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Systèmes De Reproduction Et Scénarios D'invasion Chez La Petite Fourmi De Feu, Wasmannia Auropunctata

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Systèmes De Reproduction Et Scénarios D'invasion Chez La Petite Fourmi De Feu, Wasmannia Auropunctata Montpellier SupAgro THÈSE pour obtenir le grade de DOCTEUR DE MONTPELLIER SUPAGRO Discipline : Biologie des organismes et des populations Formation doctorale : Évolution, Écologie, Ressources génétiques, Paléontologie Ecole doctorale : Systèmes Intégrés en Biologie, Agronomie, Géosciences, Hydrosciences et Environnement Systèmes de reproduction et scénarios d’invasion chez la petite fourmi de feu, Wasmannia auropunctata Présentée et soutenue publiquement par Olivier Rey Le 16 décembre 2011 Jury Myriam Valéro Directrice de recherche, CNRS Roscoff Rapporteur Claudie Doums Maître de conférences, EPHE, Paris Rapporteur Sandrine Maurice Maître de conférences, Univ. Montpellier II Examinateur Sébastien Lavergne Chargé de recherche, CNRS, Grenoble Examinateur Thomas Guillemaud Directeur de recherche, INRA Sophia-Antiopolis Examinateur Arnaud Estoup Directeur de recherche, INRA Montpellier Directeur Benoit Facon Chargé de recherche, INRA Montpellier Co-directeur Montpellier SupAgro THÈSE pour obtenir le grade de DOCTEUR DE MONTPELLIER SUPAGRO Discipline : Biologie des organismes et des populations Formation doctorale : Évolution, Écologie, Ressources génétiques, Paléontologie Ecole doctorale : Systèmes Intégrés en Biologie, Agronomie, Géosciences, Hydrosciences et Environnement Systèmes de reproduction et scénarios d’invasion chez la petite fourmi de feu, Wasmannia auropunctata Présentée et soutenue publiquement par Olivier Rey Le 16 décembre 2011 Jury Myriam Valéro Directrice de recherche, CNRS Roscoff Rapporteur Claudie Doums Maître de conférences, EPHE, Paris Rapporteur Sandrine Maurice Maître de conférences, Univ. Montpellier II Examinateur Sébastien Lavergne Chargé de recherche, CNRS, Grenoble Examinateur Thomas Guillemaud Directeur de recherche, INRA Sophia-Antiopolis Examinateur Arnaud Estoup Directeur de recherche, INRA Montpellier Directeur Benoit Facon Chargé de recherche, INRA Montpellier Co-directeur Remerciements, Les premières lignes de ces remerciements se doivent d’être dédiées à mes deux directeurs, Arnaud Estoup et Benoit Facon que je ne remercierai jamais assez de m’avoir accepté en thèse. Merci d’avoir su faire preuve de patience et de persévérance pour tenter de m’inculquer vos méthodes de travail et vos rigueurs scientifiques respectives qui s’avèrent être particulièrement complémentaires. J’espère avoir su bénéficier de tout ce que vous m’avez apporté au cours de ces trois ans à sa juste valeur, tant sur le plan scientifique que sur le plan humain. Merci également pour m’avoir «assuré» lorsque je partais, peut être un peu trop confiant dans des voies à la limite de mes capacités, tant lors de réunions scientifiques que dans le grand devers de la salle de Grabels ou sur les falaises du Thaurac! Merci enfin pour les moments partagés en dehors des salles d’élevage et des salles de réunions, au Jorkyball, dans l’eau, dans les Pyrénées…il reste quelques projets en suspens, ce n’est que partie remise! Je tiens également à remercier particulièrement Anne Loiseau, technicienne émérite sans qui je n’aurais pas pu accumuler la moitié des données qui ont servi à produire cette thèse. Merci Anne pour ton soutient technique mais également et surtout pour ta bonne humeur, ton rayonnement sur le terrain malgré le Kwac à répétition et les boites de maquereaux quotidiennes, pour les nounours du Vendredi soir, et les encouragements dans les moments difficiles en particulier dans la dernière ligne droite. Dans le cercle très fermé de Wasmannia au CBGP, je tiens à remercier Julien Foucaud, docteur en la matière puisque ma thèse est en quelque sorte la continuité de la sienne. Merci à toi Julien pour m’avoir initié dans le monde de cette fourmi, de m’avoir légué (sans trop de difficulté et je comprends pourquoi au bout de 3 ans) ton élevage de fourmi. Merci pour ta disponibilité même depuis le fin fond de ta grotte dans lequel tu triturais des mouches. Cela m’a fait prendre de mauvaises habitudes. Attends toi à ce que je t’appelle n’importe quand pour d’autres conseils! Je tiens également à remercier toutes les personnes qui ont partagé avec moi le grand bureau B1.14. du CBGP et en particulier Manu l’avant dernier trappeur et Ashraf avec qui la cohabitation a duré le plus longtemps ! Merci Manu pour les discussions « stat » enflammées, pour tes conseils de «vieux» docteur mais aussi pour la bonne ambiance que tu imposais dans ce bureau! Merci Ashraf pour tellement de choses! Merci pour tes coups de mains en manip, pour avoir ‘fourmi-sitter’ mes bestioles quand j’étais sur le terrain ou en vadrouille, pour ta bonne humeur au quotidien, pour tes bonnes bouffes Palestiniennes…Bonne chance à toi pour ta thèse, je ne me fais aucun souci pour tes coccinelles, elles seront bien gardées! Merci aussi à tous les autres ayant séjourné plus ou moins longtemps dans ce bureau avec nous. Merci à Bertrand et à Manue pour ne citer que les «pseudo-permanents», mais également à tous les stagiaires, étudiants de master ou de doc, technicien(ne)s de passage dans le bureau avec qui la cohabitation s’est toujours déroulée dans une bonne ambiance. Merci également à tout le CGBP, la liste est bien trop longue pour être écrite en étant sur de n’oublier personne. Merci à vous tous pour les bons moments partagés et les petits coups de main que chacun d’entre vous m’ont apportés. Merci également de m’avoir soutenu dans des moments parfois difficiles… Merci aux grands responsables de ce laboratoire qui permettent d’entretenir une ambiance chaleureuse, conviviale au sein du bâtiment mais aussi pour leur disponibilité sans pareil! Un merci spécial à Bruno et à Laurent pour vos coups de pouces ponctuels et le pres de matériel mais aussi pour les (longues) discussions sur vos passions respectives. Merci à toi Fabien, compagnon de longues soirées CBGPiennes et pour avoir partagé de très prêt les embuches de fin de thèse! Merci Anne-Laure pour les petits plats de fin de thèse servis sur place! Quel luxe! En dehors du CBGP, je tiens également à remercier un grand nombre de personnes et avant tout Jérôme Orivel grâce à qui la mission de Guyane s’est déroulée au mieux ! Merci pour tes conseils et pour l’intérêt que tu as porté à mes projets. Merci également pour les bons moments passés et les discussions intéressantes autour de ti’ punch. J’en profite pour remercier tous les autres collaborateurs qui ont participé de pres ou de loin à ma thèse. Merci aux Brésiliens et notamment à l’équipe de Jacques Hubert Charles Delabie et à Wesley, merci à toi pour cette fin de semaine studieuse perdu en pleine forêt à chercher des bestioles dans la canopée ! Merci également aux Israéliens et en particulier à Merav pour m’avoir accueilli sur place et à Yaacov Ben Mordehai pour ses conseils d’élevage. Merci aussi à ceux du BGPI, qui, au détour d’une bière party ou d’un repas au self m’ont encouragé tout le long de ma thèse. Merci à vous! Merci également à toi Simon et à toi Géraldine, c’est un peu grâce à vous si j’ai pu faire ma thèse ici au CBGP… Merci d’avoir été à l’écoute de mes histoires de fourmis et Simon, de t’être investi dans certains projets. J’aimerai enfin remercier tous les copains qui ont indirectement permis cette thèse en me prêtant un bout de bureau pour y poser mon ordi, en m’écoutant parler de mes bestioles, ça permet de fixer les idées malgré vous! Merci aussi pour tous les bons moments passés qui ont fait de ces trois années, une période de vie particulièrement riche! Merci aux Béarnais-Basques et particulièrement à la colloc’, à vous Daf, Manue et Jo et aux squatteurs, Paul(s), Laurent, Etienne et sa douce, et j’en oublie tellement! Merci au Mur! Merci aussi à tout Saint Bau, Isa bien sur mais aussi à JP, Steph, Marina, Elian, Marine, Pat’, Julie, Poulet, Fabrice, David et tant d’autres. Merci aux coureurs du midi, et aux nageurs du soir…sans cette bouffée d’oxygène je ne serais pas allé très loin! Merci également à ceux qui sont toujours là, merci bien sur à toi Daf, pour m’avoir encouragé et soutenu dans cette décision de faire une thèse malgré les kilomètres! Merci d’avoir été là, de t’être occupé de moi et de croire en moi…Merci à Tim et Gab, compagnons de route, dans les airs, sur terre ou sous terre, sur l’eau ou dans l’eau, mais également compagnons de thèse! Pour le meilleur et pour le pire! Enfin merci à toute la tribu Rey. Merci aux parents et aux frangins, pour votre présence malgré les «miles», vos coups de pouces et vos encouragements, merci pour tout. Certains ne se retrouveront pas dans ces quelques lignes de remerciements, ceux là savent pertinemment que c’est un oubli malencontreux de ma part…Je m’excuse auprès d’eux, soyez sans crainte vous pouvez être sûrs que je vous suis entièrement reconnaissant! TABLES DES MATIÈRES CHAPITRE I. INTRODUCTION GÉNÉRALE ............................... 9 I. Les invasions biologiques : contexte général............................................... 10 II. Le rôle des systèmes de reproduction dans le succès d’invasion des populations....................................................................................................... 15 III. Principaux scénarios éco-évolutifs d’invasions......................................... 23 IV. Modèle d’étude : la petite fourmi de feu.................................................... 32 V. Principaux objectifs et articulation de la thèse............................................ 39 ፧ ፧ CHAPITRE II. ፧፧፧MÉCANISMES ET ENJEUX EVOLUTIFS DU SYSTÈME DE REPRODUCTION CLONAL DE W. AUROPUNCTATA ......... 41 I. Introduction .................................................................................................. 42 II. Article 1: No evidence for endosymbiotic manipulation on the peculiar breeding system of the little fire ant Wasmannia auropunctata ...................... 48 II. Article 2: Meiotic recombination dramatically decreased in thelytokous queens of the little fire ant and their sexually produced workers.................... 60 III. Article 3: Androgenesis in the little fire ant corresponds to a male genome kidnapping by females rather than a male egg parasitism..............................
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