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Alternative Directional Modalities in Support of Wayfinding DRDC Toronto CR 2005-068 ALTERNATIVE DIRECTIONAL MODALITIES IN SUPPORT OF WAYFINDING By: Jason K. Kumagai, David W. Tack, and Heather J. Colbert Humansystems® Incorporated 111 Farquhar Street Guelph, ON N1H 3N4 Project Director: David W. Tack (519) 836 5911 PWGSC Contract No. W7711-007685/001/TOR HSI SIREQ Item #19 On behalf of DEPARTMENT OF NATIONAL DEFENCE as represented by Defence Research and Development Canada - Toronto 1133 Sheppard Avenue West Toronto, Ontario, Canada M3M 3B9 DRDC Toronto Scientific Authorities Maj Linda Bossi 416-635-2197 Capt Jameel Adam 416-635-2138 July 2005 This document contains information that may not be passed or shared, even in confidence, with foreign military, research and development representatives or civilian contractors of any nationality without the expressed prior permission of the Exploitation Manager of SIREQ TD. The scientific or technical validity of this Contract Report is entirely the responsibility of the contractor and the contents do not necessarily have the approval or endorsement of Defence R&D Canada © Her Majesty the Queen as represented by the Minister of National Defence, 2005 © Sa Majesté la Reine, représentée par le ministre de la Défense nationale, 2005 Abstract The aims of this study were: to determine the information requirements for effective wayfinding in wooded terrain during both day and night conditions; to determine the utility of each of three different display modalities (visual, auditory, and tactual) for enhancing wayfinding capabilities; to assess the effectiveness of wayfinding systems that provide both location and directional information (2D) as compared to systems that provide only location information (1D); to determine the benefits and/or drawbacks of providing ‘distance from the waypoint’ information; to identify the interface design issues associated with each modality; and to determine the requirements for design optimization and future experimentation. Twelve infantry soldiers were required to navigate routes using the FIND (Future Infantry Navigation Device) system for enhanced wayfinding information in three different display modalities: visual, auditory, and tactile displays. For each modality, two systems were tested. The first was a one-dimensional system (1D) that provided information on the location of the waypoint, and how far the soldier had to turn in order to face the waypoint. The second was a two-dimensional system (2D) that provided the same information as the 1D system as well as directional information indicating the quickest way to turn in order to face the waypoint. The current in-service condition of using a compass and pace counting was piloted at night on a shortened route. To simulate the tactical demands of operational wayfinding, soldiers were required to engage enemy targets and navigate around obstacles enroute. Data collection included questionnaires, focus groups, performance measures and Human Factors (HF) observer assessments. Overall, participants indicated that all of the FIND displays were very easy to learn and were perceived to be very accurate. Participants felt the 1D modalities were effective, but the 2D were noticeably better. As a whole, participants disliked the visual modality because it frequently required adjustment, obstructed view, and interfered with the rifle sight. Participants liked the auditory modality because there it did not restrict their visual field. Many participants liked the tactile modality because it allowed other simultaneous tasks while moving (e.g. visual search for targets, listening for communications and enemy movements). Some soldiers, however, also maintained the importance of using a compass and retaining the associated skills. Performance measures indicated that the FIND system was superior to the compass method for locating the waypoints accurately, both in bearing and distance. Of the FIND modalities, there were no statistical differences between modality, dimension, or time conditions for distance traveled or accuracy of waypoint estimation performance results. Participants also took longer to complete a leg when using a compass compared to the FIND modalities. The FIND system did not adversely affect the ability of the soldiers to perform visual searching, or detection and engagement tasks. Areas of future research suggested by this trial include investigating additional information for wayfinding, 3D auditory displays, as well as alternative visual and tactile displays. Hardware, software, and several methodological improvements that could be used in future research are also explored. Humansystems® Alternative Directional Modalities in Support of Wayfinding Page i Résumé La présente étude avait les objectifs suivants : déterminer l’information nécessaire pour un cheminement efficace en terrain boisé, le jour comme la nuit; déterminer l’utilité de chacune de trois modalités d’indication : visuelle, auditive et tactile, pour améliorer les capacités de cheminement; évaluer l’efficacité des systèmes de cheminement qui fournissent tant de l’information de position que de l’information directionnelle (2D) comparativement aux systèmes qui ne fournissent que de l’information de position (1D); déterminer les avantages et/ou les inconvénients de la fourniture de l’information de distance au point de cheminement; identifier les problèmes de conception d’interface associés à chaque modalité en vue de déterminer les exigences pour l’optimisation de la conception et les expériences futures. Douze fantassins étaient chargés de parcourir des itinéraires à l’aide du système SNIA (système de navigation de l’Infanterie de l’avenir) pour obtenir de l’information de cheminement améliorée dans trois modalités d’indication différentes : visuelle, auditive et tactile. Pour chaque modalité, deux systèmes ont été testés. Le premier était un système unidimensionnel (1D) qui fournissait de l’information sur la position du point de cheminement et sur l’angle d’orientation du fantassin nécessaire pour s’orienter vers le point de cheminement. Le deuxième était un système bidimensionnel (2D) qui, en plus de l’information du système 1D, fournissait de l’information directionnelle indiquant la façon la plus rapide de s’orienter vers le point de cheminement. La méthode du service consistant à utiliser une boussole et le nombre de pas a été mise à l’essai la nuit au moyen d’un itinéraire raccourci. Pour simuler les exigences tactiques du cheminement opérationnel, les fantassins devaient engager des objectifs ennemis et contourner des obstacles en route. La collecte de données faisait appel à des questionnaires, à des groupes de concertation, à des mesures de performance et à des évaluations par des observateurs de facteurs humains (FH). Règle générale, les participants ont indiqué que tous les indicateurs du SNIA étaient d’utilisation très facile et étaient perçus comme étant de grande précision. Les participants étaient d’avis que les modalités 1D étaient efficaces, mais que les modalités 2D étaient notablement supérieures. Dans l’ensemble, les participants n’aimaient pas la modalité visuelle, parce qu’elle exigeait souvent des réglages, bloquait la vue et nuisait au dispositif de visée du fusil. Les participants aimaient la modalité auditive, parce qu’elle ne limitait pas leur champ de vision. Bien des participants aimaient la modalité tactile, parce qu’elle permettait d’effectuer simultanément d’autres tâches en route (p. ex. recherche visuelle d’objectifs, écoute de communications et de mouvements ennemis). Toutefois, certains fantassins faisaient valoir l’importance de l’utilisation d’une boussole et du maintien des aptitudes connexes. Les mesures de performance indiquaient que le système SNIA était supérieur à la boussole pour la localisation des points de cheminement avec précision, en relèvement et en distance. Quant aux modalités du SNIA, il n’y avait pas de différences statistiques entre les conditions de modalité, de dimension ou de temps à l’égard de la distance parcourue ou de la précision des résultats de performance en termes d’estimation des points de cheminement. De plus, les participants mettaient plus de temps à parcourir un segment à l’aide d’une boussole comparativement aux modalités du SNIA. Le système SNIA ne nuisait pas à la capacité des fantassins à effectuer les tâches de recherche ou de détection et d’engagement visuels. Les domaines de recherches futures suggérés par cet essai comprennent l’étude d’information supplémentaire pour le cheminement, des indicateurs auditifs 3D, ainsi que des indicateurs visuels et tactiles de remplacement. Du matériel, des logiciels et plusieurs améliorations méthodologiques qui pourraient être utilisés à l’avenir sont également explorés. Humansystems® Alternative Directional Modalities in Support of Wayfinding Page ii Executive Summary The Soldier Information Requirements Technology Demonstration (SIREQ TD) program is conducting a series of experiments to research the type and amount of information necessary to support wayfinding, the most effective display modality for providing wayfinding information (visual, auditory or tactile), and the optimal interface design for promoting wayfinding. This paper summarizes the results of an experiment conducted to compare the in-service compass and pace count method of wayfinding with providing location, distance and directional information via an enhanced Future Infantry Navigation Device (FIND) wayfinding system. Three display modalities of the FIND system were evaluated: visual information presented
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