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Entre Mémoire Et Pouvoir Islamic History and Civilization Entre mémoire et pouvoir Islamic History and Civilization Studies and Texts Editorial Board Sebastian Günther Wadad Kadi VOLUME 81 Entre mémoire et pouvoir L’espace syrien sous les derniers Omeyyades et les premiers Abbassides (v. 72-193/692-809) Par Antoine Borrut LEIDEN • BOSTON 2011 On the cover: Statue du “calife” sur un piédestal aux lions, Ḥ irbat al-Mafjar © “Khirbat al-Mafjar”, Encyclopaedia of Islam [s.v.]. This book is printed on acid-free paper. Library of Congress Cataloging-in-Publication Data Borrut, Antoine. Entre memoire et pouvoir : l’espace syrien sous les derniers Omeyyades et les premiers Abbassides (v. 72-193/692-809) / par Antoine Borrut. p. cm. — (Islamic history and civilization ; 81) Includes bibliographical references and index. ISBN 978-90-04-18561-6 (hardback : alk. paper) 1. Syria—Historiography. 2. Umayyad dynasty—Historiography. 3. Abbasids—Historiography. I. Title. II. Series. DS94.95.B67 2010 956.91’02—dc22 2010036404 ISSN 0929-2403 ISBN 978 90 04 18561 6 Copyright 2011 by Koninklijke Brill NV, Leiden, The Netherlands. Koninklijke Brill NV incorporates the imprints Brill, Hotei Publishing, IDC Publishers, Martinus Nijhoff Publishers and VSP. All rights reserved. No part of this publication may be reproduced, translated, stored in a retrieval system, or transmitted in any form or by any means, electronic, mechanical, photocopying, recording or otherwise, without prior written permission from the publisher. Authorization to photocopy items for internal or personal use is granted by Koninklijke Brill NV provided that the appropriate fees are paid directly to The Copyright Clearance Center, 222 Rosewood Drive, Suite 910, Danvers, MA 01923, USA. Fees are subject to change. À Juliette TABLE DES MATIÈRES Remerciements ................................................................................... xiii Tableaux, schémas et figures ........................................................... xvii Liste des abréviations ........................................................................ xxiii Introduction ........................................................................................ 1 Chapitre I Temps d’écritures et de réécritures : l’écriture de l’histoire dans l’espace syrien ...................................................... 11 A. Les sources narratives islamiques et la question de leur transmission ............................................................................. 11 1. Mise par écrit et modes de transmission ......................... 14 2. Sources perdues et reconstruction historique .................. 18 3. Aspects formels : isnād et ḫabar ........................................ 21 B. L’écriture de l’histoire dans l’espace syrien sous les derniers Omeyyades et les premiers Abbassides ............... 26 1. Aux origines de l’historiographie islamique ................... 27 2. Une historiographie « syrienne » à l’époque omeyyade ? 33 − La « théorie des écoles » et la place du Šām .............. 33 − La plume et l’épée : les califes et l’écriture de l’histoire .......................................................................... 37 3. Des sources oubliées ? ......................................................... 53 Chapitre II Temps d’écritures et de réécritures : filtres historiographiques et vulgates historiographiques .................. 61 A. À la recherche des projets historiographiques omeyyades 62 1. « Lien commun », « isnād-s collectifs » ou filtres historiographiques omeyyades ? ........................................ 62 2. Écritures et réécritures marwanides ................................. 67 − Phase 1 : L’affirmation du pouvoir marwanide (v. 72-96/692-715) ......................................................... 67 − Phase 2 : Tentatives de réformes et de contre- réformes (v. 96-105/715-724) ...................................... 71 − Phase 3 : Hišām et al-Zuhrī (v. 105-125/724-743) ... 73 − Phase 4 : La troisième fitna et la chute du califat omeyyade (v. 125-132/743-750) ................................. 76 viii table des matières B. Vers une vulgate historiographique : l’histoire de la Syrie réécrite depuis l’Iraq abbasside ................................... 79 1. Les strates de réécriture de l’histoire sous les premiers Abbassides ........................................................................... 80 − Phase 5 : Affirmer la légitimité abbasside (v. 132-193/750-809) .................................................... 80 − Phase 6 : De la guerre civile à la fondation de Sāmarrāʾ (v. 193-232/809-847) .................................... 86 − Phase 7 : Résistance et anarchie (v. 232-279/ 847-892) .......................................................................... 93 − Phase 8 : L’après Sāmarrāʾ (279/892 – iv/xe siècle) 97 2. Al-Ṭabarī : la fin de l’histoire ? ......................................... 103 Chapitre III Temps d’écritures et de réécritures : des sources en marge de la vulgate historiographique ? .............................. 109 A. Des sources islamiques en marge de la vulgate ? ............... 110 1. Des sources du iie/viiie siècle ? .......................................... 110 − Les sources de la pratique califale et administrative 110 − Programmes artistiques et architecturaux ................ 114 − La poésie omeyyade : questions et enjeux ................. 115 2. L’espace avant la chronologie ........................................... 119 − Les dictionnaires biographiques syriens : des libri memoriales au service des Omeyyades et du Šām ? 120 − Les géographes ............................................................... 124 3. Autres regards ..................................................................... 126 − Historiens tardifs et andalous ..................................... 126 − Apocalypses musulmanes et hérésiographie ............ 132 B. Les sources non musulmanes : sources « externes » ou sources « orientales » ? ............................................................. 137 1. La transmission interculturelle ......................................... 140 2. Théophile d’Édesse, la chronologie de Qartamīn et la source syriaque commune ................................................. 143 3. Les autres sources chrétiennes .......................................... 152 4. Les apocalypses ................................................................... 162 Chapitre IV L’espace syrien du iie/viiie siècle entre souvenir et oubli ............................................................................................ 167 A. La memoria comme objet de recherche .............................. 168 1. Islam et mémoire ................................................................ 168 2. La memoria hors du champ des études islamiques : bilan historiographique ...................................................... 173 table des matières ix B. La memoria omeyyade ........................................................... 179 1. « Lieux de mémoire » omeyyades ...................................... 180 2. Les premiers Abbassides face à la mémoire omeyyade 184 − Le massacre des Omeyyades : l’oubli impossible ..... 184 − Al-Mansūṛ et les califes de Damas : le souvenir nécessaire ........................................................................ 195 − De l’adversité à l’altérité ............................................... 198 3. Mémoire omeyyade et culture omeyyade ........................ 200 C. Les espaces de mémoire ......................................................... 204 1. Les prismes déformants de l’historiographie post- Sāmarrāʾ .............................................................................. 205 2. Memoria syro-omeyyade vs. memoria iraqo-abbasside : une opposition construite ? ................................................ 207 − L’Euphrate en miroir ? .................................................. 208 − Les Abbassides syriens : al-Ḥ umayma et les stratégies de l’oubli ....................................................... 210 3. L’espace syrien dans l’idéologie omeyyade : l’appropriation du précédent salomonien ....................... 217 − Les attributs de Salomon : bâtisseur, sage et juste ... 218 − L’idéologie omeyyade et la légitimité salomonienne 221 − Salomon et le pacte syrien ........................................... 224 Chapitre V La fabrique des héros omeyyades : Maslama b. ʿAbd al-Malik, le héros combattant ............................................ 229 A. Le siège de Constantinople entre échec militaire et succès narratif .......................................................................... 231 1. Tradition épique et héritage monumental ...................... 232 2. L’expédition contre Constantinople dans les chronographies islamiques ................................................ 236 3. Les sources chrétiennes et la machine à héroïser ........... 247 B. Du héros de la frontière byzantine au héros islamique ? 260 1. La compétition pour l’héroïsation .................................... 260 2. Maslama et la clôture du monde : un nouvel Alexandre ? .......................................................................... 265 C. Eschatologie et fabrique des héros ....................................... 271 Chapitre VI La fabrique des héros omeyyades : ʿUmar b. ʿAbd al-ʿAzīz, le calife « saint » .................................................... 283 A. ʿUmar II dans la tradition islamique ................................... 285 1. Le calife pieux et vertueux : le cinquième calife orthodoxe ............................................................................
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