420-424. 75. Sambasivaraju D and Fazeel. Evaluation of antibacterial activity of Coriandrum sativum (L.) against gram – positive and gram – negative bacteria. Int J Basic Clin Pharmacol. 2016; 5(6):2653-2656 76. Rahal A, Mahim VAK, Kumar A. Tiwari, R. Phytonutrients and nutraceuticals in and their multi-dimensional and health benefits

65 DOI : https://doi.org/10.24843/JPSA.2020.v02.i02.p03

Top View