DOCSLIB.ORG

Transcriptomics, Molecular Evolution and Pest Control

Total Page：16

File Type：pdf, Size：1020Kb

Download full-text PDF Read full-text
Transcriptomics, Molecular Evolution and Pest Control Understanding Aphids: Transcriptomics, Molecular Evolution and Pest Control Submitted By Amol Bharat Ghodke Submitted in total fulfilment of the requirements of the degree of Doctor of Philosophy JUNE 2018 School of Biosciences, Faculty of Science The University of Melbourne Melbourne, Australia Abstract Aphids exhibit fascinating biological features including parthenogenesis, symbiosis, altruism and host-plant preference; all of which would be better understood if genetic tools and molecular biological techniques were applied to them. Aphids are also agricultural pests that vector plant viruses and new approaches to control them are required. This thesis addresses questions motivated by an interest in the biology of aphids and a desire to improve the agricultural impact of aphids. It does so through transcriptomic analyses and RNA interference (RNAi) technology. I examined the ways in which the transcriptome of aphid changes with host-plant, between tissues, within species and between species. The three-aphid species studied (the green peach aphid: Myzus persicae, the mustard aphid: Lipaphis erysimi, and the cabbage aphid: Brevicoryne brassicae) are all pests of economically important brassica crops (such as cabbage, cauliflower, mustard and canola). These data may provide insights into the way different aphid species deal with plant secondary compounds such as glucosinolates. These data also allowed me to examine the structure, function and evolution of myrosinase enzymes that have allowed some aphid species to develop an anti-predator ‘mustard bomb’. RNAi has been suggested as a way to specifically target pest that would be more ‘environmentally friendly’ than conventional insecticides. I experimentally assessed the feasibility of orally-delivered RNAi to control aphids and the potential of this technology to be developed as a functional genomic tool. RNAi was fed to aphids via artificial diets at various concentrations and with various delivery agents and via transgenic Arabidopsis thaliana plants that I created that produced dsRNA’s corresponding to aphid genes. These studies lead me to suggest that more work needs to be done to limit the effects of RNase enzymes of the aphid gut digesting orally delivered RNAi and to more carefully characterize factors that may affect within-species variation in RNAi efficacy. II | P a g e Declaration This is to certify that: 1. The thesis comprises only my original work towards the PhD except where indicated. 2. Due acknowledgement has been made in the text to all other material used 3. The thesis is fewer than 100,000 words in length, exclusive of tables, amps, bibliographies, and appendices as approved by the Research Higher Degrees Committee. SIGNATURE (Amol Bharat Ghodke) III | P a g e Preface The tackling of large problems using science often requires team efforts and so funding agencies often support large international collaborations. The so called ‘Australia: India Grand- Challenge’ scheme funded a research program within which this PhD was nested. It was entitled Caterpillar and Aphid Resistance in Brassica (CARiB). This was a joint project among six major institutes, three from Australia and three from India. It included The University of Melbourne, the University of Queensland and the CSIRO from Australia, and the International Centre for Genetic Engineering and Biotechnology, the National Research Centre of Plant Biotechnology and the Indian Agriculture Research Institute from India. The CARiB projects main focus was to develop transgenic cultivars of cabbage, canola, cauliflower and mustard that will be resistant for aphid as well as caterpillars. The project had three main parts, 1) development of new Bt (Bacillus thuringenesis) gene-based control strategy for caterpillars, 2) development of the transgenic plant lines with specific landing sites for targeted gene insertion and 3) the development of RNAi (RNA interference) technology to control aphid species. This thesis falls with the 3rd objective and focussed on aphids and the development of RNAi directed against them. The specific aims of the third objective was to find the superior gene targets for RNAi technology that would greatly affect the fitness of the pest aphid species. The technology development was aimed to achieve universal effectiveness with applicability against different aphid species. Thus, there were several criteria that needed to be considered. The targeted gene sequences needed to be conserved among the pest aphids, but ideally would minimize the chance of affecting other organisms in the environment. They were to be designed so minimize the chance of RNAi resistance arising and therefore polymorphism within species needed to be considered. Target genes also needed to affect aphid fecundity or viability IV | P a g e regardless of environmental variation such as host plants. This justified substantial transcriptomic analyses of the pest aphid species. This thesis describes my contribution to the CARIB project. I performed many RNAi assays and generated two major transcriptome datasets. It also describes how I utilized these data to address some specific questions about the aphid biology. This included characterizing differences between generalist and specialist aphids, and in particular the ways they handled plant-generated secondary metabolite toxicity. I hope, the reader will enjoy this short scientific tour in the world of aphids and appreciate the need to further improve our understanding about the aphids with greater depth. V | P a g e Acknowledgements This thesis is a result of an arduous, yet a momentous journey of some considerable years of my life. As it happens with every journey, there are a number of people who have been instrumental in shaping the story of this journey. My supervisors, Charles Robin and John Golz along with my committee members, Philip Batterham (Chair), Derek Russell, Owain Edwards have been the biggest constructors of my PhD’s journey. Charlie, you not only guided me as a supervisor but nourished me as a researcher and helped me develop a necessary attitude towards science. John, you introduced me to the world of Arabidopsis and granted me all the freedom in your lab. I am also grateful to Phil Batterham and Derek Russell for their invaluable support and guidance within and beyond the research. Owain Edward, even though we had long distance relationship, it only flourished with time and I had wonderful collaboration experience with you and your group. Dr. Keshav Kranthi and Dr. Sandhya Kranthi, without your encouragement and support I wouldn’t be doing PhD at The University of Melbourne. Thank you all for timely advice and all the support that you have provided during this period. You are the people who have still kept my hunger for research and knowledge alive. I cannot thank you enough gentlemen! I would also like to thank my colleagues at School of Biosciences, Bio21 Institute and CSIRO. You made this journey more enjoyable for me with your fun loving but supportive attitude. Alex Fournier-level, I feel blessed for your charismatic company during my PhD that helped me explore some unknown territories of science. I am grateful to Nancy Endersby, Jill Williams and Venessa White, three Wonder-Women who pulled me out from several different apocalyptic situations and helped me without any expectations. I would like to thank to Ronald Lee, Heng-lip Yeap, Mike Murry, Tom Walsh and Andrew Warden for their generous advice during my PhD. During my short experience at VI | P a g e CSIRO, Canberra, I met my dear colleague Chris Coppin, I am thankful to you Chris for teaching me some of the cool molecular biology methods and tricks. Huge thanks to my fellow lab members, especially Rob, Sue, Caitlyn, Llewellyn, Paul, Rebecca S, Pontus, Jack and Kat as well as Hoffman lab Rahul, Rebecca J, who shared my journey with me not just intellectually but emotionally as well. I will forever be thankful to you all for those hilarious moments that made us laugh making this ride a lot more fun. I would like to mention the special contribution of Rob, Rahul, Sue, Alex and Rebecca J who helped me tackle the completely unknown territory, bioinformatics. All the anger, joy, sorrows, I felt during this bioinformatics adventure you all made it worthwhile. This thesis wouldn’t have been possible without you guys. The story of this journey will especially remain incomplete without mentioning a vast number of friends who always made this tough period of my life a lot happier. The gang of ‘Breakers’ in India, Snehal-Rohit, Tejas-Super, Mona-Gaurav, Rohan-Nikita, Avinash-Rohini, Sachin, Shweta, you guys pulled me out of my sadness every now and then and helped me stand strong in difficult time. The remote encouragement provided by Dipak, Sachin, Bala sir, Sandip sir, Varsha. My PhD travel would not have been possible without you guys. Thanks! Finally, big thanks to my grandfather (Baba), Aai-Dada, Bhau-Mothi aai, Raju kaka – Kaki, lovely Mama’s and mami’s and all uncles and aunts, Manisha, Kavita Rajshree (Sisters), Swapnil, Suhas, Sangram and Sanchit (Brothers) and The Ghodke’s for unconditional love, unshakable belief and very long patience. Just thank you is not enough and I will always feel blessed to have you in my life. I hope, I have lived up to your expectations and hope to make this life more fruitful with your support and blessings. Sincerely Amol Bharat Ghodke VII | P a g e Contents Abstract ....................................................................................................................................
Load more

Recommended publications
  • Association Between Host Wing Morphology Polymorphism And
    Association between host wing morphology polymorphism and Wolbachia infection in Vollenhovia emeryi (Hymenoptera: Myrmicinae) Pureum Noh1, Seung-Yoon Oh2, Soyeon Park3, Taesung Kwon4, Yonghwan Kim5, Jae Chun Choe3, and Gilsang Jeong6 1Ewha Womans University 2Seoul National University School of Biological Sciences 3Affiliation not available 4Korea Forest Research Institute 5Konkuk University 6National Institute of Ecology May 5, 2020 Abstract Many eusocial insects, including ants, show complex colony structures, distributions, and reproductive strategies. In the ant Vollenhovia emeryi Wheeler (Hymenoptera: Myrmicinae), queens and males are produced clonally, while sterile workers arise sexually, unlike other ant species and Hymenopteran insects in general. Furthermore, there is a wing length polymorphism in the queen caste. Despite its ecological and evolutionary importance, little is known about the population dynamics and structure of this ant species, which may provide insight into its unique reproductive mode and polymorphic traits. We performed in-depth analyses of ant populations from Korea, Japan, and North America using three mitochondrial genes (COI, COII, and Cytb). The long-winged (L) morph is predominant in Korean populations, and the short-winged (S) morph is very rare. Interestingly, all L morphs were infected with Wolbachia, while all Korean S morphs lacked Wolbachia, demonstrating a novel association between a symbiont and a phenotypic trait. A phylogenetic analysis revealed that the S morph is derived from the L morph. We propose that the S morph is associated with potential resistance to Wolbachia infection, and that Wolbachia infection does not influence clonal reproduction. Introduction Population structure analyses using genetic data provide extensive information about populations, including genetic distribution, genetic diversity, gene flow, and selection.
    [Show full text]
  • Workbook on Security: Practical Steps for Human Rights Defenders at Risk
    WORKBOOK ON SECURITY: PRACTICAL STEPS FOR HUMAN RIGHTS DEFENDERS AT RISK FRONT LINE DEFENDERS WORKBOOK ON SECURITY: PRACTICAL STEPS FOR HUMAN RIGHTS DEFENDERS AT RISK FRONT LINE DEFENDERS Published by Front Line 2011 Front Line Grattan House, 2nd Floor Temple Road Blackrock Co Dublin Ireland Phone: +353 1 212 3750 Fax: +353 1 212 1001 Copyright © 2011 Front Line Cover illustration: Dan Jones This Workbook has been produced for the benefit of human rights defenders and may be quoted from or copied so long as the source/authors are acknowledged. Copies of this Workbook are available free online at www.frontlinedefenders.org (and will be available in English, Arabic, French, Russian and Spanish) To order a Workbook, please contact: [email protected] or write to us at the above address Price: €20 plus post and packing ISBN: 978-0-9558170-9-0 Disclaimer: Front Line does not guarantee that the information contained in this Workbook is foolproof or appropriate to every possible circumstance and shall not be liable for any damage incurred as a result of its use. Written by Anne Rimmer, Training Coordinator, Front Line and reviewed by an invaluable team of human rights defenders: Usman Hamid, International Centre for Transitional Justice and Kontras, Indonesia, Ana Natsvlishvili, Georgia and a HRD from the Middle East (name withheld for security reasons). Acknowledgements: This Workbook is based on the concepts introduced in the Protection Manual for Human Rights Defenders, Enrique Eguren/PBI BEO, and the updated New Protection Manual for Human Rights Defenders, Enrique Eguren and Marie Caraj, Protection International. We are grateful to Protection International for permission to reproduce extracts from the New Protection Manual for Human Rights Defenders.
    [Show full text]
  • Frequent Occurrence of Gynandromorphs in the Natural Population of the Ant Vollenhovia Emeryi (Hymenoptera: Formicidae)
    Ins. Soc. 41:273-278 (1994) 1015-1621/94/030273-06 $1.50 + 0.20/0 1994 Birkh/iuser Verlag, Basel Frequent occurrence of gynandromorphs in the natural population of the ant Vollenhovia emeryi (Hymenoptera: Formicidae) K. Kinomura 1 and K. Yamauchi 2 1 Gifu-Aikawa High School, Gifu 501-31, Japan 2 Department of Biology, Faculty of Education, Gifu University, Gifu 501-11, Japan Key words: Vollenhovia emeryi; gynandromorph; dimorphism; microgyna; polygyny. Summary Many gynandromorphs were obtained from the natural population of Vollenhovia emeryi (mierogyna form) in Gifu, Japan. They were primarily male: most had the thorax and gaster of males, and the head contained tissues partially feminized to varying degrees. These gynandromorphs were found in 27 of 45 colonies studied (60.0%). Their proportion to total males in each colony varied from 3.7- 47.7 %, with a mean of 21.4 % (n = 21). The gynandromorphs were found in all study areas and in every study year, suggesting that gynandromorphism in this species is not a rare phenomenon. Moreover, this observation suggests that gynandromorphs may occur more frequently in micraners than in macraners. Introduction Gynandromorphs have been reported from 42 ant species in 22 genera (Jones and Phillips, 1985). There are many papers about gynandromorphism in ants but normally related to one or a few individuals among many species. The frequency of their occurrence in the natural population seems to be very low. In Japan, gynandromorphs have been recorded from Vollenhovia emeryi (Kubota, 1984), but the details remain unclear. Through our recent study on V. emeryi, we found extraordinarily frequent occurrences of gynandromorphs among the natural population.
    [Show full text]
  • Alumni @ Large
    Colby Magazine Volume 98 Issue 2 Summer 2009 Article 10 July 2009 Alumni @ Large Follow this and additional works at: https://digitalcommons.colby.edu/colbymagazine Recommended Citation (2009) "Alumni @ Large," Colby Magazine: Vol. 98 : Iss. 2 , Article 10. Available at: https://digitalcommons.colby.edu/colbymagazine/vol98/iss2/10 This Contents is brought to you for free and open access by the Colby College Archives at Digital Commons @ Colby. It has been accepted for inclusion in Colby Magazine by an authorized editor of Digital Commons @ Colby. alumni at large 1920s-30s Meg Bernier Boyd Colby College Reunion at Reunion Office of Alumni Relations Waterville, ME 04901 1940 Ernest C. Marriner Jr. [email protected] 1941 Meg Bernier Boyd [email protected] 1942 Meg Bernier Boyd [email protected] Margaret Campbell Timberlake keeps active by line dancing every week and going on occasional trips. Y Walter Emery has travel plans of his own. In early fall he hopes to motor to New Brunswick to visit relatives, and, later in the year, he heads for Chapel Hill, N.C., to celebrate Thanksgiving with his niece and nephew. 1944 Josephine Pitts McAlary [email protected] PHOTO BY JIM EVANS We have made it to our 65th reunion! No Janet Deering Bruen ’79, left, and Betsy Powley Wallingford ’54 embrace during the parade of classes at small accomplishment. As I write this I have Reunion 2009, June 4-7. A reunion photo gallery is online at www.colby.edu/reunion. no idea how many of the Class of 1944 will make it to the June reunion.
    [Show full text]
  • Systèmes De Reproduction Et Scénarios D'invasion Chez La Petite Fourmi De Feu, Wasmannia Auropunctata
    Montpellier SupAgro THÈSE pour obtenir le grade de DOCTEUR DE MONTPELLIER SUPAGRO Discipline : Biologie des organismes et des populations Formation doctorale : Évolution, Écologie, Ressources génétiques, Paléontologie Ecole doctorale : Systèmes Intégrés en Biologie, Agronomie, Géosciences, Hydrosciences et Environnement Systèmes de reproduction et scénarios d’invasion chez la petite fourmi de feu, Wasmannia auropunctata Présentée et soutenue publiquement par Olivier Rey Le 16 décembre 2011 Jury Myriam Valéro Directrice de recherche, CNRS Roscoff Rapporteur Claudie Doums Maître de conférences, EPHE, Paris Rapporteur Sandrine Maurice Maître de conférences, Univ. Montpellier II Examinateur Sébastien Lavergne Chargé de recherche, CNRS, Grenoble Examinateur Thomas Guillemaud Directeur de recherche, INRA Sophia-Antiopolis Examinateur Arnaud Estoup Directeur de recherche, INRA Montpellier Directeur Benoit Facon Chargé de recherche, INRA Montpellier Co-directeur Montpellier SupAgro THÈSE pour obtenir le grade de DOCTEUR DE MONTPELLIER SUPAGRO Discipline : Biologie des organismes et des populations Formation doctorale : Évolution, Écologie, Ressources génétiques, Paléontologie Ecole doctorale : Systèmes Intégrés en Biologie, Agronomie, Géosciences, Hydrosciences et Environnement Systèmes de reproduction et scénarios d’invasion chez la petite fourmi de feu, Wasmannia auropunctata Présentée et soutenue publiquement par Olivier Rey Le 16 décembre 2011 Jury Myriam Valéro Directrice de recherche, CNRS Roscoff Rapporteur Claudie Doums Maître de conférences,
    [Show full text]
  • EL SALVADOR the Spectre of Death Squads
    EL SALVADOR The spectre of death squads INTRODUCTION The spectre of death squads has come back to the fore of public life in El Salvador with the recent appearance of clandestine groups such as the Fuerza Nacionalista Mayor Roberto D’Aubuisson (FURODA), Nationalist Force Major Roberto D’Aubuisson. Their attacks, including death threats against public figures, media people and religious leaders among others have caused growing concern and outrage at national and international level. Death squads and paramilitary groups were responsible for the systematic secret murder, torture and “disappearance” of suspected government opponents during the 1980s and early 1990s and benefitted from total impunity. There was the hope that they would be held accountable and cease to exist as a result of the 1992 Peace Accords and corresponding commitments by the Salvadorean authorities and support of the international community to improve the human rights situation. There was, in fact, a gleam of hope after the end of the war when there was a significant decrease in the number of serious human rights violations, particularly “disappearances”. But death threats by clandestine groups against political and other activists persisted, and sporadic killings and attempted assassinations bearing the hallmarks of death squads were carried out after the signing of the accords. Amnesty International believes that the threat of a return of death squads in El Salvador will only be removed when a special investigation into their activities - both past and present - is carried out, and all those found responsible are brought to justice. BACKGROUND The Chapultepec Accords, signed on 16 January 1992, ended 12 years of armed conflict between the government and the Frente Farabundo Martí para la Liberación Nacional (FMLN), a non-governmental entity.
    [Show full text]
  • Infleunce of Lipaphis Erysimi (Kalt.) on Life Stages of Hippodamia Convergens Guer Under Laboratry Conditions
    Sci.Int.(Lahore),27(3),2267-2270,2015 ISSN 1013-5316; CODEN: SINTE 8 2267 INFLEUNCE OF LIPAPHIS ERYSIMI (KALT.) ON LIFE STAGES OF HIPPODAMIA CONVERGENS GUER UNDER LABORATRY CONDITIONS Aslam Bukero*, Maqsood Anwar Rustamani*, Abdul Ghani Lanjar*, Imran Khan**, Abdul Waheed Solangi*, Shahzad Ali Nahyoon*and Ghulam Qadir Mastoi* *Department of Entomology, Sindh Agriculture University Tandojam **Department of Plant Protection, SAU, Tandojam Corresponding Author: Aslam Bukero, Email:[email protected] ABSTRACT: The influence of fresh, frozen and dried mustard aphid, Lipaphis erysimi (Kalt.) on life stages of Hippodamia convergens (Guer.) was determine in the laboratory of Department of Plant Protection, SAU, Tandojam Sindh, Pakistan during 2013-2014. The result depicted that the minimum development period of 1st, 2nd, 3rd and 4th instar larvae of the beetle recorded on fresh aphid followed by frozen and dried L. erysimi, respectively. Similarly, minimum pre pupal and pupal period was recorded on fresh aphid. The result further revealed that the shortest survivor of adult male and female were obtained on fresh aphid followed by frozen and dried L. erysimi, respectively. The female lived longer on fresh, frozen and dried aphids. The result further revealed that maximum morphometric measurements (length and breadth) of larva, pupa and adult (male and female) stages were recorded when these beetle were fed with fresh followed by frozen and dried L. erysimi, respectively. The analysis of variance showed that there was significant difference (P<0.05) in development period, length and breadth of immature as well as mature life stages of the predator when fed on fresh, frozen and dried L.
    [Show full text]
  • Talking Books Catalogue
    Aaronovitch, Ben Rivers of London My name is Peter Grant and until January I was just another probationary constable in the Metropolitan Police Service. My only concerns in life were how to avoid a transfer to the Case Progression Unit and finding a way to climb into the panties of WPC Leslie May. Then one night, I tried to take a statement from a man who was already dead. Ackroyd, Peter The death of King Arthur An immortal story of love, adventure, chivalry, treachery and death brought to new life for our times. The legend of King Arthur has retained its appeal and popularity through the ages - Mordred's treason, the knightly exploits of Tristan, Lancelot's fatally divided loyalties and his love for Guenever, the quest for the Holy Grail. Adams, Jane Fragile lives The battered body of Patrick Duggan is washed up on a beach a short distance from Frantham. To complicate matters, Edward Parker, who worked for Duggan's father, disappeared at the same time. Coincidence? Mac, a police officer, and Rina, an interested outsider, don't think so. Adams,Jane The power of one Why was Paul de Freitas, a games designer, shot dead aboard a luxury yacht and what secret was he protecting that so many people are prepared to kill to get hold of? Rina Martin takes it upon herself to get to the bottom of things, much to the consternation of her friend, DI McGregor. ADICHIE, Chimamanda Ngozi Half of a Yellow Sun The setting is the lead up to and the course of Nigeria's Biafra War in the 1960's, and the events unfold through the eyes of three central characters who are swept along in the chaos of civil war.
    [Show full text]
  • A Contribution to the Aphid Fauna of Greece
    Bulletin of Insectology 60 (1): 31-38, 2007 ISSN 1721-8861 A contribution to the aphid fauna of Greece 1,5 2 1,6 3 John A. TSITSIPIS , Nikos I. KATIS , John T. MARGARITOPOULOS , Dionyssios P. LYKOURESSIS , 4 1,7 1 3 Apostolos D. AVGELIS , Ioanna GARGALIANOU , Kostas D. ZARPAS , Dionyssios Ch. PERDIKIS , 2 Aristides PAPAPANAYOTOU 1Laboratory of Entomology and Agricultural Zoology, Department of Agriculture Crop Production and Rural Environment, University of Thessaly, Nea Ionia, Magnesia, Greece 2Laboratory of Plant Pathology, Department of Agriculture, Aristotle University of Thessaloniki, Greece 3Laboratory of Agricultural Zoology and Entomology, Agricultural University of Athens, Greece 4Plant Virology Laboratory, Plant Protection Institute of Heraklion, National Agricultural Research Foundation (N.AG.RE.F.), Heraklion, Crete, Greece 5Present address: Amfikleia, Fthiotida, Greece 6Present address: Institute of Technology and Management of Agricultural Ecosystems, Center for Research and Technology, Technology Park of Thessaly, Volos, Magnesia, Greece 7Present address: Department of Biology-Biotechnology, University of Thessaly, Larissa, Greece Abstract In the present study a list of the aphid species recorded in Greece is provided. The list includes records before 1992, which have been published in previous papers, as well as data from an almost ten-year survey using Rothamsted suction traps and Moericke traps. The recorded aphidofauna consisted of 301 species. The family Aphididae is represented by 13 subfamilies and 120 genera (300 species), while only one genus (1 species) belongs to Phylloxeridae. The aphid fauna is dominated by the subfamily Aphidi- nae (57.1 and 68.4 % of the total number of genera and species, respectively), especially the tribe Macrosiphini, and to a lesser extent the subfamily Eriosomatinae (12.6 and 8.3 % of the total number of genera and species, respectively).
    [Show full text]
  • Occurrence of Arthropod Pests Associated with Brassica Carinata and Impact of Defoliation on Yield
    Received: 1 October 2020 | Accepted: 18 November 2020 DOI: 10.1111/gcbb.12801 ORIGINAL RESEARCH Occurrence of arthropod pests associated with Brassica carinata and impact of defoliation on yield Jessica M. Baldwin1 | Silvana V. Paula-Moraes1 | Michael J. Mulvaney2 | Robert L. Meagher3 1West Florida Research and Education Center, Department of Entomology and Abstract Nematology, University of Florida, Jay, Brassica carinata has the potential to become an economical biofuel winter crop FL, USA 2 in the Southeast U.S. An IPM program is needed to provide management recom- West Florida Research and Education B. carinata Center, Department of Agronomy, mendations for in the region. This study serves as the first steps in the University of Florida, Jay, FL, USA developing IPM tactics documenting pest occurrence, pest position within the can- 3Agricultural Research Service, United opy, and the impact of defoliation on B. carinata yield. The study was performed States Department of Agriculture, in Jay, FL, during the 2017–2018 and 2018–2019 winter/spring crop seasons. Pest Gainesville, FL, USA species in B. carinata were documented by plant inspection within 16 genotypes Correspondence of B. carinata, and the presence of insect pests in three canopy zones (upper, me- Silvana V. Paula-Moraes, West Florida dium, and lower canopy) was documented. The defoliation impact on B. carinata Research and Education Center/IFAS/ University of Florida, 4253 Experiment was evaluated by artificial defoliation. Five levels of defoliation (2017–2018 crop Dr., Hwy. 182, Jay, FL 32565, USA. season: 0%, 5%, 25%, 50%, and 100%; 2018–2019 crop season: 0%, 50%, 75%, 90%, Email: [email protected] and 100%) were artificially applied during vegetative, flowering, and pod formation Funding information stages of the commercial cultivar “Avanza64.” During the 2018–2019 crop season, National Institute of Food and two experiments were performed, a one-time defoliation event and continuous defo- Agriculture, U.S.
    [Show full text]
  • Biochemical Constituent of Brassica Juncea Genotypes in Relation To
    Journal of Pharmacognosy and Phytochemistry 2018; 7(2): 938-943 E-ISSN: 2278-4136 P-ISSN: 2349-8234 JPP 2018; 7(2): 938-943 Biochemical Constituent of Brassica Juncea Received: 02-01-2018 Accepted: 04-02-2018 Genotypes In Relation To Mustard Aphid (Lipaphis Erysimi Kalt.) Infestation Manju Yadav Department of Bio & Nano Technology, Guru Jambheshwar University of Science and Manju Yadav and JS Rana Technology, Hisar, Haryana, India Abstract Selected thirty genotypes of Brassica juncea were evaluated for mustard aphid infestation on the basis of JS Rana average number of aphids per plant and their bio-chemical analysis was carried out at flowering stage. Department of Bio & Nano Higher sinigrin content was obtained in genotype RH 7846 (73.49 µ mole/g DM) and lower in Kranti Technology, Guru Jambheshwar University of Science and (31.02 µ mole/g DM). A highly significant and negative correlation was observed between sinigrin Technology, Hisar, Haryana, content and aphid infestation. Phenol content varied from 1.4 % (Varuna) to 2.44 % (RH 7846). The India correlation coefficient between phenol content and aphid infestation index was negative and significant. The amount of waxes in leaves of Brassica juncea genotypes varied from 2.62 % (RB 50) to 5.22 % (RH 8701 & RLM 198). The correlation coefficient between waxes content in leaves of plant and mustard aphid infestation was negative and non-significant. Keywords: Biochemical, Mustard Aphid, Infestation Introduction Among the biotic stresses, damage caused by aphids is a major constraint in the growth and productivity of mustard crop. Aphids (Sternorrhyncha: Aphididae) are exclusive phloem feeders distributed worldwide.
    [Show full text]
  • Self-Defense Without Imminence
    ARTICLES SELF-DEFENSE WITHOUT IMMINENCE Fritz Allhoff* ABSTRACT The doctrine of self-defense allows that otherwise criminal force can be justi®ed so long as the actor reasonably believes its use necessary to protect against imminent and unlawful attack. Supposing that the force is necessary to dispel the attack, why the further requirement that the attack is imminent? The restriction precludes the use of force which, ex hypothesi, is the only way that the actor could defend himself. This Article surveys and critiques the rationale for the imminence requirement, arguing that it should be jettisoned in favor of a more expansive conception of self-defense. While the focus is on domestic law, the paper concludes by gesturing towards implications for international law as well, particularly with regards to preventive war (i.e., war against non-imminent threats). I. IMMINENCE AND NECESSITY Self-defense has long been taken to justify an otherwise illicit use of force. William Blackstone, characterizing the eighteenth-century common law of England, provided: [I]f the party himself, or any of these his relations, be forcibly attacked in his person or property, it is lawful for him to repel force by force; and the breach of the peace, which happens, is chargeable upon him only who began the affray. For the law, in this case, respects the passions of the human mind; and ... makes it lawful in him to do himself that immediate justice, to which he is prompted by nature, and which no prudential motives are strong enough to restrain. It considers that the future process of law is by no means an adequate remedy for injuries accompanied with force; since it is impossible to say, to * Fritz Allhoff, J.D., Ph.D., is a Professor in the Department of Philosophy at Western Michigan University.
    [Show full text]