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A Narrative Review of Apiaceae Family Plants in Usada Netra for Eye Disease Treatment

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A Narrative Review of Apiaceae Family Plants in Usada Netra for Eye Disease Treatment Journal of Pharmaceutical Science and Application Volume 2, Issue 2, Page 49-65, December 2020 E-ISSN : 2301-7708 A NARRATIVE REVIEW OF APIACEAE FAMILY PLANTS IN USADA NETRA FOR EYE DISEASE TREATMENT Luh Pande Putu Tirta1, A.A Gede Rai Yadnya-Putra1* 1Department of Pharmacy, Faculty of Mathematics and Sciences, Udayana University, Bali- Indonesia Corresponding author email: [email protected] ABSTRACT Background: Eye health really needs to be maintained so as to avoid diseases such as red-eye (conjunctivitis) and stye (hordeolum). Conjunctivitis and hordeolum are caused by bacteria, and their treatment is generally using antibiotics. However, if antibiotics are used irrationally it can be dangerous to health, therefore at this time, people are more interested in traditional medicine. One of them is Balinese traditional medicine, Usada Netra. Usada Netra is a science that deals with the prevention, treatment and recovery of eye diseases. Objective: This review discusses conjunctivitis, hordeolum and its treatment, processing of herbs for eye diseases in Usada Netra, botanical aspects, phytochemical and pharmacological effects of three plant Apiaceae family based on the results of scientific research as well as the correlation with eye treatment in pharmaceutical sciences. Methods: Search data in this article review with the help of search engines namely Google Scholar, and online journal provider sites, including PubMed, Biomed, NCBI, and primary data obtained from international journals, national journals and usada Bali books that have been published. Result: Based on the pharmacological effects produced by the Apiaceae family plant can inhibit the growth of bacteria that cause conjunctivitis and hordeolum. Conclusion: The use of plant Apiaceae family can be recommended for treatment of the eye such as conjunctivitis and hordeolum, with due regard to the safety requirements for eye treatment preparations. Keywords: Antibacterial, Apiaceae Family, Conjunctivitis, Hordeolum INTRODUCTION Eye health is very important to avoid medicines or herbal medicines in disease. Eye disease is often the case that maintaining public health and for the the red-eye (conjunctivitis) and stye prevention and treatment of diseases[3]. One (hordeolum). Conjunctivitis and hordeolum of the traditional treatments found in Bali is are caused by bacteria, so their treatment is Usada Bali. Usada Bali is a derivative of generally using antibiotics[1,2]. However, Ayurveda. Ayurveda is part of Upaveda, the irrational/ handling use of an antibiotic while Upaveda is part of Vedic Smerti can cause bacteria to become resistant, coming to Bali in the tenth century in the era which can certainly be harmful to health. So of King Udayana Government. The Usada that now the Indonesian people are Bali System is basically a Religious increasingly heading towards the paradigm Magical Empiricist. The traditional of back to nature by choosing to use natural treatment system by WHO is recognized as ingredients to overcome health problems[3]. Traditional Medicine / Complementary and WHO (World Health Organization) Alternative Medicine (TM / CAM)[4]. also recommends the use of traditional 49 DOI : https://doi.org/10.24843/JPSA.2020.v02.i02.p03 Tirta and Yadnya-Putra Volume 2, Issue 2, Page 49-65, December 2020 One part of Usada Bali is Usada Netra. medicine". Primary data were obtained Usada Netra discusses various diseases that from international journals, national can occur in humans and its treatment. journals and usada Bali books that had been Usada Netra's treatment is based on published. The selection of inclusion experience, word or revelation by utilizing criteria for articles/journals except for the plants, mantras and rajahan or paintings to reference book of usada Bali is a research treat various diseases. Usada Netra is a article published in the last ten years (2010- medical treatment for eye diseases[5]. Many 2020). plants contained in Usada Netra are useful in the treatment of eye diseases, one of RESULTS which is from the Apiaceae family. Review Of Eye Disease And Its Apiaceae family is one of the plant Treatment families with the most types of plants found A. Conjunctivitis and used by the Balinese people. The Conjunctivitis is inflammation of Balinese use plants from the Apiaceae conjunctival tissue that can be caused by an family such as Fennel (Foenicullum vulgare invasion of microorganisms, Mill.), Gotu Kola (Centella asiatica L.), hypersensitivity reactions or degenerative and Coriander (Coriandrum sativum) as a changes in the conjunctiva. The symptoms treatment for eye diseases[6,5]. are caused by vascular dilatation, cellular This review discusses of conjunctivitis, infiltration and exudation. Patients usually hordeolum and its treatment, processing of complain of red-eye, conjunctival oedema ingredients for eye diseases in Usada Netra, and excessive secretions[1]. botanical aspects, phytochemicals and Conjunctivitis can be grouped based on pharmacological effects of the Apiaceae the time of occurrence, namely acute and plant based on the results of scientific chronic. Acute conditions that occurrence research and correlations with eye treatment of symptoms up to four weeks, while the in pharmaceutical science. It is hoped that chronic conjunctivitis symptoms are more the review of this article can be scientific than four weeks. Conjunctivitis often information about the plant of the Apiaceae occurs along or after respiratory infections, family in Usada Netra, which has the and generally, there is a history of contact potential as a standardized herbal medicine with patients with viral conjunctivitis[1]. for eye diseases. Acute infective conjunctivitis and viral conjunctivitis are more common in adults METHODS and men[7]. The writing of this article review was The pathophysiology that causes preceded by searching plants for the conjunctivitis is microorganisms (viruses, treatment of eye diseases in the Usada Netra bacteria, fungi), allergens, irritants causing book, then using the help of search engines the eyelids to become infected so that the to search for plant species and families. eyelids can not be close and open Then all plants are grouped into the same completely so that the eyes become dry and family. Traced general review of plants cause conjunctivitis. The most common from the source and the pharmacological bacterial causes of acute conjunctivitis are effects of plants by searching using the help Staphylococcus aureus, Staphylococcus of search engines namely Google Scholar, epidermidis, Haemophilus influenzae, and online journal provider sites, including Streptococcus pneumoniae, Streptococus PubMed, Biomed, NCBI, and so on. A viridans, Moraxella catarrhalis and gram- literature search was carried out with the negative bacteria[8,9]. keywords "antibacterial activity", "antibacterial plant", and "herbal 50 DOI : https://doi.org/10.24843/JPSA.2020.v02.i02.p03 Tirta and Yadnya-Putra Volume 2, Issue 2, Page 49-65, December 2020 Treatment for Conjunctivitis : B. Hordeolum 1. Moxifloxacin Hordeolum is an acute bacterial Antibiotics are commercially available infection found on the eyelids[2]. Symptoms for the treatment of bacterial conjunctivitis of hordeolum are painful inflammation of is moxifloxacin. The mechanism of action the eyelids and erythematous. Infection in of Moxifloxacin is by inhibition of Hordeolum occurs due to thickening, topoisomerase II (DNA gyrase) and drying, or stasis in Zeis, Moll, or in the topoisomerase IV that are needed for Meibomian gland. The Zeis gland secretes replication, bacterial transcription, repair, sebum and has antiseptic properties that can and bacterial recombination.[10] prevent bacterial growth[17]. The Moll gland Moxifloxacin has been shown to be active produces immunoglobulin A, mucin, and against most bacterial isolates, both gram- lysosomes which are important in immune positive, gram-negative or anaerobic defence against bacteria in the eye[18]. bacteria[11]. There are two types of hordeolum namely external Hordeolum (stye) that 2. Ciprofloxacin occurs due to infection of the superficial Ciprofloxacin is a broad-spectrum sebaceous glands (eyelash follicles) and antibiotic that is used for the treatment of internal Hordeolum that occurs due to various eye infections. The dose of the drug infection of the meibomian gland (acute ciprofloxacin 3 mg / mL for bacterial meibomianitis). External Hordeolum can conjunctivitis is 1-2 drops every 2 hours for last one to two weeks, can heal itself. There two days, then 1-2 drops every 4 hours for are reports that about 90% of hordeolum is the next five days[12,13]. caused by Staphylococcus aureus infection[19]. 3. Chloramphenicol Chloramphenicol 1% ointment applied Treatment for Hordeolum : 3-4 times daily. The mechanism of action as 1. Warm compresses a broad-spectrum antibiotic and strongly External hordeolum can be treated with inhibits protein synthesis [12,14]. warm compresses and massage therapy. This warm compress is intended to soften 4. Gentamicin the granulomatous tissue and facilitate Gentamicin is an antibiotic of the drainage by removing eyelashes). Special aminoglycoside group has a broad spectrum attention is needed when compressing and against gram-positive and gram-negative massaging internal hordeolum, as this can bacteria. Dose Gentamicin eye drops 0.3%, cause irritation or deformation of the 1-2 drops into the conjunctival sac every 4 cornea[20]. hours[12,15]. 2. Antibiotics 5. Sulfacetamide sodium Topical antibiotic use can also be
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