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THE SPIRING TREADMILL AND THE PREPOSTEROUS PIG: THE ACCOMMODATION OF SCIENCE IN THE OCCULT, POLITICAL.AND POETIC DEVELOPMENT OF W B YEATS, . 1'885-'‘^C)5 Richard Edmund Burton PhD Royal Holloway College RHBNC a302 1 4 0 i 5 79 i Lit'6b - 1 - ProQuest Number: 10097560 All rights reserved INFORMATION TO ALL USERS The quality of this reproduction is dependent upon the quality of the copy submitted. In the unlikely event that the author did not send a complete manuscript and there are missing pages, these will be noted. Also, if material had to be removed, a note will indicate the deletion. uest. ProQuest 10097560 Published by ProQuest LLC(2016). Copyright of the Dissertation is held by the Author. All rights reserved. This work is protected against unauthorized copying under Title 17, United States Code. Microform Edition © ProQuest LLC. ProQuest LLC 789 East Eisenhower Parkway P.O. Box 1346 Ann Arbor, Ml 48106-1346 ABSTRACT Johnson defined metaphysical poetry as a violent yoking together of heterogeneous ideas. Such a process, I suggest, is developed in Yeats’s / work. The early desire to "hammer" his conflicting "thoughts into unity" bears fruit in the mature verse. The "thoughts long knitted into a single thought" of ’Coole Park, 1929’ are echoed, for instance, by the overwhelming desire in 'The Tower’ to make the "moon and sunlight seem/One inextricable beam". The argument continues, as in ’A Dialogue of Self and Soul', say, or the seventh section of 'Vacillation', but it is played out against a long history of reconciliation. We remember the Irish airman who "balanced all, brought all to mind" in 1919. Clearly a prerequisite is a flexible attitude to Truth, and this thesis examines ways in which such flexibility is expressed in Yeats's occult and political theory, and in the development of his poetic. It begins with an introductory account of Yeats's early scientific reading, the deliberalizing implications of that material, and the debt to it of proto-fascist and, later, fascist theorists. The first chapter considers fascism generally, and examines aspects of Yeats's early work that seem to indicate the later politics. The second chapter returns to the nineteenth century intellectual climate - to the interaction of the new science and the established church, on the one hand, and the occult revival on the other. Yeats's occult development is considered against this background and shown to be empirical. Each step is dictated by a rationale that is aware of the fundamental importance of logic. To walk the narrow path between Grey Truth and Secret Rose, between science and spirituality, requires poise. Chapters four and five consider - 2 - the nature of ’balance’ and the evil of obsession in the early work, concentrating in particular on three poems Yeats was later to cast away - ’Mosada', 'Time and the Witch Vivien' and 'The Seeker'. The thesis is concluded with a consideration of anarchy as the result of the perpetual balance of irreconcilables - "Things fall apart; the centre cannot hold" - and suggests ways in which the material presented might be used in a reassessment of Yeats's later work. Yeats's knowledge of science, coupled with his refusal to reject any aspect of the truth, however "grey", suggested a world-picture that nourished, and to some extent prefigured the later politics. - 3 - ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS The University of London Central Research Fund financed a research visit to Eire, and I am grateful, too, to Professors R.3. Finneran, K.P.S. Jochum, Hugh Kenner, William Murphy, and to Ithell Colquhoun, who all replied generously to my various enquiries. My chief debt, however, is to Warwick Gould who has been a patient and enlightening teacher throughout. I myself can confidently claim responsibility for all lapses of scholarship, critical acuity and taste. - 4 - CONTENTS TITLE PAGE Page 1 ABSTRACT Page 2 ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS Page 4 ABBREVIATIONS Page 6 INTRODUCTION Page 8 CHAPTER I Page 42 CHAPTER II Page 87 CHAPTER III Page 115 CHAPTER IV Page 159 CHAPTER V Page 197 CHAPTER VI Page 241 APPENDIX 1 Page 268 APPENDIX 2 Page 279 BIBLIOGRAPHY Page 283 - 5 - ABBREVIATIONS Au W B Yeats: Autobiographies (London: Macmillan, 1955) AV(A) W B Y eats: A Critical Edition of Yeats's 'A Vision* (l925) (eds) George Mills Harper and Walter Kelly Hood (London: Macmillan, 1978) AV(B) W B Y eats: A Vision (London: Macmillan, 1962) CE T H Huxley: Collected Essays (London: Macmillan) 9 volumes, 1894-1908 CLQ Colby Library Quarterly (Waterville, Maine: Volume XV, Number 2, June 1979) DM 16c2 Charles Darwin: The Descent of Man (2 Volumes, London: John M urray, 1871) E&I W B Y eats: Essays and Introductions (London and New York: Macmillan, 1961) Ex W B Y eats: Explorations sel Mrs W B Yeats (London: M acm illan, 1962) Gwynn Scattering Branches (ed) Stephen Gwynn (London: M acm illan, 1940) HC l<5c2 Ernst Haeckel: The History of Creation (translated E Ray Lankester, 2 Volumes, London: Henry S King & Co., 1876) Hone Joseph Hone: W B Y eats (1943), (Harmondsworth: Penguin Books, 1971) HWP Bertrand Russell: History of Western Philosophy (1946), (second edition, George Allen 6c Unwin, 1961) 1ER In Excited Reverie (eds) A Norman Jeffares and K G W Cross (London: Macmillan, 1965) lY Richard Ellmann; The Identity of Yeats (1954), (London: Faber and Faber, 1964) lU H P Biavatsky; Isis Unveiled (2 Volumes, 2nd edition, New York: J W Bolton, 1877) The Letters of W B Yeats, (ed) Allan Wade (London: Rupert Hart-Davis, 1954) LNI Letters to the New Island, (ed) Horace Reynolds (London: Oxford University Press, 1934) - 6 - LTSM W B Yeats and T Sturge Moore: Their Correspondence, 1901-1937 (ed.) Ursula Bridge (London: Routledge <5c Kegan Paul, 1953) MM Richard Ellmann: Yeats: The Man and the Masks (1948), (Oxford: Oxford University Press, 1979) Mem Memoirs, (ed) Denis Donoghue (London: M acm illan, 1972) Myth W B Yeats: Mythologies (London: Macmillan, 1959) OS Charles Darwin: On the Origin of Species By Means of Natural Selection (London: John Murray, 1859) SB W B Yeats: The Speckled Bird, (ed) W H O'Donnell, (Toronto: McClelland and Stewart, 1976) SD HP Biavatsky: The Secret Doctrine (1888), (3rd and revised edition, London: Theosophical Publishing Society, 1893) SS The Senate Speeches of W B Yeats (ed) D R Pearce (Bloomington: Indiana University Press, 1960) UP l<5c2 Uncollected Prose by W B Yeats (Vol 1 ed J P Frayne - London: Macmillan, 1970. Vol 2 eds J P Frayne and C olton Johnson - London: Macmillan, 1976) VP The Variorum Edition of the Poems of W B Yeats, (eds) Peter À lit and Russell K Alspach (London: Macmillan, 1957) VPl The Variorum Edition of the Plays of W B Yeats, (ed) Russell K Alspach (London: M acm illan, 1966) VSR The Secret Rose: stories by Yeats; A Variorum Edition] (eds) Phillip L Marcus, Warwick Gould and Michael J Sidnell (Ithaca: Cornell University Press, 1981) - 7 - INTRODUCTION The young Yeats was a "rabid" Darwinian. The recollections of Charles Johnston are crucial to our perception of Yeats's early scientific fervour: I knew W B Yeats before he had discovered in himself the divine faculty of verse, though his life was already full of vision. In those early days his tendency was towards science, and we carried out together a number of more or less ingenious and unsuccessful experiments in physics, chemistry, and electricity, with home-made contrivances often destined for quite other uses. Our researches soon took a different field, which, I have always thought, was of high importance for Yeats's poetry. He was a rabid Darwinian, and, like all new proselytes, longed for a convert; and I, as his school chum, was the natural prey. So Yeats spent the hours that should have gone to Homer and Horace in pursuit of test cases and missing links, with which I was in due time to be belabored; and many a delightful afternoon we spent roaming over the Dublin hills, or the cliffs of Howth, Yeats holding forth on evolutionary botany, while I listened, commented, and at the end of ends, declared myself still unconvinced. Unconvinced of the materialism that so often goes with Darwinism, that is; though accepting the idea of growth and development. Then came the first poems. And I remember some, never so far published, I believe, which filled my imagination with a large and sombre magnificence, and had in many ways a broader sweep, a larger handling than any of his later works. 1 Evidence supportive of this statement is not substantial in volume, but it js authoritative. Johnston's claim that Yeats's devotion to Darwin was of "high importance" to his poetry is critically acute and demands fuller consideration. The anonymous article that appeared in T P's Weekly (June 7th, 1912) includes a further reference to Yeats's adolescent enthusiasm: Yeats was a most ardent entomologist He always carried in his pockets several little cardboard boxes and pil 1-boxes, filled with his victims, (Mikhail op.cit.p2). For a long period of his youth a "favourite book", the "account of the strange sea creatures the man of science had discovered among the rocks at Howth or dredged out of Dublin Bay" (Au 32), was a treasured text that seemed to carry the full weight of Victorian scientific w is d o m . 2 - 8 - Yeats projected his own account of the yearly cycle of the "creatures of some hole in the rock", propounded an individual theory of sea-anemone coloration (Au 59-60) and, though he was an inattentive scholar, his progress through schools was eased by his reputation as a keen lepidopterist who got "into no worse mischief than hiding now and again an old tailless white rat in my coat-pocket or my desk" (Au 41).
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  • ABSTRACT “Romantic Ireland's Dead and Gone”: Social Criticism And

    ABSTRACT “Romantic Ireland's Dead and Gone”: Social Criticism And

    ABSTRACT “Romantic Ireland’s Dead and Gone”: Social Criticism and Yeats’s Later Plays Michael S. Rawl, M.A. Mentor: Richard R. Russell, Ph.D. In the tumultuous years following the Easter Rising of 1916, the Irish author W.B. Yeats consistently turned to drama as a primary medium through which he could reflect on the state of contemporary Irish culture. This study examines two dramatic works from Yeats’s later period—The Dreaming of the Bones (1917) and Purgatory (1938)— along with the poem “Easter, 1916” and the essay-pamphlet On the Boiler in order to explore the development of some of his social and cultural views. It is argued that this development is largely entropic: in the immediate aftermath of the Rising, Yeats articulated a hope for the imaginative and spiritual renewal of Irish culture in The Dreaming of the Bones. It is suggested that by the end of his life, Yeats came increasingly to doubt the possibility of Irish cultural renewal. This pessimism is embodied in the late play Purgatory. ''Romantic Ireland's Dead and Gone'': Social Criticism and Yeats's Later Plays by Michael S. Rawl, B.A. A Thesis Approved by the Department of English ___________________________________ Dianna M. Vitanza, Ph.D., Chairperson Submitted to the Graduate Faculty of Baylor University in Partial Fulfillment of the Requirements for the Degree of Master of Arts Approved by the Thesis Committee ___________________________________ Richard R. Russell, Ph.D., Chairperson ___________________________________ Emily E. Setina, Ph.D. ___________________________________ David J. Jortner, Ph.D. Accepted by the Graduate School May 2012 ___________________________________ J.